GENERAL MATHEMATICS
HANDOUT
2nd QUARTER
LAWS OF EXPONENTS 4. 272x-1 = 9x+3
xm ∙ xn = xm+n (33) 2x-1 = (32) x+3
xm / xn = xm-n 36x - 3 = 32x+6
(xm)n = xmn 6x - 3 = 2x+6
x-m = 1 / xm 6x – 2x = 6 + 3
x0 = 1 4x = 9
(x/y)m = xm / yn x = 9/4
n
√x m = x m/n
SOLVING EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITIES
Example In solving exponential inequalities,
1. 23 = 2(2)(2) = 8 1) Express the bases of both sides of
2. 2-3 = 1 / 23 = 1/8 the inequality the same.
3. 20 = 1 2) Relate the exponents of both sides
4. (2/3)3 = 23 / 33 = 8/27 of the inequality following the
5. (2/3)-3 = 2-3 / 3-3 = 33 / 23 = 27/8 given inequality’s direction if b > 1.
6. (23)4 = 212 Otherwise, change the direction of
the inequality if 0 < b < 1.
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION 3) Simplify.
An exponential function with base b is a If b > 1, then the exponential function
function of the form y = bx where b > 1 or y = bx is increasing for all x. This
0 < b < 1. means that bx < b y if and only if x < y.
SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS If 0 < b < 1, then the exponential
In solving exponential equations, function y = bx is decreasing for all x.
1) Express the bases of both sides of This means that bx > b y if and only if
the equation the same. x < y.
2) Equate the exponents of both sides
of the equation. Example;
3) Simplify. 1. (1/3)3x-2 < (1/3)2x+3
One-to-One Property of Exponential Since the base 1/3 < 1, then
Equations: If x1 ≠ x2, then b x1 ≠ b x2 . 3x - 2 > 2x+3
Conversely, if x1 = x2, then b x1 = b x2 . 3x – 2x > 3 + 2
x>5
Example; Solution Set: {x ∈ ℝ|x > 5}
1. 32x-1 = 3x+2 2. 3x-1 < 81
2x - 1 = x+2 3x-1 < 34
2x – x = 2 + 1 Since the base 3 > 1, then
x=3 x-1 < 4
2. 3x+1 = 27 x < 4+1
3x+1 = 33 x<5
x+1 = 3 Solution Set: {x ∈ ℝ|x < 5}
x = 3-1 3. 9x-1 ≤ 3x+2
x=2 (32) 2x-1 ≤ 3x+2
3. 92x-1 = 32x+2 32x - 2 ≤ 3x+2
(32) 2x-1 = 32x+2 Since the base 3 > 1, then
34x - 2 = 32x+2 2x - 2 ≤ x+2
4x - 2 = 2x+2 2x – x ≤ 2 + 2
4x – 2x = 2 + 2 x≤4
2x = 4 Solution Set: {x ∈ ℝ|x ≤ 4}
x=2
4. 81x-1 ≥ 9x+4 Properties of Exponential function
(34) x-1 ≥ (32) x+4
34x - 4 ≥ 32x+8 y = a∙bx-c +d
Since the base 3 > 1, then
4x - 4 ≥ 2x+8 Domain: (−∞, ∞) or All ℝ
4x – 2x ≥ 8 + 4 Range: (𝐝, ∞) if a is positive
2x ≥ 12 x-intercept: Do not exist if d ≥ 0
x≥6 y-intercept: (0 , a∙b0-c +d)
Solution Set: {x ∈ ℝ|x ≥ 6} Asymptote: y = d
Example:
GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
AND ITS TRANSFORMATION Determine the domain, range, intercepts,
and asymptotes of the following functions;
Let b be a positive number not equal to 1.
A transformation of an exponential 1. y = 3x
function with a base b is a function of the Domain: (−∞, ∞)
form; Range: (0 , ∞)
Intercepts: (0, 1)
y = a∙bx-c +d, Asymptotes: (y = 0)
a: stretching or shrinking 2. y = 3x-2
c: horizontal shifting (left or right) Domain: (−∞, ∞)
d: vertical shifting (upward or Range: (0 , ∞)
downward) Intercepts: (0, 1/9)
Note: y is usually in the form of f(x). Asymptotes: (y = 0)
where a, c, and d are real numbers. 3. y = 3x+2
Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Example; Range: (0 , ∞)
Intercepts: (0, 9)
1. If y = 2x is shifted 3 units to the left, Asymptotes: (y = 0)
what would be the transformed
function? 4. y = 3x +2
Ans.: y = 2x+3 Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (2 , ∞)
2. If y = 2x is shifted 3 units to the right,
Intercepts: (0, 3)
what would be the transformed
Asymptotes: (y = 2)
function?
5. y = 3x+2 +2
Ans.: y = 2x-3
Domain: (−∞, ∞)
3. If y = 2x is shifted 3 units upward, what Range: (2 , ∞)
would be the transformed function? Intercepts: (0, 11)
Ans.: y = 2x +3 Asymptotes: (y = 2)
4. If y = 2x is shifted 3 units downward, 6. y = 3x+2 +2
what would be the transformed Domain: (−∞, ∞)
function? Range: (2 , ∞)
Ans.: y = 2x -3 Intercepts: (0, 11)
Asymptotes: (y = 2)
5. If y = 2x-1+4 is shifted 2 units to the right
and 3 units downward, what would be 7. y = 3x-2 +2
the transformed function? Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Ans.: y = 2x-3 +1 Range: (2 , ∞)
Intercepts: (0, 19/9)
Asymptotes: (y = 2)
REPRESENTING REAL-LIFE SITUATION REFLECTION
USING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
What are your least mastered topics?
Exponential Growth or Decay
y = y0 (r)t / T
y : population/amount after t units of time
y0 : initial population/amount
r : rate of change What are the topics you mastered?
t : units of time that changes y
T : units of time that the rate changes y0
Example;
1. A population starts with 500 individuals
and doubles every 5 years. Let y be the Do the handout in exponential function
population after x numbers of years. helped you in preparing for the 2nd quarter
a. What is the exponential model that exam? How?
would represent this situation?
b. What would be the population after 10
years?
Solution:
a. y = 500(2)x/5
Please rate the following statements based on the
b. y = 500(2)10/5 scale below.
= 500(2)2
= 2000 5 –Strongly Agree
4 –Agree
2. The half-life of a Heroin, an illegal drug, is 3 –Undecided
30 minutes in a human body system and 2 –Disagree
you have used 2 grams. Let y be the 1 –Strongly Disagree
remaining substance in the body after x Score
number minutes. 1. The handout in exponential
a. What is the exponential model that function is easy to read.
would represent this situation? 2. The handout in exponential
b. What would be the remaining substance function is comprehensive
after 2 hours? 3. The handout in exponential
function helped you to
Solution:
understand your least
a. y = 2(1/2)x/30 mastered topics.
b. y = 2(1/2)120/30 4. The handout in exponential
= 2(1/2)4 function improved your
= 2(1/16) confidence in taking the
= 1/8 or 0.125 quarter exam.
5. The handout in exponential
function engaged you to
study more in general
mathematics.
Prepared by:
CHRENIEL LOU G. ALECIDA, MS
SHS T-II
