LESSON 1: ANTHROPOLOGY, 1.

Universality – It aims to
SOCIOLOGY, & POLITICAL SCIENCE encompass all the known cultures.
2. Empiricism – It is rooted in the
field of research through direct
Anthropology - Greek words Anthropos contact with the tradition
(man) and Logia or logos (study). Deals (participant observation)
with the scientific study of man. Scientific 3. Comparison – Through
study of humanity, concerned with human comparison of similar phenomena,
behavior, human biology, cultures, anthropologist seek to understand
societies, and linguistics, in both the human behavior.
present and past, including past human 4. Objectivity – Demands an
species. Anthropology is the study, investigator to be unbiased to
analysis and description of humanity’s know the truth as he/she
past and present. encountered it.

Branches of Anthropology GOALS IN ANTHROPOLOGY

1. Archaeology- refers to the Anthropology is the systematic study of

scientific study of human, their humanity, with the goal of understanding
history and culture, through our evolutionary origins, our
examination of artifacts and distinctiveness as a species, and the great
remains they left behind. diversity in our forms of social existence
2. Cultural Anthropology- It focuses across the world and through time.
on the study of human cultures,
PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
beliefs, practices, values, ideas,
technologies and economies. 1. HOLISM - Anthropologists are
 Ethnography (based on field interested in the whole of
work) humanity, in how various aspects
 Ethnology (based on cross of life interact. One cannot fully
cultural comparison) appreciate what it means to be
3. Physical Anthropology also human by studying a single aspect
known Biological Anthropology of our complex histories,
–It is concerned with the origin, languages, bodies, or societies. By
evolution and diversity of people. It using a holistic approach,
focuses on the place of man in anthropologists ask how different
nature. aspects of human life influence
4. Linguistic Anthropology- It one another.
examines human languages: how 2. CULTURAL RELATIVISM - The
they work, how they are made, guiding philosophy of modern
how they change, how they die. It anthropology is cultural relativism
also includes examining —the idea that we should seek to
phonemes, morphemes, syntax, understand another person’s
semantics includes and pragmatic. beliefs and behaviors from the
5. Applied Anthropology – The perspective of their culture rather
practice of applying than our own. Anthropologists do
anthropological theory and/or not judge other cultures based on
methods from any of the fields of their values nor do they view other
anthropology to solve human ways of doing things as inferior.
problems. Instead, anthropologists seek to
understand people’s beliefs within
Principles of Anthropology
 the system they have for  It is the study of social life, social
explaining things. change and social causes and
3. COMPARISON - Anthropologists consequences of human behavior.
of all the subfields use comparison (American Sociological
to learn what humans have in Association).
common, how we differ, and how  It is the science which attempts on
we change. Anthropologists ask interpretative understanding of social
questions like: How do action in order to arrive at a casual
chimpanzees differ from humans? explanation of its cause and effects.
How do different languages adapt (Max Weber)
to new technologies? How do  It is the scientific study of patterned
countries respond differently to and shared human behavior. (Joseph
immigration? In cultural Fitchter)
anthropology, we compare ideas,  It is a body of scientific knowledge with
morals, practices, and systems theories based on scientific
within or between cultures. We investigations and observations.
might compare the roles of men (Lunberg and Associates)
and women in different societies,  It is the science of social phenomena
or contrast how different religious (Auguste Comte)
groups conflict within a given  It is the study of patterns and
society. processes of human relations.
4. FIELDWORK - Anthropologists (Rodney Stark)
conduct their research in the field  It is the science that deals with social
with the species, civilization, or groups. (Harry M. Johnson)
groups of people they are studying.  It is a science of social institutions.
In cultural anthropology, our (Emile Durkheim)
fieldwork is referred to as  It is the scientific study of social life.
ethnography, which is both the (Ogburn & Nimkoff)
process and result of cultural  It is the study of man and his human
anthropological research. The environment and their relations to
Greek term “ethno” refers to each other. (Henry Fairchild)
people, and “graphy” refers to
writing. The
ethnographic process involves the LESSON 2: ANTHROPOLOGY,
research method of participant- SOCIOLOGY & POLITICAL SCIENCE
observation fieldwork: you
participate in people’s lives, while
observing them and taking field THE LAW OF 3 STAGES IN
notes that, along with interviews SOCIOLOGY
and surveys, constitute the
research data. 1) Theological Stage- stage in which
people make up false beliefs. It refers
SOCIOLOGY - Came from the Latin word to explanation of personified deities.
socius (society). Greek word logos (study). During the earlier stages, people
A study of society of human relationships believed that all the phenomena of
and institution. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, nature are the creation of the divine or
French essayist. Auguste Comte 1883- supernatural.
Founder of Sociology. a. Animism- Is the doctrine that
SOCIOLOGY (OTHER DEFINITIONS) every natural thing in the universe
has a soul. The turning of everyday
objects into items of extreme
 religious purpose and worship with  SOCIAL CHANGE-is the alteration
godlike qualities. If you believe in of social interaction, social
animism, you believe that institutions and society overtime.
ostriches, cactuses, mountains,  SOCIAL INTERACTION- refers to
and thunder are all spiritual beings. the behavior between two or more
Animism comes from the Latin people that is given meaning.
word anima, meaning life, or soul.
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
b. Polytheism-Is the explanation of
things through the use of many  Functionalist Perspective- sees
gods. Religions that practice society as a complex system
polytheism include, but are not whose parts work together to
limited to: Hinduism, Buddhism, promote solidarity and stability. An
Wicca, Confucianism, Shintoism, example of functionalism would
various African tribal and/or folk be the family. According to
religions, and various American functionalism, the family is a
tribal and/or folk religions. societal structure that provides for
c. Monotheism- It is the attribution to the reproduction and protection of
a single and supreme deity or God. children.
2) Metaphysical Stage- A stage where  Symbolic-Interaction Perspective -
people use philosophy ( a study of is based on the notion that people
general ad fundamental problem, such make sense of their social worlds
as those connected with existence, through communication and social
knowledge, values, reasons, mind and interaction - the exchange of
language) to think about their beliefs. meaning through symbols and
Metaphysics is purely knowledge language. States that the meaning
based. we ascribe to objects, processes,
3) Positive Stage- It is a stage where ideas, concepts, and systems are
people prove what they believe. It subjective. They are constructed
refers to scientific explanation based through language, words, and
on observation, experiment and communication, and differ from
comparison. Positive explanations rely context to context and culture to
upon a distinct method, the scientific culture.
method, for their justification.  Conflict Perspective- first
developed by Karl Marx, is a
KEY CONCEPTS OF SOCIOLOGICAL
theory that society is in a state of
PERSPECTIVE
perpetual conflict because of
- The sociological perspective is competition for limited resources.
characterized by concern for the Conflict theory holds that social
totality of social life, the context of order is maintained by domination
social action and the individual as and power, rather than by
part of social group. consensus and conformity.
 SOCIAL STRUCTURE- is a According to conflict theory, those
framework of an organized pattern with wealth and power try to hold
of social relationships and social on to it by any means possible,
institution that together constitute a chiefly by suppressing the poor
society. and powerless
 SOCIAL INSTITUTION- are  Feminist Perspective-aims to
established and organized systems highlight the social problems and
of social behavior with a particular issues that are experienced by
and organize purpose. women. Some of the key areas of
focus include discrimination on the
 basis of sex and gender, Learned Behaviors - Cultural traits are
objectification, economic inequality, not innate but are learned through social
power, gender role, and interactions and passed down through
stereotypes generations
EARLY THINKERS AND MODERN Dynamic and Evolving - Culture is not
SOCIOLOGIST static; it constantly adapts and changes in
response to internal and external forces.
 SERAFIN MACARAIG –First
Filipino to acquire a doctorate Anthropological Perspectives on
degree in sociology. Cultural Origins
 FATHER VALENTIN MARIN-
 Anthropologists have explored
Introduced sociology in the
various theories about the origins
Philippines, in the criminology
of culture, focusing on the
program in University of Sto.
emergence of human societies and
Tomas.
the development of complex social
 A.W. SALT & MURRAY
structures.
BARTLETT- American educators
who offered Sociology in UP. Symbolic Presentation - The
 Dr. Clyde Heflin – University of development of symbolic representation,
Dumaguete such as language and art, played a crucial
 1952 – Filipino pioneers on role in cultural evolution.
sociology organized the Philippine.
 1957- The community Tool Use and Innovation - The ability to
Development Research Council create and use tools, from simple
was created to conduct and implements to complex technologies, has
support social science researches. been a driving force behind cultural
 1960 Fr. Frank Lynch SJ- advancement.
Founded the Institute of the Social Cooperation and
Philippine Culture at the Ateneo De Communication - Human societies rely
Manila. on complex forms of social cooperation
 1972- – Xavier University the first and communication, which are essential
school to offer in Ph.D. In for cultural transmission and development.
sociology.
 UP- First school to offer Bachelor’s The Role of Environment in Shaping
Degree Culture
 The environment in which a culture
develops has a profound impact on
The Origins of Culture: Unveiling its values, beliefs, and practices.
Humanity's Rich Tapestry Adaptations to the physical
Defining Culture: A Multifaceted surroundings shape cultural traits
Concept and traditions

- Culture encompasses a wide Climate - Climatic conditions, such as

range of elements, including temperature and rainfall, influence
language, religion, art, music, food, agricultural practices, food choices, and
and social customs. clothing styles

Shared Values - Culture is a collective Geography - Geographical features, like

identity, rooted in shared values, beliefs, mountains, rivers, and deserts, shape
and principles that guide behavior and transportation routes, settlement patterns,
decision-making and economic activities
Resources - Availability of natural of ideas, has both positive and
resources, such as water, minerals, and negative impacts on cultural
timber, influences technological diversity.
development and cultural practices.
Increased Exposure - Globalization
The Influence of Technology on facilitates cultural exchange, leading to
Cultural Evolution greater understanding and appreciation of
diverse traditions.
 Technological advancements have
been a catalyst for cultural change Cultural Homogenization - The spread of
throughout history, altering dominant cultures can threaten the
communication, transportation, and survival of marginalized cultural groups.
ways of life.
Hybrid Cultures - Globalization fosters
Agricultural Revolution - The invention the emergence of hybrid cultures, blending
of agriculture led to settled societies, elements from different traditions.
population growth, and the emergence of
Conclusion: Preserving and
complex social structures
Celebrating Cultural Heritage
Industrial Revolution - Advances in
 Preserving and celebrating cultural
machinery and manufacturing transformed
heritage is essential for
economies, urbanization, and social
understanding our shared human
relations.
history and fostering a future
Information Age - Digital technologies where diversity is valued and
have revolutionized communication, respected.
information access, and cultural
Cultural Preservation - Efforts to
expression.
document, protect, and promote cultural
The Importance of Language in Cultural traditions are crucial for ensuring their
Transmission survival
 Language is the foundation of Intercultural Dialogue - Open
culture, facilitating communication, communication and exchange among
shaping thought, and preserving cultures foster understanding and
knowledge across generations appreciation of diverse perspectives
Oral Traditions - Spoken language plays Cultural Events and Festivals -
a vital role in transmitting cultural Celebrating cultural traditions through
narratives, beliefs, and values events and festivals helps to maintain
cultural vitality and shared identity
Written Language - Written forms of
language enable the preservation of
knowledge, the development of literature,
and the spread of cultural ideas
Cultural Diversity - Language diversity
reflects the richness and variety of human
cultures, each with its unique expressions
and perspectives.
The Impact of Globalization on Cultural
Diversity
 Globalization, with its
interconnectedness and exchange