Oracle Database Architecture

By Ahmed Baraka

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero -- aacourse

courseby
byAhmed
AhmedBaraka
Baraka
 Objectives
In this lecture, you will learn how to perform the following:
• List and describe the major components of the database instance
• List and describe the major Oracle database files

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 Oracle Database Server Architecture

Database Server
Database Instance
(memory components and processes)

Database

Data Files System Files

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 Oracle Database Server Architecture

Database Server
Database Instance
Listener (memory components and processes)

Server
Client Application
Process

Database

Data Files System Files

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 Oracle Database Instance Architecture

Database Server
Database Instance
System Global Area

Program Global
Areas (PGAs)

Server Process Background Processes

Server Process
Server Process

Datafiles and system

files3

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 Oracle Database Instance Basic Architecture
• An Oracle database server consists of at least one database instance
and a database.
- A database is a set of files, located on disk, that store data.
- An instance is a set of memory structures and processes that manage the
database files.
• An instance consists of a shared memory area, called the system
global area (SGA), and a set of background processes.
• For each user connection to the instance, there is a client process.
Each client process is associated with its own server process. The
server process has its own private session memory, known as the
program global area (PGA).

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 System Global Area Primary Components

Database Instance

System Global Area

Shared Pool Fixed SGA

Library Cache Database Redo

Buffer Large
Log Pool
Data Dictionary Cache Buffer
Cache

Reserved

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 System Global Area (SGA) Components
• Shared Pool
- Library Cache: stores executable SQL and PL/SQL code.
- Data Dictionary Cache: holds info about accessed database objects
- Server Result Cache: holds result sets (not data blocks). It contains the
SQL query result cache and PL/SQL function result cache.
• Database buffer cache: the memory area that stores copies of data
blocks read from data files to optimize physical I/O.
• Large Pool: (optional) large memory allocation for buffers for RMAN,
buffers for deferred inserts, message buffers used parallel executions,
and others.
• Redo Log buffer: used to save redo entries
Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka
 Buffer (Data Blocks) States
• A buffer can be in any of the following mutually exclusive states:
- Unused: the buffer not been used or accessed
- Clean: this buffer was used earlier and now contains a read-consistent
version of a block as of a point in time.
- Dirty: the buffer contain modified data that has not yet been written to disk.

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 Background Processes

Database Instance

System Global Area

ARCn CJQ0 RVWR FBDA

PMON SMON MMON CKPT DBWn PMON LREG LGWR RECO MMNL

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 Database Writer Process (DBW)

Database Instance

System Global Area

Database Buffer Cache

ARCn CJQ0 RVWR FBDA

PMON SMON MMON CKPT DBWn PMON LREG LGWR RECO MMNL

Storage

Data Files

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 Log Writer Process (LGWR)

Database Instance

System Global Area

Redo
Log
Buffer

ARCn CJQ0 RVWR FBDA

PMON SMON MMON CKPT DBWn PMON LREG LGWR RECO MMNL

Storage

Redo Log Files

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 Checkpoint Process (CKPT)

Database Instance

System Global Area

Database Buffer Cache

PMON SMON MMON CKPT DBWn PMON LREG LGWR RECO MMNL

data file body

header

Storage

Control Files Data Files

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 Mandatory Background Processes
Process Responsibility
Database Writer (DBWR) Writes the modified buffers (dirty blocks) to datafiles
Writing is performed in a lazy manner
Log Writer (LOGWR) Write redo entries from redo log buffer to the online redo log
Writing is so active and must be done when a transaction is committed
Redo entries contain information to reconstruct the DML and DDL
System Monitor Process (SMON) Is in charge of a variety of system-level cleanup duties: instance recovery,
recovering terminated transactions, and others
Checkpoint Process (CKPT) Updates the control file and data file headers with checkpoint
information and signals DBW to write blocks to disk
Checkpoint information is the information that tells the database engine
up to what time the data changes have been saved in the storage.
Listener Registration Process (LREG) Registers the database instance and dispatcher processes in the Listener
PMON group includes PMON, Cleanup Main These processes are responsible for the monitoring and cleanup of other
Process (CLMN), and Cleanup Helper processes.
Processes (CLnn)

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 Database System Files

Database Files

Required For Startup Automatic Diagnostic

Password File
Repository (ADR)

Control Files
User Tablespace Keystore (Wallet)
Data files
Parameter File

Block Change
Online Redo Backup Files Tracking (BCT) Files
Log Files

Archive Redo Log

System Data Files Files Flashback Logs

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 Database System Files
File Type Description
Control Files Used to save the database physical structure (database filenames and their locations),
backup files, database basic information (like DBID, creation timestamp, last checkpoint).
Parameter File A file to save the initialization parameters and their assigned non-default values.
Initialization parameters are configuration parameters that affect the instance operation.
Online Redo Log files Two or more pre-allocated files that store changes to the database as they occur. They are
typically used for instance recovery, generating archived redo log files, replication, and
Data Guard.
Archived Redo Log files Offline copies of online redo log files when they get filled by redo entries. They are not
(archivelogs) considered part of the database files.
Password file A file to store the passwords of the database users with administrative privileges
Automatic Diagnostic A file-based repository that stores database diagnostic data such as trace files, the alert
Repository (ADR) log, DDL log, and Health Monitor reports.
Keystore (wallet) file A file to store the encryption keys used by the database.

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 More to come
Throughout the course!

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka

 Summary
In this lecture, you should have learnt how to perform the following:
• List and describe the major components of the database instance
• List and describe the major Oracle database files

Oracle Database Administration from Zero to Hero - a course by Ahmed Baraka