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CP 226 Lecture 1a

The document provides an overview of operating systems, defining them as intermediaries between users and computer hardware, with goals such as executing user programs and managing resources efficiently. It outlines the structure of a computer system, including hardware, operating systems, application programs, and users, and discusses the role of the OS in resource management and hardware abstraction. Additionally, it introduces concepts like system calls, computer startup processes, and poses discussion questions related to OS functionalities and structures.

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9 views23 pages

CP 226 Lecture 1a

The document provides an overview of operating systems, defining them as intermediaries between users and computer hardware, with goals such as executing user programs and managing resources efficiently. It outlines the structure of a computer system, including hardware, operating systems, application programs, and users, and discusses the role of the OS in resource management and hardware abstraction. Additionally, it introduces concepts like system calls, computer startup processes, and poses discussion questions related to OS functionalities and structures.

Uploaded by

barakajonathan025
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CP 226: Operating Systems

Lecture One
Reference Book :Chapter One and Two
What is an Operating System?
• A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and
the computer hardware
• Operating system goals:
• Execute user programs
• solving user problems easier
• Make the computer system convenient to use
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
Computer System Structure
• Computer system can be divided into four components:
• Hardware – provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
• Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users
• Application programs – define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video games
• Users
• People, machines, other computers
Four Components of a Computer System
OS Usage/Definition
• Hardware Abstraction
• Turn hardware into something that application can use
• OS is a resource allocator/Manager
• Manages all resources
• Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use
• OS is a control program
• Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer
Example
• ,
Example
• Without OS, all programmers need to take care of every nitty gritty detail of
HW
• Execution of program can be complex and tedious
• Program become hardware dependent
• Thus, Abstraction
OS as Resource Manager
OS as Resource Manager …
• OS must manage CPU, Memory, network, secondary Storage (HD) etc.
• Resource management
• Allow multiple apps to share resources
• Protects apps from each other
• Improves performance by efficient utilization of resources
• While sharing, the program should be isolated from each other
Operating System Definition (Cont.)
• No universally accepted definition
• “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is a good
approximation
• But varies wildly
• “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel.
• Everything else is either
• a system program (ships with the operating system) , or
• an application program.
Computer Startup
• A computer to start running to get an instance when it is powered up or
rebooted it need to have an initial program to run
• The initial program is known as bootstrap need to be simple
• bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot
• Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known as firmware
• Initializes all aspects of system
• Loads operating system kernel and starts execution
System Calls
Example of System Calls
System Call Interfaces
Components of OS
Components of OS (Cont..)
.
OS Structure
OS Structure (Cont..)
Hybrid Kernel
• Read
Discussion Questions
• How OS provide HW abstraction to USER and application program?
• User space and Kernel space (discus)
• How does OS ensures isolation property among different processes?
• Why a programmer dos not need to care about the architecture of computer system
when writing a program?
• Monolithic , Microkernel and Hybrid kernel (discus)
• Why is it possible to have OS for mobile devices which has limited memory size?
Reading
• Read Chapter 1 and 2 from main reference book
• Attempt questions at the end of each chapter

• END of Part 1

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