Division Algebra Theorems of Frobenius and Wedderburn

Division Algebra Theorems of Frobenius and Wedderburn
Christopher M. Drupieski Nicholas A. Hamblet University of Virginia Algebra Seminar November 9, 2005
Outline
I. Prerequisites II. Elementary Consequences III. Application of Wedderburn-Artin Structure Theorem IV. Classication Theorems V. Further Classication of Central Division Algebras
I. Prerequisites
Wedderburn-Artin Structure Theorem Denition: Central Simple Algebra Examples Technical Lemma
Wedderburn-Artin Structure Theorem

Let R be a left semisimple ring, and let V1 , . . . , Vr be a complete set of mutually nonisomorphic simple left R-modules. Say R n1 V1 nr Vr . Then =
r
R =
i=1
Mni (Di )
where Di = EndR (Vi ) is a division ring. If R is simple, then r = 1 and R EndD (V ). =
Denition
Call S a central simple k-algebra if S is a simple k-algebra and Z(S) = k.
Examples
Mn (k) is a central simple k-algebra for any eld k. The Quaternion algebra H is a central simple R-algebra (Hamilton 1843). Any proper eld extension K k is not a central simple k-algebra because Z(K) = K = k.
Technical Lemma
Lemma 1. Let S be a central simple k-algebra and let R be an arbitrary k-algebra. Then every two-sided ideal J of R S has the form I S, where I = J R is a two-sided ideal of R. In particular, if R is simple, then R S is simple.
Counterexample
The simplicity of R S depends on S being central simple. C has the structure of a (non-central) R-algebra. Let e1 = 1 1, e2 = i i. Note that (e2 + e1 )(e2 e1 ) = 0. Then 0 = (e2 + e1 ) is a nontrivial ideal. C R C is not simple.
II. Elementary Consequences of Wedderburn Structure Theorem

An isomorphism lemma A dimension lemma
Lemma (Isomorphism)
Lemma 2. Let R be a nite dimensional simple k-algebra. If M1 and M2 are nite dimensional R-modules and dimk M1 = dimk M2 , then M1 M2 . =
10
Proof of Lemma 2
Proof. Let M be the unique simple R-module. Say M1 n1 M and M2 n2 M . = = n1 dimk M = dimk M1 = dimk M2 = n2 dimk M n1 = n2 M1 M2 . =
11
Lemma (Dimension)
Lemma 3. If D is a nite dimensional division algebra over its center k, then [D : k] is a square.
12
Proof of Lemma 3
Proof. Let K = k, the algebraic closure of k, and let DK = D k K. [DK : K] = [D : k] < . DK is a simple artinian K-algebra by Lemma 1. By the WA structure theorem, DK Mn (K) for some n N. = [D : k] = [DK : K] = [Mn (K) : K] = n2 .
13
III. Application of Wedderburn-Artin Structure Theorem

Skolem-Noether Theorem Corollary Centralizer Theorem Corollary
14
Skolem-Noether Theorem
Theorem 4. [Skolem-Noether] Let S be a nite dimensional central simple k-algebra, and let R be a simple k-algebra. If f, g : R S are homomorphisms (necessarily one-to-one), then there is an inner automorphism : S S such that f = g.
15
Proof of Skolem-Noether
S EndD (V ) Mn (D ) for k-division algebra D and = = nite-dimensional D-module V . D central simple since k = Z(S) = Z(D). V has two R-module structures induced by f and g. R-module structure commutes with D-module structure since S EndD (V ). = V has two R D-module structures induced by f and g.
16
Proof (cont.)
R D is simple by Lemma 1, so the two R D module structures on V are isomorphic by Lemma 2. There exists an isomorphism h : Rf D V Rg D V such that for all r R and d D, (i) h(rv) = rh(v), i.e., h(f (r)v) = g(r)h(v), and (ii) h(dv) = dh(v) Now h EndD (V ) S by (ii). By (i), hf (r)h1 = g(r), i.e., = hf h1 = g.
17
Corollary
Corollary. If k is a eld, then any k-automorphism of Mn (k) is inner.
18
Centralizer Theorem
Theorem 5. [Centralizer Theorem] Let S be a nite dimensional central simple algebra over k, and let R be a simple subalgebra of S. Then (i) C(R) is simple. (ii) [S : k] = [R : k][C(R) : k]. (iii) C(C(R)) = R.
19
Proof of Centralizer Theorem

S EndD (V ) Mn (D ), D a central k-division algebra and = = V a nite dimensional D-module. V is an R D module, and C(R) = EndRD (V ). R D is simple, so R D EndE (W ), W the simple = R D-module and E = EndRD (W ). Say V W n as R D-modules. =
20
Proof (cont.)
C(R) = EndRD (V ) EndRD (W n ) Mn (E), which is = = simple. (ii) follows from C(R) Mn (E), WA structure theorem, and = mundane degree calculations. Apply (ii) to C(R), get [C(C(R)) : k] = [R : k]. Then R C(C(R)) R = C(C(R)).
21
Corollary
Corollary 6. Let D be a division algebra with center k and [D : k] = n2 . If K is a maximal subeld of D, then [K : k] = n.
22
Proof of Corollary
Proof. By maximality of K, C(K) = K. Then by the Centralizer Theorem, n2 = [D : k] = [K : k]2 [K : k] = n
23
IV. Classication Theorems

Finite Division Rings (Wedderburn) Group Theoretic Lemma Finite Dimensional Division R-algebras (Frobenius)
24
Classication of Finite Division Rings

Theorem 7 (Wedderburn, 1905). Every nite division ring is commutative, i.e., is a eld.
25
Group Theoretic Lemma

Lemma. If H G are nite groups with H = G, then G = gG gHg 1 .
26
Proof of Wedderburn Theorem

Let k = Z(D), q = |k|, K k a maximal subeld of D. Assume K = D. [D : k] = n2 for some n by Lemma 3, and [K : k] = n by Corollary 6. Then K Fqn . = Since Fqn is unique up to isomorphism, any two maximal subelds of D containing k are isomorphic, hence conjugate in D by the Skolem Nother Theorem.
27
Proof (cont.)
Every element of D is contained in some maximal subeld, so D = xD xKx1 . Then D = xD xK x1 , which is impossible by the group theoretic lemma above unless K = D. Conclude K = D, i.e., D is a eld.
28
Classication of Finite Dimensional Division R-algebras

Theorem 8 (Frobenius, 1878). If D is a division algebra with R in its center and [D : R] < , then D = R, C or H.
29
Proof of Frobenius Theorem

Let K be a maximal subeld of D. Then [K : R] < . We have [K : R] = 1 or 2. If [K : R] = 1, then K = R and [D : R] = 1 by Lemma 3, in which case D = R. If [K : R] = 2, then [D : K] = 1 or 2 by Lemma 3. If [D : K] = 1, then D = K, in which case D = C.
30
Proof (cont.)
Suppose [D : K] = 2. So K C and Z(D) = R. = Complex conjugation is an R-isomorphism of K. Hence, by the Skolem-Nother Theorem there exists x D such that x = , where x denotes conjugation by x. x2 = x x = 2 = id. Then x2 C(K) = K. In fact, x (x2 ) = (x2 ) = x2 x2 R.
31
Proof (cont.)
If x2 > 0, then x = r for some r R, (). So x2 < 0 and x2 = y 2 for some y R. Let i = 1, j = x/y, k = ij. Check that the usual quaternion multiplication table holds. Check that {1, i, j, k} forms a basis for D. Then D H. =
32
V. Further Classication of Central Division Algebras

Equivalence Relation Observations Denition of Brauer Group Examples
33
Equivalence Relation
Dene an equivalence relation on central simple k-algebras by S S S Mn (D) and S Mm (D) = = for some central divison algebra D. Denote the equivalence class of S by [S], and let Br(k) be the set of all such similarity classes. Each element of Br(k) corresponds to a distinct central division k-algebra. Can recover information about central division k-algebras by studying structure of Br(k).
34
Observations
If S, T are central simple k-algebras, then so is S k T . [S] [T ] := [S k T ] is a well-dened product on Br(k). [S] [T ] = [T ] [S] for all [S], [T ] Br(k). [S] [k] = [S] = [k] [S] for all [S] Br(k). [S] [S ] = [k] = [S ] [S] for all [S] Br(k). (Follows from S S Mn (k).) =
35
Denition of the Brauer Group

Denition. Dene the Brauer group of a eld k, denoted Br(k), to be the set Br(k) identied above with group operation k .
36
Examples
Br(k) = 0 if k is algebraically closed, since there are no nontrivial k-division algebras. Br(F ) = 0 if F is a nite eld by Wedderburns Theorem on nite division rings. Br(R) = Z2 by Frobeniuss Theorem and the fact that H R H M4 (R). =
37

Division Algebra Theorems of Frobenius and Wedderburn

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Division Algebra Theorems of Frobenius and Wedderburn

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Division Algebra Theorems of Frobenius and Wedderburn

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Division Algebra Theorems of Frobenius and Wedderburn

Wedderburn-Artin Structure Theorem

where Di = EndR (Vi ) is a division ring. If R is simple, then r = 1 and R EndD (V ). =

II. Elementary Consequences of Wedderburn Structure Theorem

III. Application of Wedderburn-Artin Structure Theorem

Proof of Centralizer Theorem

IV. Classication Theorems

Classication of Finite Division Rings

Group Theoretic Lemma

Proof of Wedderburn Theorem

Classication of Finite Dimensional Division R-algebras

Proof of Frobenius Theorem

V. Further Classication of Central Division Algebras

Denition of the Brauer Group

You might also like