Python Programming concept

Unit-1
Fundamental of Computer
Section-1

1.Definition of Computer ?
A. A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or
data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. You may already
know that you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play
games, and browse the Web.
OR
An electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary
form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
2. Characteristics of a computer ?
A. 1. Speed
Executing mathematical calculation, a computer works faster and more
accurately than human. Computers have the ability to process so many
millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second.
2. Diligence
A human cannot work for several hours without resting, yet a computer
never tires. A computer can conduct millions of calculations per second
with complete precision without stopping.

3. Reliability
A computer is reliable. The output results never differ unless the input
varies. the output is totally depend on the input.
4. Automation
The world is quickly moving toward AI (Artificial Intelligence)-based
technology. A computer may conduct tasks automatically after instructions
are programmed.
5. Versatility
Versatility refers to a capacity of computer. Computer perform different
types of tasks with the same accuracy and efficiency.
6. Memory
A computer can store millions of records. these records may be accessed
with complete precision.
7. Accuracy
When a computer performs a computation or operation, the chances of
errors occurring are low.
3.???
4.Difference of Digital & Analog ?
A.

Analog Digital

Signal Analog signal is a Digital signals are

continuous signal discrete time
which represents signals generated
physical by digital
measurements. modulation.

Waves Denoted by sine Denoted by

waves square waves

Representation Uses continuous Uses discrete or

range of values to discontinuous
represent information values to
represent
information

Example Human voice in air, Computers, CDs,

analog electronic DVDs, and other
devices. digital electronic
 Analog Digital

devices.

Technology Analog technology Samples analog

records waveforms waveforms into a
as they are. limited set of
numbers and
records them.

Data transmissions Subjected to Can be noise-

deterioration by immune without
noise during deterioration
transmission and during
write/read cycle. transmission and
write/read cycle.

Response to Noise More likely to get Less affected

affected reducing since noise
accuracy response are
analog in nature

Flexibility Analog hardware is Digital hardware

not flexible. is flexible in
implementation.

Uses Can be used in Best suited for

analog devices only. Computing and
Best suited for audio digital electronics.
and video
transmission.

Applications Thermometer PCs, PDAs

Bandwidth Analog signal There is no

processing can be guarantee that
done in real time and digital signal
consumes less processing can
 Analog Digital

bandwidth. be done in real

time and
consumes more
bandwidth to
carry out the
same information.

Memory Stored in the form of Stored in the form

wave signal of binary bit

Power Analog instrument Digital instrument

draws large power drawS only
negligible power

Cost Low cost and Cost is high and

portable not easily
portable

Impedance Low High order of 100

megaohm

Errors Analog instruments Digital

usually have a scale instruments are
which is cramped at free from
lower end and give observational
considerable errors like
observational errors. parallax and
approximation
errors.
5.Advantages of Desktop Computers ?
1. A. Powerful Performance.
2. Easily Upgradable.
3. Longevity.
4. Customizability.
 5. Larger Displays.
6. Expandable Storage.
7. Dedicated Graphics Cards.
8. Less Overheating.
9. Easy Repair and Replacements.
10. Affordability.

SECTION – B
1.Block Diagram ?

2.Classification of Computers ?
A. The computer systems can be classified on the following basis:
1. On the basis of size.
2. On the basis of functionality.
3. On the basis of data handling.
A.On the basis of Size:
i. Super computers : The super computers are the most high performing
system. A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance
compared to a general-purpose computer.
ii. Mainframe computers : These are commonly called as big iron, they
are usually used by big organisations for bulk data processing such as
statistics, census data processing, transaction processing and are widely
used as the servers as these systems has a higher processing capability as
compared to the other classes of computers.
iii. Mini computers : These computers came into the market in mid 1960s
and were sold at a much cheaper price than the main frames, they were
actually designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and
communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping,
later they became very popular for personal uses with evolution.
iv. Micro computers : A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive
computer with a microprocessor as its CPU. It includes a microprocessor,
memory, and minimal I/O circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit
board.

B.On the basis of functionality:

Servers : Servers are nothing but dedicated computers which are set-up to
offer some services to the clients. They are named depending on the type
of service they offered. Eg: security server, database server.
ii. Workstation : Those are the computers designed to primarily to be
used by single user at a time. They run multi-user operating systems.
iii. Information Appliances : They are the portable devices which are
designed to perform a limited set of tasks like basic calculations, playing
multimedia, browsing internet etc.
iv. Embedded computers : They are the computing devices which are
used in other machines to serve limited set of requirements. They follow
instructions from the non-volatile memory and they are not required to
execute reboot or reset.
C.On the basis of Data Handling :
i. Analog : An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the
continuously-changeable aspects of physical fact such as electrical,
mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.
ii. Digital : A computer that performs calculations and logical operations
with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system
of “0” and “1”, “Computer capable of solving problems by processing
information expressed in discrete form.
iii. Hybrid : A computer that processes both analog and digital data,
Hybrid computer is a digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts
them to digital and processes them in digital form.
2.Principle of working of computers ?
A. A central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and
storage devices are the main components of a computer system.
Working principle of computer system :
 A computer system consists of a set of networked devices that
analyze, store, and input data and records. In today's modern
computer networks, at least one digital signal processing unit is
used.
 The five primary hardware components of a computer network are
input, processor, memory, output, and telecommunications.
 A central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and
storage devices are the main components of a computer system. To
give the necessary result, all of these components work together as a
single entity. A computer system is available in a variety of shapes
and sizes.