Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

CSS 452 LAB

Q1. Write a C program that:

• Opens an existing file named sample.txt.

• If the file does not exist, create a new file named sample.txt.

• Print a message indicating whether the file was opened or created.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<unistd.h>

#include<fcntl.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

int fd,openFlags;

mode_t filePerms;

fd=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY);

if(fd<0)

printf("File not found!");

openFlags = O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC;

filePerms = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH |

fd=open(argv[1],openFlags,filePerms);

printf("\nNew file created!");

close(fd);
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

else

printf("File opened!");

printf("\n");

return 0;

Output :
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

Q2. Write a C program to open an existing file named sample.txt and write the text “Welcome
to NIT Durgapur” into the file. Then, close the file.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<unistd.h>

#include<fcntl.h>

#include<string.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

int fd,openFlags;

char buf[50];

mode_t filePerms;

openFlags = O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC;

filePerms = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH;

fd=open(argv[1],openFlags,filePerms);

printf("\nNew file created!");

sprintf(buf,"Welcome to NIT Durgapur!");

write(fd,buf,strlen(buf));

close(fd);

printf("\n");

return 0;
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

Output :
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

Q3.Write a C program to open an existing file named sample.txt, read its content, and display
it on the screen. Then, close the file.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<unistd.h>

#include<fcntl.h>

#include<string.h>

#define BUFSIZE 50

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

int fd,openFlags;

char buf[BUFSIZE];

mode_t filePerms;

ssize_t numread;

fd=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY);

if(fd<0) printf("\nFile not exist!");

else

printf("Content of file: \n");

while((numread=read(fd,buf,BUFSIZE))>0)

write(1,buf,numread);
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

close(fd);

printf("\n");

return 0;

Output :

Q4. Write a C program that accepts a filename as a command-line argument, opens the file,
and prints its content.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<unistd.h>

#include<fcntl.h>

#include<string.h>

#define BUFSIZE 50

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

int fd,openFlags;

char buf[BUFSIZE];

mode_t filePerms;

ssize_t numread;

fd=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY);

if(fd<0) printf("\nFile not exist!");

else

printf("Content of file: \n");

while((numread=read(fd,buf,BUFSIZE))>0)

write(1,buf,numread);

close(fd);

printf("\n");

return 0;

OUTPUT:
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

Q5. Write a C program that accepts two filenames as command-line arguments (a source file
and a destination file), reads the content from the source file, and writes it to the destination
file.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<unistd.h>

#include<fcntl.h>

#include<string.h>

#define BUFSIZE 50

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

int fd,openFlags,fd2;

char buf[BUFSIZE];

mode_t filePerms;

ssize_t numread;

fd=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY);

if(fd<0) printf("\nFile not exist!");

else

openFlags = O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC;

filePerms = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH;

fd2=open(argv[2],openFlags,filePerms);

while((numread=read(fd,buf,BUFSIZE))>0)

{
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

write(fd2,buf,numread);

close(fd);

close(fd2);

printf("\n");

return 0;

OUTPUT:

Q6. Write a C program that:

• Accepts a filename and a word as command-line arguments.

• Searches for the word in the file.

• Displays the line numbers where the word appears

Source Code:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <unistd.h>
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

#include <fcntl.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#define BUFSIZE 1024

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

if (argc != 3) {

printf("Usage: %s <filename> <word>\n", argv[0]);

return 1;

int fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);

if (fd < 0) {

perror("Error opening file");

return 1;

char buf[BUFSIZE];

char *word = argv[2];

ssize_t numread;

int line_number = 1;

int found = 0;

char temp[BUFSIZE];

int temp_index = 0;
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

while ((numread = read(fd, buf, BUFSIZE)) > 0)

for (int i = 0; i < numread; i++) {

if (buf[i] == '\n' || temp_index >= BUFSIZE - 1)

temp[temp_index] = '\0';

if (strstr(temp, word))

printf("Word found in line number: %d\n", line_number);

found = 1;

line_number++;

temp_index = 0;

else

temp[temp_index++] = buf[i];

if (!found) {

printf("Word not found in the file.\n");

close(fd);
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

return 0;

OUTPUT:
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

Q7. Write a C program that:

• Accepts two filenames as command-line arguments (source file and destination file).

• Reads the content from the source file.

• Writes the content in reverse order to the destination file

Source Code:

#include <stdio.h>

#include<fcntl.h>

#include<unistd.h>

#include<string.h>

#define BUFF_SIZE 100

int main(int argc,char* argv[])

int fd1,fd2,op;

char buf[100],arr[100];

mode_t fp;

ssize_t numread;

fd1=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY);

op=O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC;

fp=S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IWGRP|S_IROTH|S_IWOTH;

fd2=open(argv[2],op,fp);

if(fd1<0)

printf("File 1 not found...\n");

exit(0);

else

printf("Writing to 2nd file...\n");

while ((numread = read(fd1, buf, BUFF_SIZE)) > 0)

int k=0;

for (int i = (int)numread-1; i>=0; i--)

arr[k++]=buf[i];

write(fd2,arr,strlen(arr));

close(fd1);

close(fd2);

printf("Done...\n");

return 0;

}
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

OUTPUT:
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

Q8. Write a C program that:

• Accepts a filename as a command-line argument.

• Checks whether the file exists.

• Prints "File exists" if it does, otherwise prints "File does not exist".

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<unistd.h>

#include<fcntl.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

int fd,openFlags;

mode_t filePerms;

fd=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY);

if(fd<0)

printf("File not exist!");

else

printf("File exist!");

close(fd);

printf("\n");
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

return 0;

OUTPUT:
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

Q9. Write a C program that:

• Accepts a filename as a command-line argument.

• Reads the file and counts the number of lines.

• Displays the total number of lines.

Source Code:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <unistd.h>

#include <fcntl.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#define BUFSIZE 1024

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

if (argc != 2) {

printf("Usage: %s <filename> <word>\n", argv[0]);

return 1;

int fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);

if (fd < 0) {

perror("Error opening file");

return 1;
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

char buf[BUFSIZE];

ssize_t numread;

int line_number = 0;

char temp[BUFSIZE];

int temp_index = 0;

while ((numread = read(fd, buf, BUFSIZE)) > 0)

for (int i = 0; i < numread; i++) {

if (buf[i] == '\n' || temp_index >= BUFSIZE - 1)

temp[temp_index] = '\0';

line_number++;

temp_index = 0;

else

temp[temp_index++] = buf[i];

printf("\nNumber of lines: %d\n",line_number);

close(fd);

return 0;
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

OUTPUT:

Q10. Write a C program that:

• Opens an existing file named log.txt.

• Appends the text "New log entry.\n" to the file.

• Closes the file.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<unistd.h>

#include<fcntl.h>

#include<string.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

int fd,openFlags;

char buf[50];

mode_t filePerms;
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

openFlags = O_CREAT | O_WRONLY;

filePerms = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH;

fd=open(argv[1],openFlags,filePerms);

lseek(fd,0,SEEK_END);

sprintf(buf,"New log entry.\n");

write(fd,buf,strlen(buf));

close(fd);

printf("\n");

return 0;

OUTPUT:
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

Q11. Write a C program that:

• Accepts a filename as a command-line argument.

• Deletes the specified file.

• Prints a success message.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<unistd.h>

#include<fcntl.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

int fd,openFlags;

mode_t filePerms;

fd=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY);

if(fd<0)

printf("File not exist!");

else

close(fd);

printf("File Deleted!");

execl("/bin/rm", "rm", argv[1], (char *)0);

printf("\n");
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

return 0;

OUTPUT:
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

Miscellaneous Question:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <sys/types.h>

#include <sys/stat.h>

#include <unistd.h>

#include <dirent.h>

#include <fcntl.h>

#include <time.h>

#include <errno.h>

#include <utime.h>

#define MAX_PATH 4096

#define BUFFER_SIZE 4096

void sync_files(const char *src_path, const char *dst_path);

void copy_file(const char *src, const char *dst);

void copy_dir(const char *src, const char *dst);

void delete_item(const char *path);

int compare_file_metadata(const char *src, const char *dst);

void update_metadata(const char *src, const char *dst);

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

if (argc != 3)

fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <src_dir> <dst_dir>\n", argv[0]);

return 1;

sync_files(argv[1], argv[2]);

return 0;

void sync_files(const char *src_path, const char *dst_path)

DIR *src_dir = opendir(src_path);

DIR *dst_dir = opendir(dst_path);

if (src_dir == NULL && dst_dir == NULL) return;

if (src_dir == NULL)

delete_item(dst_path);

return;

if (dst_dir == NULL)

{
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

copy_dir(src_path, dst_path);

return;

struct dirent *entry;

while ((entry = readdir(src_dir)) != NULL)

if (strcmp(entry->d_name, ".") == 0 || strcmp(entry->d_name, "..") == 0)

continue;

char src_item_path[MAX_PATH];

char dst_item_path[MAX_PATH];

snprintf(src_item_path, sizeof(src_item_path), "%s/%s", src_path, entry->d_name);

snprintf(dst_item_path, sizeof(dst_item_path), "%s/%s", dst_path, entry->d_name);

struct stat src_stat, dst_stat;

if (stat(src_item_path, &src_stat) == -1)

perror("stat src");

continue;

if (stat(dst_item_path, &dst_stat) == -1 && errno == ENOENT)

if (S_ISREG(src_stat.st_mode))

copy_file(src_item_path, dst_item_path);

} else if (S_ISDIR(src_stat.st_mode))

copy_dir(src_item_path, dst_item_path);

continue;

if (S_ISREG(src_stat.st_mode))

if (S_ISREG(dst_stat.st_mode))

if (compare_file_metadata(src_item_path, dst_item_path) != 0)

copy_file(src_item_path, dst_item_path);

} else

delete_item(dst_item_path);

copy_file(src_item_path, dst_item_path);

} else if (S_ISDIR(src_stat.st_mode))

{
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

if (S_ISDIR(dst_stat.st_mode))

sync_files(src_item_path, dst_item_path);

} else

delete_item(dst_item_path);

copy_dir(src_item_path, dst_item_path);

rewinddir(dst_dir);

while ((entry = readdir(dst_dir)) != NULL)

if (strcmp(entry->d_name, ".") == 0 || strcmp(entry->d_name, "..") == 0)

continue;

char src_item_path[MAX_PATH];

char dst_item_path[MAX_PATH];

snprintf(src_item_path, sizeof(src_item_path), "%s/%s", src_path, entry->d_name);

snprintf(dst_item_path, sizeof(dst_item_path), "%s/%s", dst_path, entry->d_name);

struct stat src_stat;

if (stat(src_item_path, &src_stat) == -1 && errno == ENOENT)

delete_item(dst_item_path);

closedir(src_dir);

closedir(dst_dir);

update_metadata(src_path, dst_path);

void copy_file(const char *src, const char *dst)

int src_fd = open(src, O_RDONLY);

int dst_fd = open(dst, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);

if (src_fd == -1 || dst_fd == -1)

perror("copy_file");

if(src_fd != -1) close(src_fd);

if(dst_fd != -1) close(dst_fd);

return;

}
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];

ssize_t bytes_read;

while ((bytes_read = read(src_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE)) > 0)

write(dst_fd, buffer, bytes_read);

close(src_fd);

close(dst_fd);

printf("[o]%s\n", dst);

void copy_dir(const char *src, const char *dst)

mkdir(dst, 0777);

printf("[+]%s\n", dst);

sync_files(src, dst);

void delete_item(const char *path)

struct stat statbuf;

if (stat(path, &statbuf) == -1) return;

if (S_ISREG(statbuf.st_mode))

{
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

unlink(path);

printf("[-]%s\n", path);

} else if (S_ISDIR(statbuf.st_mode))

DIR *dir = opendir(path);

if (dir == NULL) return;

struct dirent *entry;

while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL)

if (strcmp(entry->d_name, ".") == 0 || strcmp(entry->d_name, "..") == 0)

continue;

char item_path[MAX_PATH];

snprintf(item_path, sizeof(item_path), "%s/%s", path, entry->d_name);

delete_item(item_path);

closedir(dir);

rmdir(path);

printf("[-]%s\n", path);

}
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

int compare_file_metadata(const char *src, const char *dst)

struct stat src_stat, dst_stat;

if (stat(src, &src_stat) == -1 || stat(dst, &dst_stat) == -1) return -1;

if (src_stat.st_size != dst_stat.st_size || src_stat.st_mtime != dst_stat.st_mtime)

return -1;

return 0;

void update_metadata(const char *src, const char *dst)

struct stat src_stat, dst_stat;

if (stat(src, &src_stat) == -1 || stat(dst, &dst_stat) == -1) return;

struct utimbuf times;

times.actime = src_stat.st_atime;

times.modtime = src_stat.st_mtime;

if (src_stat.st_mtime != dst_stat.st_mtime)

utime(dst, &times);

printf("[t]%s\n", dst);

}
Shubhashish Das Roy (23CS8013)

if (src_stat.st_mode != dst_stat.st_mode)

chmod(dst, src_stat.st_mode);

printf("[p]%s\n", dst);

OUTPUT: