CHAPTER 1

• MOLAR MASS AND DENSITY OF GASES

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance.

Mass
Density =
Volume

m
d=
V

As molar mass of all the gases occupies same volume at STP, therefore, density of a gas
depends on its molar mass. A gas having higher molar mass will have higher density and
vice versa. If the density of gas at STP is determined, its molar mass can be calculated.

• MOLAR CONCENTRATION
Molar concentration of solutions is given as mol/dm3, which is the number of moles of a
substance (reactant or product) dissolved per volume of a solution in dm 3. The
relationship between number of moles and molar concentration is given by

n=CxV

n
C=
V

where C is the molar concentration and V is the volume of the solution.

Number of moles
Molar Concentration=
Volume in dm3
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Sample Problem 1
Calculate the number of moles present in 20 g of NaOH.
Solution:
Given mass
Number of moles =
Molar mass
20
n= = 0.5mol
40

Sample Problem 2
Calculate the mass of 0.5 moles of HCl.
Solution:
Mass of HCl = Number of moles  Molar mass
= 0.5  36.5 = 18.3 mol

Sample Problem 3
Calculate the mass of 10-3 mol of MgSO4.
Solution:
Molar mass of MgSO4 = 24 + 96 = 120 g mol-1
Number of moles of MgSO4 = 10-3
Mass of MgSO4 = 10-3 mol  120 g mol-1 = 120  10-3 = 0.12 g

Sample Problem 4
A sample of glucose, contains 3.76  1024 molecules of glucose. What is the number of
moles in this quantity?
3.76 1024 molecules
Solution: No. of moles of glucose =
6.02 1023 molecules mol-1
=6.25 moles

Sample Problem 5
How many atoms are there in a sodium metal that contains 2.3 g?
Solution:
2.3
Number of moles of sodium = = 0.1 mol
23.0
Number of atoms of sodium = Number of moles of sodium  NA
= 0.1  6.02 x 1023
= 0.602  1023 atoms

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Sample Problem 6
Juglone, is a dye and is produced from the husks of black walnuts. The formula for juglone
is C10H6O3.
a) Calculate the molar mass of juglone.
b) Calculate number of moles in 0.87 g of a sample of juglone extracted from black walnut
husks.
Solution:
a) C10H6O3
10  Ar (C) + 6  1.0 Ar (H) + 3  Ar (O)
(10  12.0) + (6  1.0) + (3  16.0)
120 + 6 + 48 = 174 g/mol
Mass of 1 mol of C10H6O3 = 174 g/mol
Mass 0.87 g
b) Moles of juglone = = = 0.005 mol
Molar Mass 174 mol-1

Sample Problem 7
Determine the volume of 2.5 moles of chlorine molecules at STP.
Solution:
The formula for volume determination at STP
V = n  Vm
2.5 mole of Cl2 occupy a volume = 22.4 dm3  2.5 = 56.0 dm3

Sample Problem 8
What is the volume in dm3 of 4.75 mol of methane (CH4) gas at STP?
Solution:
The formula for volume determination at STP
V = n  Vm
Volume of methane in dm3 at STP = 4.75  22.4 = 106.4 dm3

Sample Problem 9
Calculate the molar mass of a gas which has density of 1.97 g/dm3 at STP.
Solution
m=dV
Mass of gas at STP = 1.97  22.4 = 44.1g mol-1

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Sample Problem 10
Calculate the molar concentration of a substance containing 27.64 g of K 2CO3
dissolved in 1 dm3 of the given solution.
Solution:
Mass of K2CO3 = 27.64 g
Molar mass of K2CO3 = 138.2 g mol-1
Given mass
Number of moles =
Molar Mass
m
n=
M
27.64
n=
138.2
Volume of solution=1 dm3
Number of moles
Molar Concentration=
Volume in dm3
0.2 mol
C= = 0.2 mol dm-3
1 dm3

Sample Problem 11 (Mole-Mole Conversion)

When 3.3 mole of nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia, how many moles of
hydrogen are consumed in the process? The equation for this reaction is
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⎯⎯
→ 2NH3(g)
Solution:
Number of moles of N2 = 3.3 mol
Number of moles of H2 =?
3
1 mole of N2 needs H2 to produce NH3 = = 3 mol
1
3.6 moles of N2 needs H2 to produce NH3 = 3  3.3 = 9.9 mol

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Sample Problem 12 (Mass-Mass Conversion)
Calculate the mass of Al needed to react completely with 32.0 g of iron (III) oxide
according to the equation given below:
2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) ⎯⎯
→ Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(s).
Solution:
Molar mass of Fe2O3, M = 159.6 g mol-1
m
Number of moles of Fe2O3 (n) =
M
32.0 g
=
159.6 g mol-1
= 0.02 mol
From the balanced equation, 1 mol of Fe2O3 reacts with 2 moles of Al, therefore, number
of moles of Al that reacts with 0.02 mole of Fe2O3= 2  0.02 = 0.04 mol
Mass of A = n  M
= 0.04 mol  27 g mol-1
= 1.08 g

Sample Problem 13 (Volume-Volume)

Calculate volume of ammonia that can be produced by the reaction of 100 dm 3 of
hydrogen with excess of nitrogen at STP? The balanced chemical equation for the reaction
is:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⎯⎯
→ 2NH3(g)
Solution:
Volume of hydrogen = 100 dm3
Volume of ammonia =?
67.2 dm (3 mol) of H2 produce ammonia = 44.8 dm3 (2 mol)
3

44.8 2
1 dm3 of H2 produce ammonia = =
67.2 3
2
100 dm3 of H2 produce ammonia = 100 = 66.7 dm3
3
So, the volume of ammonia produced by the reaction of 100 dm3 of H2 with excess
nitrogen is 66.7 dm3.

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Sample Problem 14 Mole-Mass calculations
Solid lithium hydroxide LiOH is used in space vehicles. It is employed to remove exhaled
carbon dioxide from the living environment by forming solid lithium carbonate and liquid
water. Calculate the mass of Li2CO3 that can be produced by 20.0 mol of LiOH.
2LiOH(s) + CO2(g) ⎯⎯
→ Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l)
Solution:
According to the given balanced chemical equation,
2 moles of LiOH produces = 1 mole Li2CO3
1
20.0 moles of LiOH produces =  20.0 =10.0 mol Li2CO3
2
Mass of Li2CO3 produced = No. of mole  Molar mass
Mass of Li2CO3 produced = 10.0 mol  73.9 g mol–1= 739.0 g
Thus, 739.0 g Li2CO3 will be produced from 20.0 moles of LiOH.

Sample Problem 15 (Mass-mole calculations)

Baking soda (NaHCO3) acts as an antacid. It can neutralize excess hydrochloric acid (HCl)
secreted by the stomach according to equation.
NaHCO3 (g) + HCl(aq) ⎯⎯
→ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(aq)
How many moles of HCl will be neutralized by 2.1 g of baking soda?
Solution:
Molar mass of NaHCO3 = 84.0 g mol-1
2.1g
Moles of NaHCO3 = = 0.025 mol
84.0gmol-1
Stoichiometrically, the mole ratio of HCl and NaHCO3 is 1 : 1.
Hence moles of HCl used = 0.025 mol
Thus 2.1 g of NaHCO3 will neutralize 0.025 moles of HCl.

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Sample Problem 16 (Mass-Volume Conversion)
What volume of hydrogen at STP will be produced when 7.0 g of iron are reacted with an
excess of sulphuric acid?
Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) ⎯⎯
→ FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Solution:
Molar mass of Fe (M) = 55.8 g/mol
m
Number of moles of iron (n) =
M
7.0g
=
55.8g mol-1
= 0.125 mol
From the balanced equation, 1 mol of iron produces 1 mole of hydrogen.
So, number of moles of H2 = 0.125 mol
Volume of H2 in dm3 = molar volume  moles of H2
= 22.4 dm3 mol-1  0.125 mol
= 2.8 dm3
Sample Problem 17 (Limiting Reactant)
Calculate the mass of N2 produced from 1.81 g of NH3 (molar mass = 17.0 g mol-1) and
90.4 g of CuO (molar mass = 79.5 g mol-1) according to following balanced equation:
2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s) ⎯⎯
→ N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(g)
Solution:
Moles of NH3 = 18.1 g of NH3/ 17.0gmol-1 = 1.06 mol
Moles of CuO = 90.4g of CuO/79.5gmol-1 = 1.14 mol
In balanced equation, CuO : N2
3:1
1
1.14 : 1.14 = 0.38 mol
3
NH3 : N2
2 :1
1
1 :
2
1
1.06 : 1.06 = 0.53 mol
2
Thus, CuO is the limiting reactant and the number of moles of N 2 produced will be 0.38
mol.
Hence, mass of N2 produced = n  M
= 0.38 mol  17.0 g mol-1
= 9.0 g
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Sample Problem 18 (Limiting Reactant)
When aqueous solutions of Na2SO4 and Pb(NO3)2 are mixed, PbSO4 precipitates down.
Calculate the mass of PbSO4 formed when 1.25 dm3 of 0.05 mol dm-3 Pb(NO3)2 and 2.00
dm3 of 0.025 mol dm-3 Na2SO4 are mixed.
Na2SO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) ⎯⎯
→ PbSO4(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Solution:
The net ionic equation is
Pb+2 (aq) + SO4 -2 (aq) ⎯⎯
→ PbSO4(s)
Since 0.05 mol dm-3 Pb(NO3)2 contains 0.05 mol dm-3 Pb2+ ions.
The formula : No. of moles = Concentration (mol dm-3 )  Volume (dm3)
n = CV
2+
moles of Pb ions = 0.05 mol dm  1.25 dm3 = 0.0625 mol
-3

Thus, 0.025 mol dm-3 Na2SO4 solution contains 0.025 mol dm-3 SO4-2 ions.
moles of SO4-2 ions = 0.025 mol dm-3  2.00 dm3 = 0.05 mol
As Pb2+ and SO4-2 react in a 1 : 1 ratio, here, SO4 2- (0.05 mol) will be consumed earlier
than Pb2+ (0.0625 mol). The amount of SO4-2 will be limiting. The reason is that 0.05 mole
of SO4-2 is less than 0.0625 mole of Pb2+. Since the Pb2+ ions are present in excess, only
0.05 mole of solid PbSO4 will be formed. The mass of PbSO4 formed can be calculated
using the molar mass of PbSO4 (303.3 g mol-1):
Mass of PbSO4 = 0.05 mol  303.3 g mol-1= 15.2 g

Sample Problem 19 (Excess Reactant)

Natural gas consists primarily of methane (CH4). The complete combustion of methane
(CH4) gives carbon dioxide (CO2) and water.
Ignition
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ⎯⎯⎯ → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
a) How many grams of CO2 can be produced when 30 g of CH4 and 50 g of O2 are allowed
to combine?
b) How many grams of excess reagent are left unreacted after the completion of reaction?
Solution (a):
Step 1: Write balanced chemical equation.
Step 2: Convert the given mass of both the reactants into their moles.
given mass of CH4 30 g
Moles of CH4 = = =1.875 mol
molar mass of CH4 16gmol-1
given mass of O2 50 g
Moles of O2 = = =1.563 mol
molar mass of O2 32gmol-1

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Step 3: Calculate the number of moles of product from each reactant.
Compare the number of moles of CH4 with those of CO2. From the balanced chemical
equation.
1 mole of methane produces CO2 = 1mol
1.875 mole of methane produces CO2 = 1  1.875 mol = 1.875 mol of CO2
Compare the number of moles of O2 with those of CO2. From the balanced chemical
equation, we know:
2 moles of oxygen produces CO2 = 1 mol
1.563 moles of oxygen produce CO2 = 0.5  1.563 mol = 0.7815 moles of CO2
From the above calculation, it is clear that the limiting reactant is O2 because it produces
lesser amount (moles) of product (CO2) than CH4.
Step 4: Convert the moles of the product into mass.
Mass of CO2 in grams = Moles of CO2  Molar mass of CO2
= 0.7815 moles  44 g mol-1= 34.39 g
Step 5: The quantity of limiting reactant can also be used to calculate the quantity of
excess reactant used:
2 moles of O2 reacts with moles of CH4 = 1 mol
1
1.563 moles of O2 reacts with moles of CH4 = 1.563mol = 0.7815 mol
2
Step 6: The mass of methane (excess reagent) is equal to the starting quantity minus the
amount used during the reaction.
Number of moles of CH4 = Quantity taken – Quantity used
=1.875 mol - 0.7815 mol =1.0935 mol
Mass of CH4 (excess reagent) = 1.0935  16.0 = 17.5 g

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Sample Problem 20 (% age Yield)
Aspirin (C9H8O4) is prepared by heating salicylic acid, C7H6O3 (molar mass 138.12 gmol-
1)
and acetic anhydride, C4H6O3 (molar mass 163.93 gmol-1).
C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 ⎯⎯
→ C9H8O4 + CH3COOH
Calculate the theoretical yield of aspirin, (molar mass 180.16 gmol-1) when 3.00 g of
salicylic acid is heated with 6.00 g of (CH3CO)2O. What is % yield when actual yield is
3.15 g?
Solution:
C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 ⎯⎯
→ C9H8O4 + CH3COOH
Salicylic acid Acetic anhydride Aspirin
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol
138.12 g 163.93 g 180.16 g
1mole of Salicylic acid produces aspirin = 1 mol
Mass of Salicylic acid = 3.00 g
Number of moles of Salicylic acid = 3.00 g/ 138.12 gmol-1 = 0.022 mol
Mass of Salicylic acid = 6.00 g
Number of moles of Salicylic acid = 6.00 g/ 163.93 gmol-1 = 0.037 mol
Here, salicylic acid is limiting reactant while acetic anhydride is an excess reactant. The
amount of salicylic acid controls the yield of product i.e., aspirin.
0.022 mole of Salicylic acid produces aspirin = 0.22 mol
Number of moles of Salicylic acid = Mass of Salicylic acid/ Molar mass of Salicylic acid
= 3.00/138.12 = 0.022 mol
0.022 mol Salicylic acid produces Aspirin = 0.022 mol
-1
Mass of Aspirin = 0.021 mol  180.16 g mol = 3.96 g
Theoretical yield = 3.96
Actual yield = 2.85
% age yield = 2.85/3.96  100 = 71.97 %

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