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Vector Operations

The document covers the principles of vector algebra, including vector addition, subtraction, and scaling, as well as vector multiplication through dot and cross products. It explains the significance of scalar and vector triple products, detailing their properties and applications, particularly in calculating volumes and areas. Graphical methods for vector operations are also discussed, providing a comprehensive overview of vector manipulation in three-dimensional space.

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pugalgopal7
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10 views29 pages

Vector Operations

The document covers the principles of vector algebra, including vector addition, subtraction, and scaling, as well as vector multiplication through dot and cross products. It explains the significance of scalar and vector triple products, detailing their properties and applications, particularly in calculating volumes and areas. Graphical methods for vector operations are also discussed, providing a comprehensive overview of vector manipulation in three-dimensional space.

Uploaded by

pugalgopal7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Principles of

Electromagnetics
18EC51
Topic Covered: Vector Algebra
Vector addition
Triangle law of addition Adding Multiple Vectors
Vector addition to position vector and general vector

PYTHAGORAS THRM B

A
Property of vector addition
Vector subtraction
• Subtract Vector B = 9i+7j+2k from A =3i + 5j + k.
• A-B = (3i + 5j + k) – (9i - 7j + 2k)
• i, j, k refers to unit Vectors in x, y and z direction.
3-9)i = -6i ---- i
(5- (-7))j= 12j -----j
And (1-2)k = -k ---- k
A-B=(-6i+12j-k)
|A-B| = √(〖(-6)〗^2+〖12〗^2+〖(-1)〗^2 ) =√(36+144+1) = √181
Graphical method of subtraction

1. convert the vector to negative

-B
A-B
2. Apply triangle law of addition A
A-B B
Graphical rule for addition and subtraction
Vector Scaling
•
Vector Multiplication
Consider 2 vectors A and B.
When they are multiplied two types of products are obtained.

Two types are:


1. Scalar or DOT product
2. Vector or CROSS product
DOT Product
• Dot product produces a scalar quantity
• It has no direction
• Easily computed from geometry using components

Let a and b be two vectors, dot product is given by:


• a.b = |a|.|b| Cos θ

Why only Cos θ

• to multiply two vectors it makes sense to multiply their lengths together but only when
they point in the same direction.

• So we make one "point in the same direction" as the other by multiplying by cos(θ)
Graphical representation of dot product
If θ = 0 --- both are acting along same direction – Parallel vectors (MAX)
If θ = 90 -- both vectors are perpendicular to each other - (ZERO)
Meaning of (scalar) dot product
•
Example of dot product
Example
Numerical
Apply dot product formula

--
-------1a
Multiplication – vector
• Known as cross product
• Written as
• Direction: an
Solving cross product
1. Formula
2. Determinent
Vector Product by Determinant
•
Cross product of unit vectors
Cross product properties

• AxB ≠ BxA not commutative


• Reverse order – reverse direction => B x A = -[A x B]
• A x (B x C) ≠ (A x B) x C not associative
• A x (B + C) = A x B + A x C
• 2 parallel vectors = then theta = 0 thus a x b = 0
• A x A = 0 (theta = 0)
Numerical

• Other numerical – (Bakshi book)


• Proof: properties of Cross product ….
Triple Products
• Triple product is product of 3D vectors
• They are of 2 types:
1. Scalar Triple Product (STP)
2. Vector Triple Product

• It basically uses 2 products and 3 vectors


Scalar Triple Product
• It means taking the dot product of one of the vectors with the cross
product of the remaining two. It is denoted as
[a b c ] = ( a × b) . c

i) The resultant is always a scalar quantity.


ii) Cross product of the vectors is calculated first followed by the dot
product which gives the scalar triple product.
Significance of scalar triple product
• scalar triple product formula represents the volume of the
parallelepiped
• The cross product of vectors a and b gives the area of the base
• As volume is the product of area and height, the height in this case is
given by the component of vector c along the direction of cross
product of a and b .
• The component is given by c cos α
• Volume of parallelepiped
= ( a × b) c cos α = ( a × b) . c
Properties of Scalar Triple Product
Properties of Scalar Triple Product
Vector Triple Product
Properties of Vector Triple Product
Properties of Vector Triple Product

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