COMMUNICATI

PROCESSES,
ON

PRINCIPLES,
AND ETHICS
 Components of the Communication Process
Technically, communication happens in
a systematic process to achieve its
success. Communication process is
important particularly among
professionals because of the following
notable reasons according to Bhasin
(2021):

• It develops coordination for people

Components of the Communication Process
• Its function in an organization is elemental for the smooth and
proper functioning of each member of the organization.
• It contributes to effective and efficient decision making among
people.
• It increases the managerial efficiency and leader potentials in
organizations.
• It promotes the overall organizational peace and cooperation
among all employees who are holding different places in the
hierarchy.
 Elements of
Communication
 Elements of Communication
• Sender- one who crafts a message,
idea, or information
• Encoding- process of converting
idea or thoughts of the information
into symbols
• Message- the information, idea,
thought, etc. that the speaker wants
to convey
• Channel- means of transmission or
distribution of the message -
Elements of Communication

• Decoding receiver’s mental

processing of interpreting
message into meaning
• Receiver for whom the message
was created and one who receives
it
• Feedback the receiver’s response
or reaction to the sender’s
message
Communication
Models
 1. Linear Model
A. Aristotle’s Model (300 B.C.)
• It is a communication model which can be used to develop public
speaking skills or to create propaganda.
• Speaker plays an important role in public speaking. The speaker must
prepare his speech and analysis audience needs before he enters into
the stage. His words should influence in audience mind and persuade
their thoughts towards him.
 1. Linear Model
B. Lasswell’s Model (1948)
• It is the “In which channel” as it describes an act of communication by
defining who said it, what was said, in what in what channel it was
said, to whom, it was said, and with what effect it was said.
 1. Linear Model
B. Shannon and Weaver’s Model (1949)
• It is also known as the “Mathematical Theory of Communication” that
argues that human communication can be broken down into 6 key
concepts.
 1. Linear Model
B. Berlo’s SMCR Model (1960)
• It represents the process of communication according to Sender,
Message, Channel, and Receiver.
 2. Interactional Model
• two-way process but
more mechanical and
has more delayed
feedback. It also deals
with exchange of ideas
and messages taking
place both ways from
 1. Interactional Model
A. Schramm’s Model (1949)
• It views communication as a process wherein the message is
transmitted using a medium by a sender to a receiver. He added the
notion of field of experience in his theory. Field of experience
assimilates a mutual understanding of both the parties.
 1. Interactional Model
A. Osgood-Schramm’s Model (1954)
• It is known as a circular model because it indicates that messages can
go in two directions. Also, the two parties decode, interpret, and
encode the message of each other.
 3. Transactional Model
-two-way process and more simultaneous as it has direct and immediate
feedback
A. White’s Model (1960)
• There are eight stages of the oral communication process: thinking,
symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding,
feedbacking, and monitoring. So, communication is a sequential
interaction process
 3. Transactional Model
B. Dance’s Helical
Model (1967)
• It disagrees with the
concept of linearity
and circularity
individually, and
introduces the
concept of time and
continuous
communication
 3. Transactional Model
A. Barnlund’s Transactional Model (1970)
• It emphasizes a multi-layered feedback system for all parties
involved and recognizes that anyone can be a sender and
receiver anytime. Shared field of experience is also its strength.
General Principles of
Effective
Communication
 General Principles of Effective Communication
As stated by Madrunio, M., & Martin, I. (2018)
One must observe the principles to make oral and written
communication more effective since communication is a two-way
process. Consider the following principles:

1. Know the purpose of communicating. If one is speaking mainly to

inform, entertain, or persuade, he/she must have one goal. If
he/she has more than one purpose, there is still a more prevailing
objective or reason why he/she communicates.
 General Principles of Effective Communication
4. Adjust the speech or writing to the context of the
situation. Utilize a kind of language to be delivered
depending on the environment in which a speaker talks
or writes.
5. Work on the feedback. Upon receiving the comments
from the listeners/readers, the speaker should work on
them. However, be kind to criticisms. Eventually,
constructive criticisms will be important to the speaker or
Principles of Effective
Oral Communication
 Principles of Effective Oral Communication
As stated by Madrunio, M., & Martin, I. (2018)

1. State clearly your purpose. Determine wholeheartedly your objective in

communicating.
2. Deliver the message completely. Be sure that your claims are supported
by details and significant facts.
3. Make the discussion short. Do not be talkative or wordy with your
statements since conciseness in speech is required.
4. Deliver the speech naturally. Emphasize significant words by using
suitable hand gestures and bodily movements. Display a certain degree of
 Principles of Effective
Written Communication:
The 7cs
 Principles of Effective Written Communication: The 7cs
As stated by Madrunio, M., & Martin, I. (2018)

1. Be clear. State your message clearly by always guided by your

purpose in communicating.
2. Be concise. Focus on your main point by not including lots of
things that are unimportant.
3. Be concrete. Your statement should be supported by sufficient
evidence. In fact, the readers can easily distinguish if you are
pretending or deceiving since there is nothing to substantiate
 Principles of Effective Written Communication: The 7cs
4. Be correct. When writing, it is vital to observe the
grammaticality of your sentence. Always have time to study
and revise your work even simple misspelled words, may
naturally confuse the readers.
5. Be coherent. Your writing becomes coherent when
sending a relevant message. Your thoughts should be
associated with each other and connected to the subject. Be
sure to recognize the sound structure that will present a
 Principles of Effective Written Communication: The 7cs
6. Be complete. Write all essential and pertinent information
so the audience can learn a lot of information. Always put
yourself in the position of the audience so they will be
attentive to obtain new information.
7. Be courteous. Be friendly with the tone of your writing by
avoiding an
 Ethics of
Communication
 Ethics of Communication
As stated by Madrunio, M., & Martin, I. (2018)
Communication ethics highlights that the behavior of an
individual, group, or organization is influenced by morality. As a
result, it affects their communication.

1. For the development of your uprightness as a person, organize

a lively value system. The operations of an organization are
affected by someone’s attitude and decision-making style.
 Ethics of Communication
2. Be responsible for thorough and accurate
information. Either compulsory or not, the date
should always be checked and precise.

3. Reveal significant information sufficiently and

suitably. Also, do not hide information that is
important for the sake of transparency
Thank You for
Listening!