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MA40254 Differential and Geometric Analysis: Exercises 1

The document contains exercises for a differential and geometric analysis course, focusing on concepts such as derivatives, injectivity, operator norms, and smooth functions. It includes specific problems regarding functions, their derivatives, and properties of linear maps. Solutions to the exercises are provided, detailing the mathematical reasoning and results for each problem.

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10 views4 pages

MA40254 Differential and Geometric Analysis: Exercises 1

The document contains exercises for a differential and geometric analysis course, focusing on concepts such as derivatives, injectivity, operator norms, and smooth functions. It includes specific problems regarding functions, their derivatives, and properties of linear maps. Solutions to the exercises are provided, detailing the mathematical reasoning and results for each problem.

Uploaded by

corso.annamaria.polo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MA40254 Differential and geometric analysis : Exercises 1

Hand in answers by 1:15pm on Wednesday 11 October for the Seminar of


Thursday 12 October
Homepage: http://moodle.bath.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=57709

1. Let U be the open interval (−1, 1) ⊂ R, and let f : U → R, x 7→ x2 .


(i) For x ∈ U , what are the domain and codomain of Dfx , the derivative
of f at x?
(ii) For which x ∈ U is Dfx injective?
(iii) What are the domain and codomain of the derivative function Df ?
(iv) Is Df injective?
[Hint: Dfx is a linear map represented by a 1 × 1 matrix, whose only entry
df
is dx .]
2. Let f : R2 → R2 , (x, y) 7→ (x3 − y 2 , xy). For which (x, y) ∈ R2 is Df(x,y)
an isomorphism?
[Hint: First find the 2 × 2 matrix that represents Df(x,y) .]
3. Let (V, ∥ · ∥V ) and (W, ∥ · ∥W ) be normed vector spaces, and let L(V, W )
be the vector space of linear maps V → W . For ϕ ∈ L(V, W ), define its
operator norm by
∥ϕ∥op := sup ∥ϕ(v)∥W ,
v
where the supremum is taken over v ∈ V such that ∥v∥V = 1. Show that
∥ · ∥op is a norm on L(V, W ).
[Hint: Use the defining properties of the norm on W to derive the properties
required for the operator norm.]
4. Which of the following functions are smooth?
√
(i) f : S → R, x 7→ 3 x3 − 2, where S := Q ⊂ R.
( √
y if x ≥ 0
(ii) g : S → R, (x, y) 7→ √ , where S := {(x, y) : y = x2 } ⊂
− y if x ≤ 0
R2 .
√
(iii) h : S → R, (x, y) 7→ y, where S := {(x, y) : y = x2 } ⊂ R2 .
[Hint:√ (i) What is the biggest open subset U ⊂ R such that the function
x 7→ 3 x3 − 2 is differentiable on U ?
(ii) Find a simple function G : R2 → R such that the restriction of G to
S equals g.
(iii) Suppose U ⊆ R2 is an open subset containing the origin, and H :
U → R is a smooth function whose restriction to U ∩ S equals h. For a
suitable interval I ⊆ R, what can you say about the composition of I →
R2 , t 7→ (t, t2 ) with H? ]
5. Let U ⊆ Rn open, and let f : U → Rm be a smooth function. If Dfx is
injective for every x ∈ U , must f be injective?
[Hint: We will see later that if Dfx at x in U then f is injective on a
neighbourhood of x—but does this imply f is injective on all of U ? Think
of simple examples (angles on a circle maybe?)]

6. (i) Compute the derivative of the matrix multiplication map

m : Mm,n (R) × Mn,p (R) → Mm,p (R), (A, B) 7→ AB

(ii) Compute the derivative of s : Mn,n (R) → Mn,n (R), A 7→ A2 .


[Hint: (i) This is the product rule for matrix multiplication, so we expect
Dm(A,B) (X, Y ) = XB +AY : prove that this expectation is correct, using the
operator norm on matrices (viewed as linear maps), which satisfies ∥XY ∥ ≤
∥X∥∥Y ∥.
(ii) Write s as the composition of the diagonal map Mn,n (R) → Mn,n (R)×
Mn,n (R), A 7→ (A, A) and m : Mn,n (R) × Mn,n (R) → Mn,n (R). ]
MA40254 Differential and geometric analysis : Solutions 1

1. (i) Dfx is the linear map v 7→ 2xv with domain R and codomain R.

(ii) v 7→ 2xv is injective if and only if x ̸= 0.

(iii) Df is a function U → L(R, R), where L(R, R) is the space of linear


maps from R to itself. (L(R, R) is naturally isomorphic to R.)

(iv) The linear maps Dfx : v 7→ 2xv and Dfy : v 7→ 2yv are equal if and
only if 2x = 2y if and only if x = y, so Df is injective.

2. Df(x,y) is represented by the matrix of partial derivatives


!
3x2 −2y
.
y x

This ispinvertible if and only if the determinant 3x3 + 2y 2 is non-zero, i.e.,


x = − 3 2y 2 /3.

3. There are three things to check.


(i) For ϕ ∈ L(V, W ), we have ∥ϕ∥op ≥ 0 with equality if and only if ϕ = 0.
Since ∥w∥W is non-negative for all w ∈ W , the supv ∥ϕ(v)∥W is non-
negative too. If the latter is 0, then ϕ(v) = 0 for all v ∈ V such that
∥v∥V = 1, and by linearity ϕ must be 0.

(ii) ∥λϕ∥op = |λ|∥ϕ∥op


supv ∥λϕ(v)∥W = supv |λ|∥ϕ(v)∥W = |λ| supv ∥ϕ(v)∥W

(iii) ∥ϕ + ψ∥op ≤ ∥ϕ∥op + ∥ψ∥op .


supv ∥ϕ(v) + ψ(v)∥W ≤ supv (∥ϕ(v)∥W + ∥ψ(v)∥W ) ≤ supv ∥ϕ(v)∥W +
supv ∥ψ(v)∥W
√ √
4. (i) Let U := R \ { 3 2}. Then F : U → R, x 7→ 3 x3 − 2 is a smooth
function on an open set whose restriction to S equals f . Thus f is
smooth.

(ii) Note that g(x, y) = x for any (x, y) ∈ S. Thus if we set G : R2 →


R, (x, y) 7→ x then G is a smooth function whose restriction to S
equals g. Hence g is smooth.

(iii) Suppose h is smooth. Then there is an open subset U ⊆ R2 containing


the origin, and a smooth function H : U → R whose restriction to
U ∩ S equals h.
Let φ : R → R2 , t 7→ (t, t2 ), and let I := φ−1 (U ). Then the com-
position H ◦ γ : I → R is smooth by the chain rule. But in fact
H ◦ φ(t) = |t|, which is not smooth at t = 0 ∈ I.
5. No: take U := R, and let f : R → R2 , θ 7→ (cos θ, sin θ). Then
Dfθ (v) = −v sin θ, v cos θ) which is injective for all θ; but f (2π) = f (0).
[An alternative counterexample is the map x 7→ x2 from R \ {0} to R.]

6. (i) We check that Dm(A,B) (X, Y ) = XB + AY :

∥(m(A + X, B + Y ) − m(A, B) − (XB + AY )∥ ∥XY ∥


= .
∥(X, Y )∥ ∥(X, Y )∥

We are free to choose which norms we use: convenient choices are the
operator norm on matrices (viewed as linear maps), because this satis-
fies ∥XY ∥ ≤ ∥X∥∥Y ∥, and, on pairs of matrices, the norm ∥(X, Y )∥ =
max{∥X∥, ∥Y ∥}. Then the ratio above is ≤ min{∥X∥, ∥Y ∥}, which
tends to 0 as (X, Y ) → 0.

(ii) Let ∆ : Mn,n (R) → Mn,n (R) × Mn,n (R) denote the diagonal map
A 7→ (A, A). Then s = m ◦ ∆, so by the chain rule DsA (X) =
Dm(A,A) (X, X) = AX + XA.

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