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OSI Model - Lesson 8 Document

The document provides an overview of the OSI reference model, which consists of seven layers that facilitate communication between computers. It outlines the functions of each layer, from the Application layer to the Physical layer, and emphasizes the importance of standardization in networking technologies. Additionally, it mentions the evolution of network modeling due to increasing computing demands and compares the OSI model with the TCP/IP model.

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10 views15 pages

OSI Model - Lesson 8 Document

The document provides an overview of the OSI reference model, which consists of seven layers that facilitate communication between computers. It outlines the functions of each layer, from the Application layer to the Physical layer, and emphasizes the importance of standardization in networking technologies. Additionally, it mentions the evolution of network modeling due to increasing computing demands and compares the OSI model with the TCP/IP model.

Uploaded by

wba59179
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to

Computer Networks
LUCY GOUDIE

REFERENCE: Form 4, Unit 2. Pages 79-82.


Junior Secondary Computer Studies, Andrew Nasalangwa.
Demonstrate an understanding of computer
network topologies and reference models
Success Criteria:
- describe the OSI reference model
KEY WORDS:
WAN, LAN, MAN, PAN, SAN, RING, BUS,
MESH, TREE, STAR, TOPOLOGY
The OSI Model
OSI “ Open Systems Interconnection".
OSI model was first introduced in 1984 by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO).
◦ Outlines WHAT needs to be done to send data from one computer to
another.
◦ Not HOW it should be done.
◦ Protocols stacks handle how data is prepared for transmittal (to be
transmitted)

In the OSI model, The specification needed


◦ are contained in 7 different layers that interact with each other.
The OSI Model
The OSI model
◦ is a theoretical blueprint that helps us understand how data gets
from one user’s computer to another.

◦ It is also a model that helps develop standards so that all of our


hardware and software talks nicely to each other.

◦ It aids standardization of networking technologies by providing an


organized structure for hardware and software developers to follow,
to insure there products are compatible with current and future
technologies.
7 Layers of the OSI Model
Why use a reference model?
◦ Serves as an outline of rules for how protocols can be used to allow communication
between computers.
◦ Each layer has its own function and provides support to other layers.

Other reference models are in use.


◦ Most well known is the TCP/IP reference model.
◦ We will compare OSI and TCP/IP models

As computing requirements increased, the network modeling had to evolve to meet


ever increasing demands of larger networks and multiple venders.

Problems and technology advances also added to the demands for changes in
network modeling.
7 Layers of the OSI Model
Application Layer
Gives end-user applications access to
network resources

Where is it on my computer?
◦ Workstation or Server Service in MS
Windows
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Allows applications to maintain
an ongoing session

Where is it on my computer?
◦ Workstation and Server
Service (MS)
◦ Windows Client for NetWare
(NetWare)
Transport Layer
Provides reliable data delivery
It’s the TCP in TCP/IP

Receives info from upper layers


and segments it into packets

Can provide error detection and


correction
Network Layer
Provides network-wide addressing and a
mechanism to move packets between
networks (routing)

Responsibilities:
◦ Network addressing
◦ Routing

Example:
◦ IP from TCP/IP
Data Link Layer

Places data and retrieves it from


the physical layer and provides
error detection capabilities
Physical Layer
Determines the specs for all
physical components
◦ Cabling
◦ Interconnect methods (topology /
devices)
◦ Data encoding (bits to waves)
◦ Electrical properties

Examples:
◦ Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
◦ Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
◦ Wireless (IEEE 802.11b)
How it all communicates
Each layer contains a Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
◦ PDU’s are used for peer-to-peer contact between
corresponding layers.

◦ Data is handled by the top three layers, then Segmented


by the Transport layer.

◦ The Network layer places it into packets and the Data


Link frames the packets for transmission.

◦ Physical layer converts it to bits and sends it out over


the media.

◦ The receiving computer reverses the process using the


information contained in the PDU.
summary
Layer Number and
Description
Name
Enables applications on a network node (device) to request network services
Layer 7, Application
such as file transfers, email, and database access.
Translates Application layer data into an intermediate form that both client and
Layer 6, Presentation
server can process.
Establishes and controls data communication between applications operating
Layer 5, Session on two different devices, regulating when each device can send data and how
much it can send.
Performs the actual establishment, maintenance, and teardown of
Layer 4, Transport the connection. Optionally divides long communications into smaller segments,
including error recognition and correction, and data receipt acknowledgment.
Layer 3, Network Adds logical addressing (network addresses) and chooses the best route.
Structures the data into a format appropriate for the transmission medium.
Adds physical addresses such as media access control (MAC) addresses or
Layer 2, Data Link
frame relay data link connection identifier (DLCI) numbers. Usually includes
simple error checking.
Transmits bits (binary digits) from one device to another and regulates
Layer 1, Physical
the transmission stream over a medium (wire, fiber optics, or radio waves).

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