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Handout Logarithmic Functions

The document provides definitions and properties of logarithmic functions, including common and natural logarithms, and their applications in real-life situations such as earthquake magnitude and sound intensity. It also covers solving logarithmic equations and inequalities, along with graphing techniques and transformations. Examples are included to illustrate the concepts and solutions for various logarithmic expressions and equations.

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lein.adicela
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views5 pages

Handout Logarithmic Functions

The document provides definitions and properties of logarithmic functions, including common and natural logarithms, and their applications in real-life situations such as earthquake magnitude and sound intensity. It also covers solving logarithmic equations and inequalities, along with graphing techniques and transformations. Examples are included to illustrate the concepts and solutions for various logarithmic expressions and equations.

Uploaded by

lein.adicela
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Logarithmic Functions c.

Find the value of the following


logarithmic expressions.
Definition: Let a, b, and c be positive real
i.) log 2 32 iii.) log 5 5
numbers such that . The logarithm of a
with base b is denoted by , and is ii.) log ½ 16 iv.) log 0.001
defined as
Solution:

i.) 5 iii.) 1

ii.) -3 iv.) 3
Definition: The Common logarithms are
logarithms with base 10; log x  Representing Real-Life Situations Using
Logarithmic Functions
Definition: The Natural logarithms are
logarithms with base e; ln x o Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter Scale

Reminders:

1. Logarithmic and exponential functions


R : magnitude
are inverses of each other.
E : energy in joules
2. In the logarithmic form logb x, x cannot be
negative.
Example:
3. The value of logb x can be negative
a. Suppose that an earthquake released
Example: approximately 1012 joules of energy.
What is its magnitude on a Richter
a. Rewrite the following exponential
scale?
equations in logarithmic form, whenever
possible. Solution:
Since E is 1012 joules, then the
i.) 53 = 125 iii.) 102 = 100
magnitude R is
ii.) 7-2 = 1/49 iv.) (2/3)2 = 4/9

Solution:

i.) log 5 125 = 3 iii.) log 100 = 2

ii.) log 7 (1/49) = -2 iv.) log 2/3 (4/9) = 2


( )
b. Rewrite the following logarithmic
equations in exponential form.

i.) log m = n iii.) log 3 81 = 4 b. A 5.4 magnitude hit Wao, Lanao Del
ii.) ln 8 = a iv.) log 0.001 = 3 Sur last September 24, 2017. What is
the actual energy released by the
Solution:
earthquake?
i.) 10n = m iii.) 34 = 81
Solution:
ii.) ea =8 iv.) 103 = 0.001 Since R is 5.4 magnitude, then
energy E in joules is

( )
By: C.L.G.Alecida
Example:

A 1-liter solution contains 10-8 moles of


hydrogen ions. a. What is the pH level of
the solution? b. Determine whether the
( )( ) solution is acidic, neutral, or basic.

Solution:

o Sound Intensity a. Since is 10-8, then the pH level pH


of the solution is

[ ]
D : decibels (dB) ( )
I : sound intensity in watts/m2
: least audible sound a b. Since , then the solution is
human can hear basic

Example:  Basic Properties of Logarithms


The decibel level of sound in a quiet
office is 10-6 watts/m2. (a) What is the Definition: Let b and x be real numbers such
corresponding sound intensity in h , h basic properties of
decibels? (b) How much more intense is logarithms are as follows:
this sound than the least audible sound a 1. log b 1 = 0
human can hear? 2. log b bx = x
Solution: 3. If x > 0, then =x

a. Since I is 10-6 watts/m2, then the


Example:
decibel D level of the sound is
a. log 1 b. ln e3 c.

Solution:

a. log 1 = 0 (Property 1)
( )
b. ln e3 = log e e3 = 3 (Property 2)

c. (Property 3)
b. This sound is 10-6/10-12 = 106 =
1,000,000 times more intense than the  Laws of Logarithms
least audible sound a human can hear.
Let b > 0, b 1 and let n . For u > 0, v > 0,
o Acidity and the pH scale then

[ ] 1. log b (uv) = log b u + log b v


2. log b (u/v) = log b u log b v
pH : acidity/pH level
3. log b un = n log b u
: hydrogen ions in moles per liter

Solutions with,
pH = 7 is neutral
pH > 7 is basic
pH < 7 is acidic

By: C.L.G.Alecida
Example: Example:

a. Use the laws and properties of logarithms Find the value of x in the following equations.
to expand each expression in terms of the
a. log 4 (2x) = log 4 10
logarithms of the factors. Assume each
factor is positive. Solution.
log 4 (2x) = log 4 10
i. log 3 (ab2) ii. log 3 (3/x)3
2x = 10
Solution x=5

i. log 3 (ab2) = log 3 a + log 3 b2 Therefore, 5 is the solution/value of x


= log 3 a + 2log 3 b
b. log 3 (2x – 1) = 2
ii. log 3 (3/x)3 = 3log 3 (3/x)
= 3(log 3 3 log 3 x) Solution.
= 3(1 log 3 x) 2x – 1 = 32
= 3 3log 3 x) 2x – 1 = 9
2x = 10
b. Use the properties of logarithm to
x=5
condense the expressions as a single
logarithm. Therefore, 5 is the solution/value of x
i. log 2 + log 3 ii. 2ln x – ln y
c. log x 16 = 2
Solution
Solution.
i. log 2 + log 3 = log (2 3)
x2 = 16
= log 6
x2 – 16 = 0
ii. 2ln x – ln y = ln x2 – ln y
(x – 4)(x + 4) = 0
= ln (x2y)
x = 4, –4

 Solving Logarithmic Equations and Therefore, only 4 is the solution/value of x


Inequalities since the base cannot be negative

o One-to-one Property of Logarithmic d. log 2 (x + 1) + log 2 (x – 1) = 3


equations
Solution.
If b > 1, then the logarithmic function y = [( )( )]
log b x is increasing for all x. If 0 < b < 1, ( )( )
then the logarithmic function y = log b x is
decreasing for all x. This means that
log b u = log b v if and only if u = v. ( )( )
,
Techniques. Some strategies for solving
logarithmic equations: Therefore, only 3 is the solution/value of x
1. Rewriting to exponential form; since in the logarithmic form logb x, x cannot
2. Using logarithmic properties; be negative.
3. Applying the one-to-one property of
logarithmic functions;
4. The Zero Factor Property: If ab = 0, then
a = 0 or b = 0.

By: C.L.G.Alecida
o Properties of Logarithmic Inequalities Since 1/5 < 1, then

a. If 0 < b < 1, then x1 < x2 if and only if x < (1/5)–3


log b x1 > log b x2. x < 125
b. If b > 1, then x1 < x2 if and only if
Also, x must be positive.
log b x1 < log b x2.
the solution is ( , )
Example:

Solve the following logarithmic  Graphing logarithmic functions


inequalities. o Properties of logarithmic functions that is

a. log 3 (2x – 1) > log 3 (x + 2) f(x) = log b x

Solution: a. Domain is all positive


Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are b. Range is all
defined. c. It is a one-to-one function.
d. The x-intercept is 1. There is no y-
Then 2x – 1 > 0 and x + 2 > 0 intercept.
must be satisfied. e. Vertical asymptote is x = 0. There is
2x – 1 > 0 implies x > 1/2 and x no horizontal asymptote.
+ 2 > 0 implies x > –2. f. The function is increasing if b > 1, and
is decreasing if 0 < b < 1
To make both logarithms defined,
then x > 1/2. (If x > 1/2, then x is
Graph of f(x) = log b x if b > 1
surely greater than –2.)

Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is


satisfied.

Since 3 > 1, then

2x – 1 > x + 2
2x – x > 2 + 1
x>3

the solution is ( , )

b. log 1/5 x > –3

Solution:
Graph of f(x) = log b x if 0 < b < 1
Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are
defined.

This means x > 0

Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is


satisfied.

Rewrite –3 as a logarithm to
base 1/5: log 1/5 (1/5)–3

We obtain the inequality


log 1/5 x > log 1/5 (1/5)–3

By: C.L.G.Alecida
o Graph of f(x) = a log b (x – c) + d c. If the graph of the given function is
stretch by a factor of 3. The transformed
a. The value of b determines whether the function would be H(x) = 3log 2 x.
graph is decreasing or increasing.

b. The value of a determines the stretch


and shrinking of the graph. Further, if a is
negative, there is a reflection of the graph
about the x-axis.

c. Based on y = a log b (x), the vertical


shift is d units up (if d > 0) or d units
down (if d < 0), and the horizontal shift is
c units to the right (if c > 0) or c units to
the left (if c < 0).

Example:

Given the function f(x) = log 2 (x).


Reflection:
a. If the graph of the given function is
moved 3 units to the right. The
transformed function would be
F(x) = log 2 (x – 3).

b. If the graph of the given function is


moved 3 units downward. The
transformed function would be
G(x) = log 2 (x) – 3. Prepared by:

CHRENIEL LOU G. ALECIDA, LPT


SHS-T1

By: C.L.G.Alecida

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