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Serial and Parallel Transmission

The document discusses transmission methods including serial and parallel communication, highlighting their differences in speed, cost, and suitability for different distances. It also covers asynchronous and synchronous transmissions, detailing their operational mechanisms and efficiency. Additionally, it explains baseband and broadband transmission techniques, emphasizing their respective uses of digital and analog signals.

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7 views32 pages

Serial and Parallel Transmission

The document discusses transmission methods including serial and parallel communication, highlighting their differences in speed, cost, and suitability for different distances. It also covers asynchronous and synchronous transmissions, detailing their operational mechanisms and efficiency. Additionally, it explains baseband and broadband transmission techniques, emphasizing their respective uses of digital and analog signals.

Uploaded by

haseebpasha23435
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transmission Methods

Serial & Parallel


Serial Transmission
● Serial data transmission is when data are
transmitted one bit at a time, as illustrated in
Figure below.
Serial Transmission
● Examples: USB devices e.g. Printers, scanners,
cameras, USB flash drives etc. USB keyboards,
mouse etc.
Parallel Transmission
● In Parallel transmission , several bits usually
group of 8, 16, 32,or 64 bits are transmitted at a
time.
● Example: micro-processor to memory
communication and micro processor to I/O
controllers etc.
●
Basis for Comparison Serial Parallel Communication
Communication

Data transmission speed Slow Comparatively fast


Number of communication Single Multiple
link used

Number of transmitted only one bit. n number of link will carry


bit/clock cycle n bits.

Cost Low High


Crosstalk Not present Present
System Up-gradation Easy Quite difficult
Mode of transmission Full duplex Half duplex
Suitable for Long distance Short distance
High frequency operation More efficient Less efficient
Conversion
Asynchronous and Synchronous
transmissions
Asynchronous

Synchronous
Asynchronous Transmission
● In asynchronous systems, the sending and
receiving devices operate with separate clocks
having the same frequency.
● Because the separate clock frequencies may
drift over time, they are typically
re-synchronized on each data packet with the
start bit.
Asynchronous Transmission
• In asynchronous transmission data are sent in small
packets of perhaps 10 to11 bits. Eight of these bits
carry the information.
• When the channel is idle, there is a continuous logic
level. A data packet always begins with a start bit
with the opposite logic level as the idle period to
alert the receiver that a data packet is starting. A
parity bit follows the eight data bits, and a stop bit
Receiver Sender

x 100 %=20%
Synchronous Transmission
● In synchronous data transmission, both the
sender and the receiver derive timing from the
same clock signal, which originates at the
sender end of the system.
● The bits are transmitted in a continuous stream
with no pauses, so the receiver must have
some way to recognize where a data block
starts and ends.
Synchronization
✔ synchronization is achieved either through
❖ a separate clock channel
✔ The disadvantage of this method is that it requires two physical lines.
❖ Line coding schemes (Manchester, differential Manchester)
✔ Transmitter embed the timing signal in the data so that only one channel
is required. The receiver extracts the embedded timing signal and uses it
to synchronize to the transmitter.

Clock Channel
Sender Receiver
Data Channel Sender Receiver

Data Channel
Synchronous Transmission
● In order for the receiver to know when to read
information bits from the channel, it must
determine exactly when the data begin and the
time between bits. When this timing information
is determined, the receiver is synchronized with
the transmitter.
● Unlike asynchronous transmission, the data
blocks usually contain more than one character
Synchronous Frames
● Synchronous data are sent in frames that
include other bits, as shown by the generic
protocol in Figure. (Frame formats vary
because there are numerous standards in use.)
Preamble/Flag/Sync
• This filed is used for synchronization, which tells the
receiver that a frame transmission is going to start.
Address Field

• This field mostly contains sender and receiver


addresses.
Control Field

• This filed contains control information such as type of


frame, length of frame, upper layer protocol etc.
Data field
This sequence is the actual information being sent
and can be of a fixed length or a variable length. If
it is a fixed-length field, a group of bits called a pad
is used to fill in if the actual data field is less than
the fixed field.
Frame check

• This field contains an error check such as parity, CRC (cyclic


redundancy check), or checksum, which is a value computed
by a simple algorithm of the data bits in the frame.
End frame
• • A group of bits that tells the receiver when the end of the
frame occurs.
• Comparison

Synchronous Asynchrnous
Complex in implementation Simple in implementation
Efficient Inefficient
Fast Slow
More cost Less cost
Transmission of Digital
Signals
Baseband & Broadband Transmissions
Digital
• Information can be represented by
Signals
❖ Analog signals
✔ Analog signals are continuous time and continuous value signals
❖ Digital signals
✔ Digital signals are Discrete time and discrete value signals
• A digital signal can have two are more than two levels (finite levels).
Bandwidth of Digital signals
• Digital signals have infinite bandwidth
✔ The bandwidth is defined as the range of frequencies present in a com
signal.
• Periodic digital signals have infinite bandwidth and discrete
frequencies
• Non-periodic digital signals have infinite bandwidth and contin
frequencies.
Time Domain and frequency Domain
representation of Digital Signals
Baseband Transmission
Baseband transmission means sending a digital signal over a cha
without changing the digital signal to an analog signal. The Figu
shows baseband transmission.

Baseband transmission requires that we have a low-pass


Baseband Transmission
• In baseband we have a dedicated medium with a bandwidth
constituting only one channel. For example, the entire bandwidth o
cable connecting two computers is one single channel.
• A low-pass channel with infinite bandwidth is ideal, but we cannot
have such a channel in real life. However, we can get close.
• As another example, we may connect several computers to a bus, but n
allow more than two stations to communicate at a time. Again we have
low-pass channel, and we can use it for baseband communication.
Wide bandwidth and limited bandwid
channels
• Low-Pass Channel with Wide Bandwidth
✔ Baseband transmission of a digital signal that preserves the shape of t
signal is possible only if we have a low-pass channel with an infinite o
wide bandwidth.
• Low-Pass Channel with Limited Bandwidth
• In a low-pass channel with limited bandwidth, we approximate the dig
signal with an analog signal. The level of approximation depends on t
bandwidth available.
Broadband Transmission (Using Modulat
• Broadband transmission or modulation means changing the dig
signal to an analog signal for transmission. Modulation allows
use a bandpass channel-a channel with a bandwidth that does n
from zero. This type of channel is more available than a low-pa
channel. Figure 3.24 shows a bandpass channel.
Conversion of digital signals to analog si
Baseband vs Broadband Transmission
Baseband Transmission is a transmission Broadband Transmission is a transmission
technique that one signal requires the entire technique that many signals with multiple
bandwidth of the channel to send data. frequencies transmit data through a single cha
simultaneously.
Type of Signals
Uses digital signals Uses analog signals
Number of Signals
Sends one signal at a time Sends multiple signals simultaneously
Signal Range
Signals travel a short distance Signals travel a long distance without much
attenuation
Transmission Type
Bidirectional Unidirectional
Multiplexing

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