PEDESTRIAN TRANSPORT

SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

1
 At the end of this lesson…
⚫ To describe the pedestrian crossing facilities.
⚫ To design pedestrian walkways in relation to the Disability
Discrimination Act requirements as related to Civil Engineering
Design works.

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 Pedestrian Control
AS 1742.10 – 2009
Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices
Part 10: Pedestrian Control and Protection

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 General Requirements
⚫ Pedestrian facilities must be established based on realistic demand.
Facilities that are not used will soon be ignored or becomes an
obstruction in the roadway.

⚫ Design for pedestrians includes all footpath users:

▪ Wheelchair users, motorised or manual
▪ Mobility scooter users
▪ Children 12 years old or younger on a bike and accompanying adults
▪ People with prams and shopping trolleys
▪ People with disability

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 Pedestrian Facilities

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 Time Separated Facilities

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 Pedestrian Crossing (Zebra)
⚫ A part of the roadway marked by white stripes parallel to the centre
line of the roadway.
⚫ Only used where traffic speeds are low
▪ Drivers have a chance to see and stop for pedestrians

Average speeds 50km/h

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 Pedestrian Crossing (Zebra)
⚫ Requirements and options for installation:
▪ Mid-block crossing
No more than one lane of moving traffic in any one direction
Adequate sight distance for approaching vehicles and pedestrians
If condition not met:
Vehicle speed: 50km/h and 85th percentile speed  60km/h pedestrian actuated traffic
Not for arterial roads. signals
▪ Crossing on slip lanes
No more than one lane of moving traffic in any one direction
No speed limit but 85th percentile speed  60km/h If condition not met:
▪ Other locations signalised slip lane crossing
may be provided at other locations by following the above requirements, with safety of all road
users properly assessed.

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 Pedestrian Crossing (Zebra)
⚫ Suitable for shopping streets or commercial areas where drivers are
alert.
⚫ Not appropriate for multi-lane arterial roads carrying substantial traffic
volumes.
⚫ Must include adequate lighting at night.
⚫ Guidelines require twin flashing yellow lights facing each direction if
speeds are high.
⚫ Flashing yellow lights may be omitted if speeds
are low (40km/h) and sight distance is good.

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 Pedestrian Crossing

A series of
longitudinal bars,
600mm wide, 3.0m
long

No Stopping
Flashing yellow lights

Pedestrian Crossing
Ahead
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 Raised Pedestrian Crossing (Zebra)
a.k.a. Wombat Crossing

http://www.willoughby.nsw.gov.au/community/Traffic---
Transport/Traffic-Management/

Ramp height 75-100mm

Ramp grade 1:12 to 1:20

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 Children’s Crossings

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 Children’s Crossing
⚫ Associated with schools to provide crossing points for students to
and from the school
⚫ School crossing supervisor often employed to supervise the crossing
before and after school
⚫ Used generally on local streets and in speed zones of 60km/h or less
⚫ Must have:
▪ 2 parallel crosswalk lines across the road
▪ 2 red and white posts on each side of the road
▪ Stop lines 6m back from the crosswalk lines
⚫ Only legally a Children’s Crossing when the CHILDREN CROSSING
flags are displayed

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 Children’s Crossing

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 Pedestrian Actuated Traffic Signals (Mid-Block)
⚫ An installation of signals at which changes of signal aspect are
initiated by a pedestrian, usually by pressing a button.
⚫ Mid-block crossing facility for locations where significant numbers of
pedestrians cross.
⚫ Where there has been a significant pedestrian crash history
⚫ Pedestrian facility appropriate for arterial roads
⚫ Provides positive instructions to pedestrians (walk and don’t walk)

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 Pedestrian Actuated Traffic Signals (Mid-Block)
⚫ Installation guidelines:
▪ The limits applicable to pedestrian crossing (Zebra) are exceeded
▪ Crossing is within a coordinated traffic signal system or close to a railway
crossing with active control
▪ Caters for significant numbers of people with disabilities
⚫ Not suited for:
▪ Speed limit is >80km/h
▪ So close to other traffic signals
(creating confusion)
⚫ Design features:
▪ 2-parallel crosswalk lines across the road
▪ Stop lines 6m back from the crosswalk lines
▪ 3 or more signal lanterns facing each driver approach
▪ Red man/green man signals facing each pedestrian approach
▪ Push buttons, with audio tactile units
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 Single Carriageway Dual Carriageway

Stagger
distance to
discourage
children
from taking
short cuts

2.4 to 3.5m

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 Pedestrian Signal Displays
⚫ Sequence of lights
▪ Green man displayed (8 seconds generally for undivided roads over about 8m
wide)
▪ Flashing red man for clearance (based on width of road and pedestrian quicker
walking pace)
▪ Continuous red man when opposing phases operate
⚫ Assumes a “standard” walking speed; not responsive to different
pedestrian abilities

⚫ For divided roads:

⚫ Walk time to cross to just past the median
⚫ Walk = crossing distance @ 1.2m/s + 2 seconds
⚫ Clearance time to cross wider roadway @ 1.5m/s

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 Pedestrian time settings

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 Pelican Crossings
⚫ Similar to pedestrian actuated traffic signals (mid-block) but
incorporates flashing yellow display to vehicular traffic during which
a motorist is required to stop only if necessary to give way to a
pedestrian on the crossing.
⚫ Introduces an early start opportunity for vehicles to proceed if
pedestrians have cleared the crossing
⚫ Reduces traffic delays.
⚫ Guidelines for installation:
▪ Pedestrian actuated traffic signals (mid-block) are justified
▪ The site would benefit from reduced vehicle delays
▪ Speed limit:  60km/h
▪ No significant numbers of either elderly or primary school children.

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 Pelican Crossings

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 Pelican Crossings

Measure of delay Pedestrian Pelican Reduction (%)

Operated operation
Signals
Queue length (vehicles) 6.8 4.6 33
Delay to first vehicle (seconds) 23.2 13.5 42
Delay to last vehicle (seconds) 19.0 12.4 34
Total vehicle delay (vehicle- 171.3 83.0 52
seconds)

Pelican operation: Reduction in average vehicle delays per cycle

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 Puffin Crossings

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 Puffin Crossings
⚫ Based on pedestrian actuated signals
⚫ Infra-red or microwave detector detects
pedestrians on the roadway
⚫ Pedestrian clearance time varies: longer
or shorter than the standard time
▪ Longer when pedestrians continue to cross
or for slower pedestrians
▪ Shorter if pedestrians clear quickly
⚫ Provides better and more responsive
level of service

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 Puffin Crossings

Measure of delay Pedestrian Pelican Reduction (%)

Operated operation
Signals
Queue length (vehicles) 3.6 3.0 18
Delay to first vehicle (seconds) 14.3 10.5 26
Delay to last vehicle (seconds) 14.0 10.5 25
Total vehicle delay (vehicle- 65.1 39.2 40
seconds)

Puffin operation: Reduction in average vehicle delays per cycle

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 Pedestrian Crosswalks at Signalized Intersections
⚫ Pedestrians facilities provided as part of intersection signal
installations.
⚫ Signals provide specific instructions to
pedestrians.
⚫ Pedestrians component generally only
operates when a pedestrian is detected
through the use of push-buttons.
⚫ Pedestrian crossing times (outside peak
hours) usually determine signal cycle
times.
⚫ In general, should provide a crosswalk:
▪ Across each leg of a signalized cross
intersection, and
▪ Across at least two legs of a T-intersection
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 Shibuya crossing, Tokyo

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 Pedestrian Countdown Timers
⚫ Displays remaining time for flashing red man clearance interval

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 Physical Pedestrian Facilities

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 Pedestrian Refuges
⚫ Simple, low-maintenance, low cost
⚫ Allows pedestrians to cross in 2 stages by crossing a single
direction at a time – reducing delays
⚫ Reduces the number of decisions to be made at one time

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 Pedestrian Refuges
⚫ Provides physical protection for
pedestrians
⚫ May encourage reduced vehicle
speeds
⚫ Available to pedestrians at all
times
⚫ May be used over extended
lengths (or with painted medians)
to provide many crossing points

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 Pedestrians at Roundabouts
⚫ Often seen as not pedestrian friendly
⚫ Crash history for pedestrians at roundabouts is generally better than
at traffic signals
⚫ In the event of a pedestrian
crash, the outome is often
not as severe as at other
locations because of the
lower vehicle speeds
⚫ Splitter islands allow
pedestrians to stage their
crossing

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 Roundabout
Splitter Island –
Staging for
Pedestrians

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 Extended Kerbs
⚫ Simple, low-maintenance
⚫ Reduce crossing distance
and improve sightlines
⚫ Benefit pedestrians by
reducing the pavement width
to cross
⚫ Enables pedestrians to be
more visible to motorists
⚫ Similarly, makes the
approaching vehicles more
visible to the pedestrian

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 Pedestrian
operated signals
with kerb
extensions

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 Pedestrian Fencing
⚫ Help to keep pedestrians to the preferred paths
⚫ Avoid solid horizontal rails
⚫ Near pedestrian crossings to guide pedestrians to the crossing
⚫ Outside hotels to keep patrons off the roadway
⚫ At bus stops (especially school bus stops) to keep pedestrians off the
roadway

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 Grade Separation

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 Bridges (Overpass)
⚫ Overpasses (pedestrian bridges) provide the highest level of safety
by providing spatial separation of pedestrians and vehicles thus
preventing possible conflicts
⚫ Allows continued uninterrupted separate movements of
pedestrians and vehicles

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 Bridges (Overpass)
⚫ Not always used by pedestrians
because of additional walking time
and distance to negotiate the
access ramps or stairs
⚫ Expensive, but facility can be
justified economically if usage will
be high and safety improved
⚫ Ramp design must comply with
AS 1428 – Design for Access and
Mobility

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 Subway
⚫ Underpasses also provide an equally high level of safety by
providing spatial separation of pedestrians and vehicles thus
preventing possible conflicts
⚫ Also allows continued uninterrupted separate movements of
pedestrians and vehicles
⚫ Not always used by pedestrians
because of personal safety
concerns, as activities within the
underpasses are often hidden
from public (more open bridge
structures are preferred)
⚫ Often need to be built with initial
construction of the road

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 Providing for People with a
Disability

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 Providing for People with A Disability
⚫ Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (DDA)
⚫ Design for mobility impaired and vision impaired
▪ Audio-tactile push-buttons
▪ Tactile Ground Surface Indicators (TGSIs)
▪ Colour contrasting
▪ Kerb ramps
▪ Ramps to underpasses and overpasses
▪ Footpath smoothing
▪ Space for manoeuvering of wheelchairs

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 Introduction
General law that removes
What is DDA discrimination – all people
have rights to access to
1992? premises, goods, and
services

Improved technologies in
medical sciences have
Why DDA? saved / extended human’s
life → It’s time for design to
catch up!!

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 Objectives
of DDA

Eliminate, as far as possible,

discrimination on the grounds
of disability in a range of areas
(including access to premises)

Ensure, as far as possible, that

people with disabilities have the
same rights to equality before the
law as the rest of the community

Promote an acceptance of the

principle that people with disabilities
have the same fundamental
rights as the rest of the community
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 Design According to Australian
Standard 1428
Part 1: General requirements for access – new building work
Part 4: Tactile ground surface indicators for orientation of people with vision
impairment

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 Walkway Design – Circulation Space
⚫ Accessways, walkways, ramps and landing shall have
▪ An unobstructed width of not less than 1000mm
▪ An unobstructed vertical clearance of not less than 2000mm
⚫ The gradient and crossfalls of the surface area within a landing or
circulation space shall not exceed 1:40

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 Walkway Design
⚫ Walkways shall be provided with landings at intervals:
▪ For walkway gradients 1:33  25m
▪ For walkway gradients of 1:20  15m
▪ Gradients between 1:33 and 1:20, linear interpolation
⚫ Gradient of walkways between landings shall be constant

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 Ramp Design
⚫ Max gradient for a ramp >1520mm = 1:14
⚫ Ramps shall be provided with landings at intervals
▪ For ramps gradients of 1:14  9m
▪ For ramps gradients of 1:20  15m
⚫ Changes of direction
▪ Angle of approach shall be zero.
▪ Landings shall be provided at changes of direction.
⚫ Ramps shall be provided with handrails

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 Kerb Ramps
⚫ Maximum gradient is 1:8
⚫ Maximum rise of 190mm
⚫ Maximum length of 1520mm
⚫ Align with crosswalk across roadway
⚫ Smooth transition from ramp to roadway; no lip
⚫ Locate push-button within reach

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 Audio-tactile Push-buttons
⚫ Button is easy to press
⚫ Arrow indicates direction to walk
⚫ Short beeps indicate when “walk” is
displayed
⚫ Long beeps indicate when “don’t walk” is
displayed
⚫ Circular panel with arrow vibrates
⚫ Red light is a “wait” indicator

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 Tactile Ground Surface Indicators (TGSI)
⚫ Shall be installed to alert people who are blind or vision impaired to
▪ Pending obstacles or hazards
▪ Changes in direction
▪ Continuous accessible path of travel
⚫ Use of TGSIs must be consistent
⚫ Warning tiles installed 300mm from hazard
⚫ Directional tiles installed in direction of travel
⚫ All tiles installed along imaginary ‘guidance line’
⚫ 30% luminance contrast is required for all installations

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 DDA compliance - TGSIs

Directional tile Hazard tile

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 DDA compliance – tram stops

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 DDA compliance – bus stops
⚫ Stops with or without shelters
⚫ Must be designed for mobility impaired and vision impaired

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 ~THANK YOU~

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