CHAPTER 3: TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON SURFACE

TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON SURFACE

𝑭 = 𝒑𝑨

Where:

• 𝑝 = uniform pressure
• 𝐴 = area

FORCES ON AN INCLINED PLANE

𝒅𝑭 = 𝒑𝒅𝑨

Where:

• 𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ
• 𝑝 = 𝛾𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
• 𝑑𝐹 = 𝛾𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝐴

• From calculus, ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 𝐴ȳ

F = ᵧsin𝜃Aȳ

F = ᵧ(ȳsin𝜃)A

• From the figure, ȳsinθ =ħ then,

F = ᵧħA

• Since ȳħ the unit pressure at the centroid of the plane area, Pcg, the
formula may alse be expressed as;

F = PcgA

• From calculus, ∫ y2dA = Is (moment of inertia about S) Aȳyp = Is

𝑰𝒔
Yp =𝑨Ῡ
 • By transfer formula of moment of inertia:

I s = I s + A Ῡ2

𝐼𝑠 + 𝐴Ῡ2
Yp = 𝐴Ῡ

𝑰𝒈
Yp = Ῡ +𝑨Ῡ

• Since yp = Ῡ + 𝑒, then,

𝑰𝒈
Eccentricity, 𝑒 = 𝑨Ῡ

PROPERTIES OF COMMON PLANE SECTIONS

• Triangle:

𝑎+𝑏
xc = yc = h/3
3

Area = ½ bh

Ix = bh3/12 Igx = bh3/36

• Rectangle:

Ix = bd3/3 Iy = db3/3

Igx = bd3/12 Igy = db3/12

• Circle:

Area = ¼ 𝜋D2

Igx = Igy = 𝜋𝑟4/4 = 𝜋D4/64

• Quarter Circle:

Area = ¼ 𝜋r2 ; xc = yc= 4r/3𝜋

Ix = Iy = 𝜋r4/16

Igx = Igy = 0.055r4

• Semicircle:

Area = ½ 𝜋r2; yy = 4r/3𝜋

Iy = Igy = 𝜋r4/8

Igy = 0.11r4

• Ellipse:

Area = 𝜋ab

Igx = 𝜋𝑎𝑏3/4

Igy = 𝜋ba3/4

• Half Ellipse:

Area = ½ 𝜋𝑎𝑏

Yc = 4b/3𝜋

Ix = 𝜋𝑎𝑏3/8 Igx = 0.11ab3

Igy = 𝜋𝑏𝑎3/8
• Quarter Ellipse:

Area = ¼ 𝜋𝑎𝑏

Xc = 4a/3𝜋 yc = 4b/3𝜋

Ix = 𝜋𝑎𝑏3/16 Iy = 𝜋𝑏𝑎3/16

Igx = 0.55ab3 Igy = 0.55ba3

• Sector of a Circle:

Area = ½ r2 (2𝜃) = r2 𝜃

𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Xc = 2/3 𝜃

1
Ix = (r4/4) (𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃)
2

1
Iy = (r4/4) (𝜃 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

• Parabolic Segment:

Area = 2/3 bh

Xc= 2/5 h yc= 3/8 b

Ix =2/15 hb3 Iy = 2/7 bh3

• Spandrel:
1
Area = 𝑛+1 𝑏ℎ

1 𝑛+1
Xc = 𝑛+2 𝑏; yc =4𝑛+2 ℎ
 • Segment of Arc:

Length of arc = r(2𝜃) = 2r𝜃

𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Xc = 𝜃

When 𝜃 = 90˚ (𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)

Xc = 2r/ 𝜋A

TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON CURVED SURFACES

FH = 𝝁cgA or FH = yħA

Fv = ᵧV

tan 𝜽 = Fv / F𝝁

Where:

• A = vertical projection of submerged curve (plane area)

• Pcg = pressure at the centroid of A

ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAM

Steps of Solution

With reference to the figure, for purposes of illustration, an assumption was

made in the shape of the uplift pressure diagram.

I. Consider 1 unit (1m) length of dam (perpendicular to the sketch)

II. Determine all the forces acting:
A. Vertical forces
1. Weight of the dam
W1 = ᵧc V1; W2 = ᵧc V2; W3 = ᵧc V3
2. Weight of water in the upstream side (if any)
W4 = ᵧc V4
3. Weight or permanent structure on the dam
4. Hydrostatic Uplift
 U1 = ᵧ Vu1
U2 = ᵧ Vu2

B. Horizontal Force
1. Total Hydrostatic Force acting at the vertical projection of the
submerged portion of the dam,
F = ᵧħA
2. Wind Pressure
3. Wave action
4. Floating Bodies
5. Earthquake load

III. Solve for the Reaction

A. Vertical Reaction, Ry
Ry = ∑Fv
Ry = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 – U1 – U2

B. Horizontal Reaction, Rx
Rx = ∑Fh
Rx = P

IV. Moment about the Toe

A. Righting Moment, RM (rotation towards the upstream side)
RM = W1x1 + W2x2 + W3x3 + W4x4

B. Overturning Moment, OM ( rotation towards the downstream

side)
OM = Py + U1z1 + U2z2

V. Location of Ry (x̄)
𝑹𝑴−𝑶𝑴
x̄ = 𝑹𝒚
Where:
• ᵧ = unit weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3 (or 1000 kg/m3)
• ᵧc = unit weight of concrete
• ᵧc = 2.4ᵧ (usually taken as 23.5 kN/m3)
FACTOR OF SAFETY

Factor of safety against sliding, FSs:

𝝁𝑹𝒚
FSs = >1
𝑹𝒙

Factor of safety against overturning, FSo:

𝑹𝑴
FSo = >1
𝑶𝑴

Where:

• μ = coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the

foundation

FOUNDATION PRESSURE

For 𝑒 ≤ B/6

From combined axial and bending stress formula:

𝑃 𝑀𝑐
q= - 𝐴 ± 𝐼

P = Ry

A = B(1) + B

M = Ry𝑒

1(𝐵)3
I= 12

c=B/2
𝐵
𝑅𝑦 (𝑅𝑦𝑒)( )
q= - 𝐵 ± 2
𝐵3 /12

𝑅𝑦 6𝑅𝑦𝑒
q= - ±
𝐵 𝐵2

𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆
q= - (𝟏 ± ) , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒆 ≤ 𝑩/𝟔
𝑩 𝑩
When 𝑒 > B/6,

x̄ = a/3

a = 3x̄

Ry = ½ (a)(qc)(1)

Ry = ½ (3x̄)qc
𝟐𝑹𝒚
qc = 𝟑𝒙̄

BOUYANCY

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

BF = Fv2 – Fv1

BF = ᵧ(Vol2)-ᵧ(Vol1)

BF = ᵧ(Vol2 – Vol1)

BF = ᵧ VD

Where:

• ᵧ = unit weight of the fluid

• VD = volume displaced. Volume of the body below the liquid surface

To solve problems in buoyancy, identify the forces acting and apply conditions
of static equilibrium:

∑FH = 0

∑Fv = 0

∑M = 0

For homogeneous solid body of volume V “floating” in a homogeneous fluid at

rest:
𝒔𝒑.𝒈𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚 ᵧ
VD = 𝒔𝒑.𝒈𝒓.𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑽 = ᵧ 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝑽
𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅
If the body of height H has a constant horizontal cross-sectional area such as
vertical cylinders, blocks, etc,:
𝒔𝒑.𝒈𝒓.𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚 ᵧ
D = 𝒔𝒑.𝒈𝒓.𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑯 = ᵧ 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝑯
𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅

If body is of uniform vertical cross-sectional area A, the area submerged Ac,

𝒔𝒑.𝒈𝒓.𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚 ᵧ
Ac =𝒔𝒑.𝒈𝒓.𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑨 = ᵧ 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝑨
𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅

STATICAL STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES

RIGHTING MOMENT AND OVERTURNING MOMENT

RM or OM = W(x)

ELEMENTS OF A FLOATING BODY:

• W = weight of the body

• BF = buoyant force (always equal to W for a floating body)
• G = center of gravity of the body
• Bo = center of buoyancy in the upright position (centroid of the displaced
liquid)
• Bo’ = center of buoyancy in the tilted position
• VD = volume displaced
• M = metacenter, the point of intersection between the line of action of
the buoyant force and the axis of the body
• c= center of gravity of the wedges (immersion and emersion)
• s = horizontal distance between the cg’s of the wedges
• v = volume of the wedge of immersion
• θ = angle of tilting
• MBo = distance from M to Bo
• GBo = distance from G to Bo
• MG = metacentric height, distance from M to G

Metacentric height, MG = MBo± 𝑮𝑩𝒐

Use(-) if G is above Bo

Use(+) if G is below Bo Note: M is always above Bo

VALUE OF MBo

Moment due to shifting of BF = moment due to shifting of wedge

BF (z) = F (s)

BF = ᵧVD

F = ᵧ𝑣

z= MBo sin𝜃

ᵧVD MBo sin𝜃 = ᵧ𝑣𝑠

𝒗𝒔
MBo = 𝑽
𝑫 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

INITIAL VALUE OF MBo

Volume of wedge, 𝑣 = ½ (B/2)[(B/2) tan𝜃]𝐿

Volume of wedge, 𝑣 = 1/8 LB2tan𝜃

2
For small values of 𝜃, 𝑠 = 3 𝐵

𝑣𝑠
MBo = 𝑉
𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

1
𝐿𝐵2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑥2/3𝐵
MBo = 8 But for small values of 𝜃, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑉𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

1
𝐿𝐵3
MBo = 12𝑉 But 1/12 LB3 is the moment of inertia of the waterline section, I
𝐷

𝑰
MBo = 𝑽
𝑫

Note: This formula can be applied to any section.

MOMENT

The righting or overturning moment on a floating body is:

RM or OM = Wx = W (MG sin 𝜽)
FOR RECTANGULAR SECTION
𝑣𝑠
MBo = 𝑉
𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

VD = BDL where L is the length perpendicular to the figure

v = ½ (B/2)[(B/2) tan𝜃]𝐿

Centroid of triangle, x̄
𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3
From geometry, x̄ = 3

𝐵 𝐵
0+( )𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+( )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
x̄ = 2 2
3

𝐵 1 𝐵 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
x̄ = 6 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = ( )
6 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑠 𝐵 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
= x̄ = 6 ( )
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝐵 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
s= 3 ( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

1 𝐵 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
( 𝐿𝐵2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)[ ( )]
MBo =
8 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(𝐵𝐷𝐿)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐿𝐵3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃

𝑥
MBo = 24 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐵𝐷𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐵2 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
MBo = 24𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃

𝐵2 1
MBo = 24𝐷 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 + 1)

𝐵2
MBo = 24𝐷 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 + 1) but sec2𝜃 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃

𝐵2
MBo = 24𝐷 [(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) + 1]

𝐵2 𝐵2 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
MBo = 12(2)𝐷 (2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) = 12𝐷 (2 + )
2

𝑩𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
MBo = 𝟏𝟐𝑫 (𝟏 + )
𝟐
STRESS ON THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

THIN-WALLED CYLINDRICAL TANK

[∑FH = 0]

F = 2T

F = pA = pDs

T = STAwall

T = ST (s × 𝑡 )

pDs = 2 × [ST(s × 𝑡)]

𝒑𝑫
Tangential stress; ST = 𝟐𝒕

To determine the longitudinal stress, let us cut the cylinder across its length as
shown.

[∑FH = 0]

F=T

F = pA
𝜋
F = p 4 D2

T = SLAwall

Awall = 𝜋Dt

T = SL𝜋Dt
𝜋
p4 D2 = SL𝜋𝐷𝑡

𝒑𝑫
Longitudinal stress, SL = ; p = internal pressure – external pressure
𝟒𝒕

SPHERICAL SHELL
𝒑𝑫
Wall stress, S = 𝟒𝒕
SPACING OF HOOPS OF A WOOD STAVE PIPE
𝟐𝑺𝒕 𝑨𝒉
Spacing, S = 𝒑𝑫

Where:

• St = allowable tensile stress of the hoop

• Ah = cross-sectional area of the hoop
• p= internal pressure in the pipe
• D = diameter of the pipe

Example Problem:

1. A wooden storage vat is 6 m in diameter and is filled with 7 m of oil, s = 0.8. The wood staves are
bound by flat steel bands, 50 mm wide by 6 mm thick, whose allowable tensile stress is 110 MPa.
What is the required spacing of the bands near the bottom of the vat, neglecting any initial stress?

2. A vertical cylindrical tank is 2 meters in diameter and 3 meters high. Its sides are held in position
by means of two steel hoops, one at the top and the other at the bottom. If the tank is filled with
water to a depth of 2.1 m, determine the tensile stress in each hoop.

3. An iceberg having specific gravity of 0.92 is floating on salt water of sp. gr. 1.03. If the volume of
ice above the water surface is 1000 cu. m., what is the total volume of the ice?

4. A uniform block of steel (s = 7.85) will float at a mercury-water interface

as shown in the figure. What is the ratio of the distances a and b for this
condition?

5. A cube 2.2 feet on an edge has its lower half of s.g. = 1.6 and upper half of s.g. = 0.7. It rests in a
two-layer fluid, with lower s.g. = 1.4 and upper s.g. = 0.8. Determine the height h of the top of the
cube above the interface.
6. A rectangular scow 9 m wide, 15 m long, and 3.6 m high has a draft in sea water of 2.4 m. Its
center of gravity is 2.7 m above the bottom of the scow. Determine the following:
(a) The initial metacentric height,
(b) The righting or overturning moment when the scow tilts until one side is just at the point of
submergence.