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LAB#01
Familiarization with Microsoft Office and its
Applications
OBJECTIVE: To get familiarize with Microsoft Office and its applications.
THEORY:
• Microsoft Office is a proprietary product of Microsoft Corporation and was
first released in 1990. For decades, MS Office has been a dominant model
in delivering modern office-related document-handling software
environments.

• Microsoft Office App includes a wide variety of apps, such as Word,

PowerPoint, Excel, Access, Outlook, Publisher etc.

• Microsoft Word is a full-featured word processing app that allows you to

create professional-looking documents and revise them easily.

• Microsoft PowerPoint is a complete presentation app that enables you to

produce professional-looking presentations and then deliver them to an
audience.

• Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet app that allows you to organize

data, complete calculations, make decisions, graph data, develop
professional-looking reports, publish organized data to the web, and access
real-time data from websites.

• Microsoft Access is a database management system that enables you to

create a database; add, change, and delete data in the database; ask
questions concerning the data in the database; and create forms and
reports using the data in the database.

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• Microsoft Publisher is a graphic design application that is similar to

Microsoft Word but differs in the fact that its emphasis lies more on page
layout and design, and less on word composition and formatting. It provides
easy-to-use and less expensive publishing options for creating designs and
logos for small businesses

• Microsoft Outlook was initially released to provide users with a

desktop/local means of configuring POP3 and Web-based email
accounts/services. A user can compose, send, receive, and manage one or
more email accounts with Microsoft Outlook. Although mainly popular as
an email client, Microsoft Outlook also allows users to create and manage
contacts, calendars, tasks, a personal journal, and Web browsing support.

Microsoft Office App

To use a Microsoft office app, you must instruct the operating system to run the
app. Windows provides many different ways to run an app, one of which is
presented in this section (other ways to run an app are presented throughout this
module). After an app is running, you can use it to perform a variety of tasks.
Following lab use Microsoft Word to discuss some elements of the Office interface
and to perform tasks that are common to other Office apps.

Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word is a full-featured word processing app that allows you to create
many types of personal and business documents, including flyers, letters, memos,
resumes, reports, fax cover sheets, mailing labels, and newsletters. Word also
provides tools that enable you to create webpages and save these webpages
directly on a web server. Word has many features designed to simplify the
production of documents and add visual appeal. Using Word, you easily can
change the shape, size, and color of text. You also can include borders, shading,
tables, images, pictures, charts, and web addresses in documents.

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Steps To Run an Microsoft App Using the Start Menu and Create a Blank
Document

Across the bottom of the Windows 10 desktop, there is a taskbar. The taskbar
contains the Start button, which you use to access apps, files, folders, and
settings. A folder is a named location on a storage medium that usually contains
related documents.
Clicking the Start button displays the Start menu. The Start menu allows you to
access programs, folders, and files on the computer or mobile device and contains
commands that allow you to start programs, store, and search for documents,
customize the computer or mobile device, and sign out of a user account or shut
down the computer or mobile device. A menu is a list of related items, including
folders, programs, and commands. Each command on a menu performs a specific
action, such as saving a file or obtaining help.

• Click the Start button on the Windows 10 taskbar to display the Start
menu.

• Click All apps at the bottom of the left pane of the Start menu to
display a list of apps installed on the computer or mobile device. If
necessary, scroll to display the app you wish to run.

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• If the app you wish to run is in a folder, click or scroll to and then click the
folder in the All-apps list to display a list of the folder’s contents.
• Click, or scroll to and then click, the program name (Microsoft Word, in this
case) in the list to run the selected program.

• Click the Blank document thumbnail on the Word start screen to create a
blank Word document in the Word window.

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• If the app window is not maximized already, click the Maximize button
next to the Close button on the window’s title bar.

Document Window, Ribbon, and Elements Common to Office Apps

The Word window consists of a variety of components to make your work more
efficient and documents more professional. These include the document window,
ribbon, Tell Me box, mini toolbar, shortcut menus, Quick Access Toolbar, and
Microsoft Account area.

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Scroll Bars You use a scroll bar to display different portions of a document in the
Document window. At the right edge of the document window is a vertical scroll
bar. If a document is too wide to fit in the document window, a horizontal scroll
bar also appears at the bottom of the document window.

Status Bar The status bar, located at the bottom of the document window above
the Windows taskbar, presents information about the document, the progress of
current tasks, and the status of certain commands and keys; it also provides
controls for viewing the document.

Ribbon The ribbon, located near the top of the window below the title bar, is the
control center in Word and other Office apps. The ribbon providesggon consists of
tabs, groups, and commands. Each tab contains a collection of groups, and each
group contains related commands.

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• Some groups on the ribbon have a small arrow in the lower-right corner,
called a Dialog Box Launcher, that when clicked, displays a dialog box or a
task pane with additional options for the group. When presented with a
dialog box, you make selections and must close the dialog box before
returning to the document.

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Tell Me Box, which appears to the right of the

tabs on the ribbon, is a type of search box that
helps you to perform specific tasks in an Office
app. As you type in the Tell Me box, the word-
wheeling feature displays search results that
are refined as you type. For example, if you
want to center text in a document, you can
type “center” in the Tell Me box and then
select the appropriate command. The Tell Me
box also lists the last five commands accessed
from the box.
Quick Access Toolbar The Quick Access Toolbar, located initially (by default)
above the ribbon at the left edge of the title bar, provides convenient, one-click
access to frequently used commands. The commands on the Quick Access Toolbar
always are available, regardless of the task you are performing.

KeyTips If you prefer using the keyboard instead of the mouse, you can press the
ALT key on the keyboard to display KeyTips, or keyboard code icons, for certain
Commands.
Microsoft Account Area In this area, you can use the Sign in link to sign in to your
Microsoft account. Once signed in, you will see your account information, as well
as a picture if you have included one in your Microsoft account.

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Lab Task#01:
Follow these steps and take snapshots
• To Collapse and Expand the Ribbon and Use Full Screen Mode.
• Follow these steps.
• Click the ‘Collapse the Ribbon’ (CTRL+F1) button on the ribbon (shown in
Figure) to collapse the ribbon.

• Click Home on the ribbon to expand the Home tab and select the ‘Collapse
the Ribbon ’or Click the ‘Pin the ribbon’ button on the expanded Home tab to
restore the ribbon.

• Click the ‘Ribbon Display Options’ button to display the Ribbon Display
Options menu.
• Click Auto-hide Ribbon to hide all the commands from the screen.
• Click the ellipsis to temporarily display the ribbon.
• Click the ‘Ribbon Display Options’ button to display the Ribbon Display
Options menu.
• Click ‘Show Tabs and Commands’ to exit Full Screen mode.

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Lab Task #02:

• Create a BIODATA or Resume.
• Write any text by using this command =rand()
• Open word document by using command.
• Recognize and identify that where is Quick Access Tool Bar, Title Bar, Ribbon
Display Option, Scroll Bar, Status Bar and how many Tabs and Groups in your
Word Document.
• Write down all short cut keys for all tabs commands like New, Save , Save
As, Font Bold, Increase Font Size.

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LAB#02
Creating an MS-Excel Worksheet Using
Formulas
OBJECTIVE: To create and maintain an MS-Excel worksheet with the help
of formulas.
THEORY:
Introduction
It is a powerful spreadsheet software developed by Microsoft. Excel provides
tools for performing calculations, creating graphs and charts, automating
repetitive tasks, and handling large datasets efficiently.
Key Purposes of Excel:
1. Data Organization and Storage: Excel is often used to organize data in rows
and columns, allowing users to categorize and store information in a
structured format.
2. Data Analysis: Excel provides numerous functions and tools to analyze data,
such as sorting, filtering, pivot tables, and advanced data visualization
techniques.
3. Performing Calculations: With Excel, you can perform simple arithmetic
operations as well as complex calculations using built-in formulas.
4. Data Visualization: It supports creating various charts and graphs (e.g., pie
charts, bar charts, histograms) to visually represent data.

Common Features of Excel:

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Column “A”

Row “A3”

To Merge the Cell

To add font style

and color

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To Select Whole Column

To Select Whole Row

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The following worksheet shall be created to familiarize students with the

working environment of MS-Excel. Two snapshots of the required report and
worksheet configuration are given below:

Figure 5-1

Figure 5-2

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To Enter the Worksheet Title and Subtitle

With a good comprehension of the requirements document, an
understanding of the necessary decisions, and a sketch of the worksheet, the
next step is to use Excel to create the worksheet. The following steps enter
the worksheet title and subtitle into cells A1 and A2.
1. Run Excel and create a blank workbook in the Excel window.
2. If necessary, select cell A1. Type Olivia’s Art Supply in the selected cell and
then press the DOWN ARROW key to enter the worksheet title.
3. Type Salary Report in cell A2 and then press the DOWN ARROW key to
enter the worksheet subtitle.

To Enter the Column Titles

The column titles in row 3 begin in cell A3 and extend through cell K3. The
employee names and the row titles begin in cell A4 and continue down to
cell A16. The employee data is entered into rows 4 through 12 of the
worksheet. The remainder of this section explains the steps required to enter
the column titles, payroll data, and row titles, as shown in Figure 5-3, and
then to save the workbook. The following steps enter the column titles.
1. With cell A3 selected, type Employee and then press the RIGHT ARROW
key to enter the column heading.
2. Type Email Address in cell B3 and then press the RIGHT ARROW key.
3. In cell C3, type Dependents and then press the RIGHT ARROW key.
4. In cell D3, type Hours and then press the ALT+ENTER keys to enter the first
line of the column heading. Type Worked and then press the RIGHT ARROW
key to enter the column heading.

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Figure 5-3
5. Type Hourly in cell E3, press the ALT+ENTER keys, type Pay Rate, and then
press the RIGHT ARROW key.
6. Type Gross Pay in cell F3 and then press the RIGHT ARROW key.
7. Type Federal Tax in cell G3 and then press the RIGHT ARROW key.
8. Type State Tax in cell H3 and then press the RIGHT ARROW key.
9. Type Tax % in cell I3 and then press the RIGHT ARROW key.
10. Type Net Pay in cell J3 and then press the RIGHT ARROW key.
11. Type Hire Date in cell K3 and then press the RIGHT ARROW key.
To Enter the Salary Data
The salary data in Table 5-1 includes a hire date for each employee. Excel
considers a date to be a number and, therefore, it displays the date right-
aligned in the cell. The following steps enter the data for each employee,
except their email addresses, which will be entered later in this module.
1. Select cell A4. Type Bennett, Joanne and then press the RIGHT ARROW key
two times to enter the employee name and make cell C4 the active cell.
2. Type 2 in cell C4 and then press the RIGHT ARROW key.
3. Type 64.25 in cell D4 and then press the RIGHT ARROW key.
4. Type 19.75 in cell E4.
5. Click cell K4 and then type 4/5/12.
6. Enter the payroll data in Table 5–1 for the eight remaining employees in
rows 5 through 12.

Table 5-1

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To Enter the Row Titles

The following steps add row titles for the rows that will contain the totals,
highest, lowest, and average amounts.
1. Select cell A13. Type Totals and then press the DOWN ARROW key to enter
a row header.
2. Type Highest in cell A14 and then press the DOWN ARROW key.
3. Type Lowest in cell A15 and then press the DOWN ARROW key.
4. Type Average in cell A16 and then press the DOWN ARROW key

Figure 5-4
To Change the Sheet Tab Name and Color
The following steps change the sheet tab name, change the tab color, and
save the workbook in the Excel folder (for your assignments).
1. Double-click the Sheet1 tab and then enter Salary Report as the sheet tab
name and then press the ENTER key.
2. Right-click the sheet tab to display the shortcut menu.
3. Point to Tab Color on the shortcut menu to display the Tab Color gallery.
Click Green (column 6, row 7) in the Standard Colors area to apply the color
to the sheet tab.
4. Save the workbook in your hard drive, OneDrive, or other storage location
using Olivia’s Art Supply Salary Report as the file name.

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To Enter a Formula Using the Keyboard

The formulas needed in the worksheet are noted in the requirements
document as follows:
1. Gross Pay (column F) 5 Hours Worked * Hourly Pay Rate
2. Federal Tax (column G) 5 0.22 * (Gross Pay 2 Dependents 3 24.32)
3. State Tax (column H) = 0.04 * Gross Pay
4. Tax % (column I) = (Federal Tax + State Tax) / Gross Pay
5. Net Pay (column J) 5 Gross Pay 2 (Federal Tax 1 State Tax)
Arithmetic Operations
Excel provides powerful functions and capabilities that allow you to perform
arithmetic operations easily and efficiently. Table 5–2 describes
multiplication and other valid Excel arithmetic operators.

Table 5-2

Operations Purpose Symbol Formula

Addition Addition of columns and rows + =A1 + B1

Subtraction Subtraction of columns and - =A1 - B1
rows
Multiplication Multiplication of columns and * =A1 * B1
rows
Division Division of columns and rows / =A1 / B1
Negation To change the sign of a - =-A1
number from positive to
negative.
Percentage To calculate the percentage of % =(A1/B1) * 100
a number
Exponentiation It raises a number to the ^ =A1^B1
power of another number.

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Order of Operations
When more than one arithmetic operator is involved in a formula, Excel
follows the same basic order of operations that you use in algebra.
The order of operations is the collection of rules that define which
mathematical operations take precedence over the others in expressions
with multiple operations. Moving from left to right in a formula, the order of
operations is as follows: first negation (–), then all percentages (%), then all
exponentiations (^), then all multiplications (*) and divisions (/), and, finally,
all additions (+) and subtractions (–).
As in algebra, you can use parentheses to override the order of operations.
For example, if Excel follows the order of operations, 8 * 3 + 2 equals 26. If
you use parentheses, however, to change the formula to 8 * (3 + 2), the result
is 40, because the parentheses instruct Excel to add 3 and 2 before
multiplying by 8. Table 5–3 illustrates several examples of valid Excel
formulas and explains the order of operations.

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Table 5-3

To Copy Formulas Using the Fill Handle

The ‡five formulas for Joanne Bennett in cells F4, G4, H4, I4, and J4 now are
complete. The next step is to copy them to the range F5:J12. When copying
formulas in Excel, the source area is the cell, or range, from which data or
formulas are being copied.
When a range is used as a source, it sometimes is called the source range.
The destination area is the cell, or range, to which data or formulas are being
copied.
When a range is used as a destination, it sometimes is called the destination
range. Recall from Module 1 that the ‡fill handle is a small square in the
lower-right corner of the active cell or active range. The following steps copy
the formulas using the fill handle.

1. Select the source range, F4:J4 in this case, activate the fill handle, drag the
fill handle down through cell J12, and then continue to hold the mouse
button to select the destination range.
2. Release the mouse button to copy the formulas to the destination range
(Figure 5–5).

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Figure 5-5
To Determine Totals Using the Sum Button
The next step is to determine the totals in row 13 for the hours worked in
column D, gross pay in column F, federal tax in column G, state tax in column
H, and net pay in column J.
To determine the total hours worked in column D, the values in the range D4
through D12 must be summed using the SUM function. Recall that a function
is a prewritten formula that is built into Excel. Similar SUM functions can be
used in cells F13, G13, H13, and J13 to total gross pay, federal tax, state tax,
and net pay, respectively. The following steps determine totals in cell D13,
the range F13:H13, and cell J13.
1. Select the cell to contain the sum, cell D13 in this case. Click the Sum
button (Home tab | Editing group) to sum the contents of the range D4:D12
in cell D13 and then click the Enter button to display a total in the selected
cell.
2. Select the range to contain the sums, range F13:H13 in this case. Click the
Sum button (Home tab | Editing group) to display totals in the selected
range.
3. Select the cell to contain the sum, cell J13 in this case. Click the Sum button
(Home tab| Editing group) to sum the contents of the range J4:J12 in cell J13
and then click the Enter button to display a total in the selected cell (Figure
5–6).

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Figure 5-6
To Determine the Total Tax Percentage
With the totals in row 13 determined, the next step is to copy the tax
percentage formula in cell I12 to cell I13. The following step copies the tax
percentage formula.
1. Select the cell to be copied, I12 in this case, and then drag the fill handle
down through cell I13 to copy the formula (Figure 5–7).

Figure 5-7

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TASK:
1. Create a worksheet for maintenance of sales data of a superstore
chain.
2. Create a worksheet for cricket players.
3. Create a worksheet for movies.

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LAB#03
Using Functions, creating Chart/Graph &
applying What-If Analysis in MS-Excel
OBJECTIVE: To get familiarize students with the use of functions, What-If
Analysis and get familiar with the creation of Chart/Graph in MS-Excel.

THEORY:
Introduction to Functions
In Excel, a function is a pre-built formula that performs a specific calculation or
operation on data in a worksheet. Functions make it easy to process data without
writing complex calculations manually. Each function in Excel has a name (like SUM
or AVERAGE) and usually requires specific input values, called arguments, to
perform the operation.
An Excel function generally follows this structure:
=FUNCTION_NAME(argument1, argument2, ...)

For example:
=SUM(A1:A10) // Adds all values in cells A1 to A10

Basic Mathematical Functions

SUM Adds up a range of cells
AVERAGE Calculates the average of numbers in a range
MIN/MAX Finds the minimum or maximum value in a range
COUNT Counts the number of cells with numbers in a range.
ROUND This formula rounds the value in cell to specific/particular
decimal place.

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The Output shows the Result → 2500 (sum of all January sales values)

The Output shows the Result → 500 (average sales in January for all products)

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The Output shows the Result → 300 (minimum sales in January)

The Output shows the Result → 700 (maximum sales in January)

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The Output Result → 5 (since there are 5 entries with numbers in the range)

Text Functions
CONCATENATE Combines multiple text strings into one
UPPER Changes text to uppercase
LOWER Changes text to lowercase

=LOWER(B2)
=UPPER(B2)

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Introduction to Logical Functions

Logical functions in Excel are used to evaluate conditions and return results based
on whether those conditions are true or false.

Common Logical Functions

1. IF Function
Syntax: =IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)

2. AND Function
Syntax: =AND(condition1, condition2, ...)

3. OR Function
Syntax: =OR(condition1, condition2, ...)
4. Nested IF Functions
5. Combination of Logical Functions (Using IF with AND to evaluate performance)

Example Data
Let’s apply various logical functions to the provided sales data for products.
1. Applying IF Function/Condition:

The Output → Determine if sales in January were greater than 500.

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2. Applying AND Function:

The Output → Check if sales in January & February are both greater than
500.
3. Applying OR Function:

The Output → Check if sales in either January or February are greater than 800.
4. Applying Nested IF Functions:

The Output → Classify sales performance for each product based on January
sales.

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5. Applying Combination of Logical Functions (Using IF with AND):

The Output → Evaluate performance based on whether sales in both January

and February are above 500.

Introduction to What-If Analysis

What-If Analysis in Excel allows users to explore the potential outcomes of different
scenarios based on varying input values in formulas. This feature helps in decision-
making by letting you see how changes in data affect results. There are three
primary tools in Excel for What-If Analysis:
1. Scenario Manager:
It allows you to create and save different sets of values (scenarios) for a specific model
and switch between them easily.
2. Goal Seek
It allows you to find the right input value when you know the result you want.
3. Data Table
They are used to see the effects of one or two variables on a single formula result.

Example Data

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Consider the Following data to understand what-if analysis in which several attributes were
used and briefly defined below:

• Price: The selling price per unit of the item.

• Qty: The quantity of items sold.
• Total Revenue: The total income generated from sales, calculated as Price × Qty. For
example, with a price of 32 and quantity of 100, total revenue = 32 × 100 = 3200.
• Transport Cost: The cost associated with transporting the items.
• Item Cost: The total cost of the items sold, including production or purchase cost.
• Total Cost: The total expenses incurred, calculated as Item Cost + Transport Cost. In this
case, total cost = 2000 + 320 = 2320.
• Profit: The financial gain after deducting total costs from total revenue, calculated as
Total Revenue - Total Cost. Here, profit = 3200 - 2320 = 880.

Now we will learn how to use Scenario Manager:

Step#1: Open the Data Tab/Menu and Click on the What-if Analysis Dropdown and Select
Scenario Manager

Step#2: Scenario Manager is Successfully opened

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Step#3: Click on Add Button and add the new Scenario for Suppose Create Scenario using Qty
as a scenario name along with value.

Step#4: Click on Okay Button

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Step#5: Add value again and Click on Okay Button.

Step#6: We have Successfully added our scenario

In this way we can add multiple scenarios.

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Step#7: Right now the Qty is 100 but when I click on the Show button

We can see the added scenario Qty is 200 and according to the quantity our Profile value is
changes and showing the profile value according to the scenario based quantity.

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Step#8: Click on the Summary Button to see the desired summary.

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Introduction to Graph/Charts
In Excel, charts and graphs are powerful tools for visualizing data, helping users to interpret and
analyze large datasets more easily by transforming numbers into visual insights. With a variety of
chart types available, Excel allows you to showcase trends, comparisons, distributions, and
relationships in data, making it easier to communicate findings effectively.
Key Benefits of Charts in Excel

• Simplifies complex data: Charts condense complex datasets into an easily digestible
format.
• Highlights trends and patterns: Helps to visually spot trends, seasonal patterns, or
outliers.
• Enhances data presentation: Makes data more engaging and impactful, supporting data-
driven decision-making.

Types of Charts in Excel

1) Column Chart
2) Bar Chart
3) Line Chart
4) Pie Chart
5) Scatter Plot
6) Area Chart
7) Combo Chart
8) Histogram chart

Example Data
Now let’s consider this sample data and create Multiple Charts of different types.

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1) Pie Chart:
Creating Pie Chart using Proportions of Sales by Category in Q1.
Data: Use Category and Sales Q1 columns.
Steps to create Pie Chart:
• Select the data range for Category and Sales Q1 columns.
• Go to Insert > Pie Chart and choose a 2D or 3D Pie chart.
• The Pie chart will show the proportional contribution of each category to
total Q1 sales.

2) Bar Chart:
Creating Bar Chart on Comparison of Sales Across Categories.
Data: Use Category, Sales Q1, Sales Q2, and Sales Q3 columns.
Steps to create Pie Chart:
• Select the Category and Sales Q1, Q2, Q3 columns.
• Go to Insert > Bar Chart and select the Clustered Bar chart type.
• This bar chart will display side-by-side comparisons of sales in Q1, Q2, and
Q3 for each category.

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Task:
1) Apply and use functions for the sales data of a superstore.
2) Apply and use functions for cricket player’s worksheet.
3) Apply and use functions for movie business worksheet.
4) Apply What-if analysis on the student Marksheet.
5) Apply What-if Analysis on the sports data worksheet.
6) Apply What-if Analysis on the movie business worksheet.
7) Create Bar charts/graphs of different styles for the sales data of a superstore.
8) Create Scatter charts/graphs of different styles for cricket player’s worksheet.
9) Create Histogram charts/graphs of different styles for movie business
worksheet.

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LAB#04
Creating and Editing a MS-PowerPoint
Presentation
OBJECTIVE:
To familiarize students with essential skills for creating, editing, and
enhancing PowerPoint presentations,

THEORY:
In this module, you will learn how to perform basic tasks using PowerPoint.
The following roadmap identifies general activities you will perform as you
progress through this module:
1. INSERT the four PRESENTATION SLIDES, using various layouts.
2. ENTER the TEXT for the slides.
3. FORMAT the TEXT on each slide.
4. INSERT GRAPHICAL ELEMENTS, including pictures.
5. SIZE AND POSITION the graphical elements.
6. ENHANCE the SLIDE SHOW by adding a closing slide and transition.
7. DISPLAY the SLIDES.

CHOOSING A DOCUMENT THEME AND VARIANT

You easily can give the slides in a presentation a professional and integrated
appearance by using a theme. A document theme is a specific design with
coordinating colors, fonts, and special effects such as shadows and
reflections. Several themes are available when you run PowerPoint, each
with a specific name. Using one of the formatted themes makes creating a
professional-looking presentation easier and quicker than using the Blank
Presentation template, where you would need to make all design decisions.

Each theme has a set of four alternate designs, called variants. Each variant
has the same overall composition, but the colors, fonts, and design elements
differ. Once you select a theme, you then can select a variation that best fits
your overall design needs. If you later decide that another theme or variant
would better fit the presentation’s general theme, you can change these
elements while you are developing slides.

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CREATING A TITLE SLIDE

When you open a new presentation, the default Title Slide layout appears.
The purpose of this layout is to introduce the presentation to the audience.
PowerPoint includes other standard layouts for each of the themes. The slide
layouts are set up in landscape orientation, where the slide width is greater
than its height. In landscape orientation, the slide size is preset to 10 inches
wide and 7.5 inches high when printed on a standard sheet of paper
measuring 11 inches wide and 8.5 inches high. Placeholders are boxes with
dotted or hatch-marked borders that are displayed when you create a new
slide. Most layouts have both a title text placeholder and at least one content
placeholder. Depending on the particular slide layout selected, title and
subtitle placeholders are displayed for the slide title and subtitle; a content
text placeholder is displayed for text, art, or a table, chart, picture, graphic,
or movie. The title slide has two text placeholders where you can type the
main heading, or title, of a new slide and the subtitle. With the exception of
the Blank slide layout, PowerPoint assumes every new slide has a title. To
make creating a presentation easier, any text you type after a new slide
appears becomes title text in the title text placeholder. The following steps
create the title slide for this presentation.

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ADDING A NEW SLIDE TO A PRESENTATION

With the text for the title slide for the presentation created, the next step is
to add the first text slide immediately after the title slide. Usually, when you
create a presentation, you add slides with text, pictures, graphics, or charts.
Some placeholders allow you to double-click the placeholder and then access
other objects, such as videos, charts, diagrams, and organization charts. You
can change the layout for a slide at any time during the creation of a
presentation.

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INSERTING PICTURES INTO SLIDES

Adding pictures can help increase the visual and audio appeal of many slides.
These images may include photographs, illustrations, and other artwork. If
you have a Microsoft account, you can add pictures from websites, including
Flickr and OneDrive. You can add pictures to your presentation in two ways.
One way is by selecting one of the slide layouts that includes a content
placeholder with a Pictures button. A second method is by clicking the
Pictures button in the Images area on the Insert tab. Clicking the Pictures
button opens the Insert Picture dialog box. The Insert Picture dialog box
allows you to search for picture files that are stored on your computer or a
storage box allows you to search for picture files that are stored on your
computer or a storage box device. Contact your instructor if you need the
pictures used in the following steps.

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RESIZING PHOTOS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

Sometimes it is necessary to change the size of pictures and illustrations.
Resizing includes enlarging or reducing the size of a graphic. You can resize
these images using a variety of techniques. One method involves changing
the size of a picture by specifying exact dimensions in a dialog box. Another
method involves sliding or dragging one of the graphic’s sizing handles to
the desired location. A selected graphic appears surrounded by a selection
rectangle, which has small circles, called sizing handles or move handles, at
each corner and middle location.

BOLD AND ITALICIZE TEXT

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Bold characters display somewhat thicker and darker than those that display in a
regular font style. Clicking the Bold button on the mini toolbar is an efficient
method of bolding text. To add more emphasis to the fact that the body needs
nature for cooling purposes, you want to bold the words, every Saturday. The
following step bolds this text.

DUPLICATE A SLIDE
When two slides contain similar information and have the same format, duplicating
one slide and then making minor modifications to the new slide saves time and
increases consistency. Slide 5 will have the same layout and design as Slide 1. The
most expedient method of creating this slide is to copy Slide 1 and then make minor
modifications to the new slide. The following steps duplicate the title slide.

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ARRANGE A SLIDE
The new Slide 2 was inserted directly below Slide 1 because Slide 1 was the
selected slide. This duplicate slide needs to display at the end of the
presentation directly after the final title and content slide. Why? It is a closing
slide that reinforces the concept presented in Slide 1 and indicates to your
audiences that your presentation is ending. Changing slide order is an easy
process and is best performed in the Slides tab. When you click the thumbnail
and begin to drag it to a new location, the remaining thumbnails realign to
show the new sequence. When you release, the slide drops into the desired
location. Hence, this process of sliding or dragging and then dropping the
thumbnail in a new location is called drag and drop. You can use the drag-
and-drop method to move any selected item, including text and graphics.
The following step moves the new Slide 2 to the end of the presentation so
that it becomes a closing slide.

SELECT SLIDE A TRANSITION

PowerPoint includes a wide variety of visual and sound effects that can be
applied to text or content. A slide transition is a special effect used to
progress from one slide to the next in a slide show. You can control the
speed of the transition effect and add a sound.

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TASK

• Create a slide on Topic “Android Operating System”

• The slideshow should be a MINIMUM of 4 slides, and a MAXIMUM of 6 slides
• First Slide: Title/Introduction Your full Name, Roll no. (Make the text smaller than the
title).
• Second and other Slides: Picture and Text should be relent to the Topic

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LAB#05
Basic Fundamentals of Web Development
OBJECTIVE: Introduction to web development along with web
development concepts using HTML and CSS.

THEORY:
Introduction to Web Development
It is the process of building, creating and maintaining of websites. It involves coding
and using programming languages to create websites that are functional, user-
friendly, and perform well.
It includes aspects such as;
• Web designing
• Web Programming
• Web Publishing
• Database Management
It is the creation of an application that work over the internet. The main
components of web development can be categorized as;
• Front-end: The part of the website that users see and interact with (HTML,
CSS, JavaScript) also known as client-side development.
• Back-end: Handles server-side logic, databases, and data processing that
users don’t see directly. Common languages are Python, Java, Node.js, etc.
• Full stack development: Involves both frontend and backend work. A full-
stack developer builds both the visible & the server parts of a website or app.

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Introduction to Static & Dynamic Website

• Static Website: Contains fixed content that

doesn’t change without modifying the code. Good for simple sites with
limited interactivity.
• Dynamic Website: Content can change in response to user interactions or
server-side data. Requires backend logic and database support.
Introduction to HTML
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language for creating web
pages. It defines the structure of a webpage using tags that organize content into
headings, paragraphs, links,
images, etc. HTML elements tell
the browser how to display the
content.

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Example Code
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Example Explained
• The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document
• The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
• The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page
• The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's
title bar or in the page's tab)
• The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible
contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
• The <h1> element defines a large heading
• The <p> element defines a paragraph

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HTML Tags and Defined Structure

HTML Tags
Tags Purpose Syntax
Title Tag It is used to specify the title of <title> Page Title </title>
a web page, which is typically
displayed in the browser's
title bar.
Heading Tags It is used to display headings <h1> Hello World <h1/>
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6
Paragraph Tag It is used to add paragraphs. <p> A Paragraph<p/>
Br Tag It is used to add next line (line <br>
breaks) to our page.
Bold, Italic & Underline Tags These Tags are used to <b>SSUET</b>
highlight text to our page. <i>SSUET</i>
<u>SSUET</u>
Center Tag It is used for centering <center> Content</center>
content within a web page.
Subscript &Superscript Tag They are used to display a The_subscripted
horizontal ruler, used to The^{superscripted}
separate content.
Button Tag It is used to create a clickable <button>Click Me!</button>
button in HTML. It can be used
to perform certain actions i.e.
submit, reset etc.

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HTML Attributes and Defined Structure

Attributes are used to add more information to the tag. All HTML elements can
have attributes. Some Attributes are bgcolor href, src, width, height etc.
Image Tag Image Tag is used to add <img src="link" height=50px
images to our Html page. width=50px >
Iframe Tag It is used to embed content <iframe src = “URL”width = “pixels”
from other websites i.e. height = “pixels”> </iframe>
YouTube, a Google Map
etc.
Video Tag It is used to add video <video src="myVid.mp4">My Video
</video>
Anchor Tag Anchor Tag is used to add <a href="https://google.com"> Google
Links to our Html page. </a>

HTML Lists
Lists are used to represent real life list data.

Example Output

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HTML div Tag

It is used to create divisions on a web page. It is used to group together related
elements, like paragraphs, images, and links.
Syntax: <div> …………….. </div>

HTML header, footer and main Tags

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Introduction to CSS
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a stylesheet language
used to describe the presentation of a webpage. CSS
styles HTML elements by controlling aspects like colors,
fonts, layouts, and spacing.
CSS Syntax
A CSS rule consists of a selector and a declaration block.

1) The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.

2) The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.
3) Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a colon.
4) A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration blocks are surrounded by
curly braces.

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How to Use CSS?

CSS can be applied in three main ways:
1) Inline CSS: Adds styles directly within HTML tags using the style attribute.
<h1 style="color: blue;">Hello, World!</h1>

2) Internal CSS: Uses a <style> tag inside the <head> section to define styles for
the entire page.
<head>
<style>
h1 { color: blue; }
p { font-size: 16px; }
</style>
</head>

3) External CSS: Links to an external .css file, ideal for keeping HTML and CSS
separate.
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>

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Introduction to Class & ID in HTML?

In HTML, class and id are attributes used to assign styles or behaviors to specific
elements. They help in targeting elements in CSS and JavaScript for styling or
scripting purposes.

Class: It is a reusable attribute that can be applied to multiple elements on a page.

It can be used when we want the same styling or behavior across different
elements.
Syntax in HTML: class="classname"

ID: It is a unique identifier for an element. Each id should be unique on the page,
meaning it should be used only once per element.
Syntax: id="uniqueID"

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Common CSS Properties

Name Purpose Syntax
Color Sets the color of text p { color: red; }
Background-color Sets the background color of an body {
element. background-color: lightgray;
}
Font-family Changes the font style h1 {
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
}
Font-size Sets the size of the text p { font-size: 18px; }
Text-align Aligns text within an element h2 {
(e.g., left, center, right). text-align: center;
}
Margin Adds space outside an .box {
element’s border. margin: 20px;
}
Padding Adds space inside an element’s .content {
border. padding: 15px;
}

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Task:
1) Create a basic website for a gym management system using HTML and CSS. The
website will have a “Home” page, an "About Us" page, and a "Membership"
page to display gym details and services.

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LAB#06
Fundamentals of Flask Framework
OBJECTIVE: Introduction to Flask framework including basic concept of
backend along with syntax, folder structure including routes management
and control structures.

THEORY:
Introduction to Framework
 A framework is a set of tools, libraries, and rules that help developers build
applications more efficiently.
 Instead of writing everything from scratch,
frameworks provide pre-written code and
structures to make development faster and
more organized.
 In web development, frameworks help with
tasks like routing (mapping URLs to functions),
templating (creating dynamic HTML), and managing data.
Practical Brainstorming
 Ask students to imagine building a house from raw materials versus using
pre-made tools and designs.
 Compare writing all code manually (raw materials) to using a framework
(tools and templates).

Introduction to Flask Framework

Flask is a lightweight and beginner-friendly web
framework for Python. It’s called "micro"
because it keeps things simple and lets you choose what to add based on your
project requirements. Flask is widely used for creating dynamic websites, APIs, and
small to medium-sized applications. Flask is built on the Werkzeug WSGI toolkit
and uses the Jinja2 templating engine. This combination allows Flask to handle
HTTP requests and render HTML templates dynamically.

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Introduction to Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI)

It is a standard interface between web servers and Python web applications or
frameworks like Flask. The purpose of WSGI allows a web server (to forward
requests from users to a Python application (like a Flask app) and return the
responses back to the server.
 Flask is built on top of WSGI and acts as a WSGI application. When you run a
Flask app, it creates a WSGI-compatible object (the app object) that the
server can communicate with.
 Flask's built-in development server (app.run()) uses WSGI for local
development, but for production, you typically deploy it with a WSGI server
like Gunicorn or uWSGI.

Installation of Flask Framework

Write the command in visual studio codes’ Terminal

pip install flask

Introduction to Jinja2 Templating Engine

Jinja2 is a powerful templating engine for Python that is used in Flask to render
HTML templates. It allows developers to create dynamic web pages by embedding
Python-like expressions within HTML. It helps separate the frontend (HTML
templates) from the backend logic in Flask applications.

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Example of using control structures in Jinja2

Variables: Insert dynamic content using {{ variable }} syntax.
app.py code

from flask import Flask, render_template

app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route("/")
def home():
return render_template("home.html", username="John")

index.html
<h1>Welcome, {{ username }}!</h1>
Control Structures: Use loops and conditionals directly in templates.
<ul>
{% for item in items %}
<li>{{ item }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

Common folder structure for Flask

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Understanding Routes Management

In Flask, routes are URLs that link a user’s request to specific Python functions in
your application. Routes are defined using the @app.route() decorator, which
maps a URL to a Python function. The function processes the request and returns a
response, such as HTML, JSON, or plain text.
Example Code for Routes Management
from flask import Flask, render_template

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def pageFirst():
return "Welcome to the First Page!"

@app.route('/myHome')
def home():
return render_template('Index.html')

@app.route('/about')
def about():
return render_template('about.html')

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)

Explanation:
 Visiting / displays: Welcome to the First Page!
 Visiting /myHome: Display the content of index.html file.
 Visiting /about displays: Display the content of about.html file.

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Save HTML Files in templates/ Folder

Move your index.html and about.html into the templates/ folder.
templates/index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Home Page</title>
<!-- Link to CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='style.css') }}">
</head>
<body>
<button><a href="#">About Us</a></button>
<h1>Huzaifa</h1>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Nostrum ducimus
error mollitia, cum eligendi odio cumque laboriosam eum magni voluptates!</p>
</body>
</html>

templates/about.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>About Us</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>About Us</h1>
<p>Welcome to the About Us page! This page provides information about our
work.</p>
<button><a href="/">Home</a></button>
</body>
</html>

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Save CSS and other Files in static/ Folder

Move your style.css into the static/ folder.
body {
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
background-color: #f4f4f9;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
h1 {
color: #333;
text-align: center;
margin-top: 20px;
}
p{
color: #555;
text-align: center;
margin: 20px;
}
button {
display: block;
margin: 10px auto;
padding: 10px 20px;
background-color: #007BFF;
color: white;
border: none;
cursor: pointer;
}
button a {
text-decoration: none;
color: white;
}
button:hover {
background-color: #0056b3;}

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Task:
Create a basic Gym Management System website using Flask, HTML, and CSS. The
website will include:
 A Home page displaying a welcome message and gym highlights.
 An About Us page sharing details about the gym's mission, team, and
facilities.
 A Membership page showcasing membership plans and services.
Use Flask to manage routes for these pages, serve dynamic content using
templates, and style the website with CSS. Place HTML files in the templates folder
and CSS files in the static folder.

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LAB#07
Open Ended Lab
OBJECTIVE: Develop a Multi-Page Website with Login and Registration
using Flask Framework along with PowerPoint presentation.

Task:
Create a multi-page website that integrates HTML and CSS for the frontend with
Python's Flask framework for the backend. This project should include a simulated
login and registration system as part of the frontend (without using databases or
file handling).

Requirements
1. Frontend:

Design a visually appealing website with the following pages:

1. Home Page (/)

o Include a navigation bar with links to other pages.
o Add a welcoming banner or hero section.
o Provide a brief description of the website's purpose.
2. About Page (/about)
o Provide information about the website or its creators.
o Use styled sections with images and text.
3. Services Page (/services)
o Display a list of services (use a table, grid, or card layout).
o Add relevant icons or images.
4. Gallery Page (/gallery)
o Display a collection of images related to the website's theme using a
grid layout.
o Style the gallery to make it visually appealing.
5. Contact Page (/contact)
o Include a form with fields such as Name, Email, and Message.
o Add a "Submit" button (optional bonus for handling form validation).

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6. Login Page (/login)

o Create a form with fields for Username and Password.
o Add a "Login" button.
o Include a link to the registration page (/register).
7. Registration Page (/register)
o Create a form with fields for Full Name, Email, Username, and
Password.
o Add a "Register" button.
o Include a link to the login page (/login).

2. Backend:

 Use Flask to manage the routes for each page.

 Render the respective HTML templates for the above pages using the
render_template function.
 Organize the project using Flask's folder structure:
o templates/ for HTML files.
o static/ for CSS, images, and other assets.

3. Presentation:

Prepare a 7–10 slide presentation explaining:

 The purpose and structure of your website.

 The folder structure of the Flask project.
 The workflow of the login and registration system (explain it's simulated
and doesn't store data).
 Screenshots of each webpage and code snippets highlighting key sections.
 Challenges faced and solutions implemented.

Deliverables:

1. A fully functional Flask application folder.

2. A .pptx or .pdf presentation.
3. A brief README file explaining how to run the project and its features.

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LAB#08
Fundamentals of GitHub
OBJECTIVE: Familiarize yourself with GitHub and learn how to create a
repository and upload the projects.

THEORY:
Introduction to GitHub
GitHub is a web-based platform for version control and collaboration. It allows
developers to store, track, and manage changes to their code while working on
projects individually or as a team.
Why Use GitHub?
 Version Control: Keeps track of changes made to files, making it easy to
revert to previous versions.
 Collaboration: Enables multiple developers to work on the same project
without overwriting each other's work.
 Backup: Serves as a cloud-based repository for storing code safely.
 Open Source: Encourages collaboration on open-source projects and sharing
knowledge.
 Integration: Works seamlessly with popular development tools and CI/CD
pipelines.

Purpose of GitHub
 Managing and sharing code efficiently.
 Tracking bugs and feature requests.
 Providing a platform for teamwork and project management.
 Showcasing work through portfolio repositories.

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Creating a GitHub Account

Follow these steps to create an account on GitHub:
Step 1: Visit the GitHub Website
 Open your web browser and go to the GitHub homepage
https://github.com/.

Step 2: Start the Signup Process

 Click the "Sign up" button in the top-right corner of the page.

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Step 3: Enter Your Details

 Email Address: Enter a valid email address. This is required for account
activation and communication.

 Click on Continue

 Create/ Enter your Password and Click on Continue

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 Username: Choose a unique username. This will be your public identity on

GitHub and Click on Continue.

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Step 4: Verify You’re Not a Robot

 Click on verify and start verifying your account

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Step 5: Confirm Your Email

 GitHub will send an email verification code on your Gmail add that code.

97934824

 Put the Code in the code input field

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Step 5: Congratulations your account has been created successfully

 After entering a code “Sign-in” to GitHub windows appears so sign-in.

 First Time Signed-in GitHub will asked Personal Information.

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 Choose the Free plan (ideal for beginners). You can upgrade later if needed.

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 Now Account is ready to use.

Creating a Repository on GitHub

Follow the below given steps to create a repository on GitHub:
1) Log in to GitHub.
 Go to GitHub and log in with your credentials.
2) Create a New Repository
 Enter the Repository Name (e.g., my-first-repo)

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 Choose the visibility:

o Public: Anyone can view it.
o Private: Only you and collaborators can access it.

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 Click on the Green Button (Create New Repository) to create repository.

 Your repository is now created, and you will be redirected to its main page.

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Why Install Git Bash and Its Setup

Why Install Git Bash?
 Version Control: It enables you to manage your project versions locally.
 Command Line Interface: Git Bash provides a Unix-like terminal for running
Git commands.
 Integration: Acts as the bridge between your local projects and GitHub.
Installation Steps for Git Bash
 Visit the Git website and download the installer for your operating system.

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 Now click on the installation.

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 Verify Installation by writing a command in “Command Prompt”

[ git --version ]

Now Successfully Installed Git Bash

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GitHub Configuration with VS Code

After installation of Git Bash we will need to do configuration of our account first
than able to upload projects or version controlling of our projects.
Command:

git config --global user.name "Your Name"

git config --global user.email “[email protected]”

Basic Commands to Upload a Project

Consider a flask project and using the commands, we will learn how to upload a
project.

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As we know we have created a repository later, now we will upload our project on
that repository.

Now put the basic commands to upload the project for version control.
1) Create a README File:
echo "# my-first-repo" >> README.md

Syntax:
 echo "text": Outputs the specified text.
 >> README.md: Appends the output (text) to a file named README.md. If
the file does not exist, it creates the file.

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2) Initialize a Git Repository:

git init

Purpose: Initializes a new Git repository in the current folder. After this, the folder
becomes a Git repository, and Git starts tracking changes in files.

3) Stage the README File:

git add README.md

Purpose: Purpose: Stages the README.md file for the next commit. Staging means
marking files to be included in the next commit.

4) Commit Changes:
git commit -m "first commit"

Syntax:
 git commit: Captures a snapshot of the staged changes.
 -m "message": Adds a message describing the changes in this commit.

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Purpose: Creates a commit with the changes in the staged file and labels it with the
message first commit. This message should describe the purpose or content of the
commit.

5) Rename the Branch to main:

git branch -M main

Syntax:
 git branch -M <branch-name>: Renames the current branch to <branch-
name>.
Purpose: Renames the default branch (often master) to main, which is now the
widely accepted standard for the primary branch.

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6) Add a Remote Repository:

git remote add origin https://github.com/Huzaifa-Pixel391/my-first-repo.git

Syntax:
 git remote add <name> <URL>: Adds a remote repository with a specified
name and URL.
Purpose: Links the local repository to the remote GitHub repository at the specified
URL. Here, origin is the default name for the remote repository.

7) Push Changes to GitHub:

git push -u origin main

Syntax:
 git push: Uploads changes from the local repository to the remote
repository.
 -u: Sets the upstream branch, so future pushes can use just git push.
 origin main: Specifies pushing to the main branch of the origin remote
repository.
Purpose: Uploads all committed changes to the main branch on GitHub. The -u flag
ensures you don't have to specify the branch and remote for subsequent pushes.

Hence Project uploaded successfully.

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Task:

Previously, you created a basic Gym Management System website using Flask,
HTML, and CSS. The website included:

 A Home page displaying a welcome message and gym highlights.

 An About Us page sharing details about the gym's mission, team, and
facilities.
 A Membership page showcasing membership plans and services.

The project used Flask to manage routes for these pages, served dynamic content
with templates (HTML files placed in the templates folder), and styled the website
with CSS (CSS files placed in the static folder).

Now, upload this project to GitHub. Ensure the repository includes:

1. A properly structured directory (templates/, static/, etc.).

2. A README.md explaining the project, its purpose, and instructions for
running it locally.

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LAB#9
Introduction to Cloud Computing Using Azure
Fundamentals
OBJECTIVE: Introduction to Cloud Computing using Azure Fundamentals
along with overview of the Azure portal and its main components.

THEORY:
Introduction to Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a technology that delivers computing resources (like servers,

storage, databases, software, and networking) over the Internet, enabling users to
access and utilize these services on-demand, without the need for physical
hardware on-site.

Cloud computing is based on the concept of shared resources and offers flexibility,
scalability, and cost-efficiency. It is typically categorized into three main service
models:

 IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Provides virtualized computing resources

like servers and storage.
 PaaS (Platform as a Service): Offers a platform for developing, testing, and
deploying applications.
 SaaS (Software as a Service): Delivers software applications over the
Internet.

Advantages of Cloud Computing:

1. Cost-Efficiency
 Reduces the need for upfront investments in hardware and software.
 Operates on a pay-as-you-go or subscription-based model.
2. Scalability
 Easily scale resources up or down based on business needs.
3. Flexibility and Mobility
 Access resources from anywhere with an internet connection.

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4. Disaster Recovery and Backup

 Provides robust backup and recovery solutions, ensuring data protection.
5. Automatic Updates
 Keeps systems updated without manual intervention.
6. Collaboration Efficiency
 Enables teams to work collaboratively in real-time, irrespective of their
location.
7. Security
 Leading cloud providers offer advanced security measures to protect data.

Purpose of Cloud Computing

The main purpose of cloud computing is to make it easier and more affordable for
people and businesses to use technology. Instead of buying and maintaining
expensive hardware and software, you can use the internet to access what you
need, like storage, servers, and apps, whenever you need them.

1. Save Money: You pay only for what you use, without buying costly
equipment.
2. Work Anywhere: Access your files, apps, and tools from any device with an
internet connection.
3. Grow Easily: Add or reduce resources like storage or servers as your needs
change.
4. Stay Safe: Back up your data and recover it easily in case something goes
wrong.
5. Collaborate Better: Teams can work on the same files or projects at the same
time, even from different locations.
6. Focus on Your Work: Let the cloud provider handle updates, maintenance,
and security, so you don’t have to.

In short, cloud computing makes using technology simpler, more flexible, and cost-
effective.

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Introduction to Microsoft Azure

Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing platform and service created by Microsoft. It
provides a wide range of cloud services such as computing, analytics, storage,
networking, and more. These services enable users to build, deploy, and manage
applications on a global network of Microsoft-managed data centers.

Key features of Microsoft Azure include:

1. Scalability: Automatically scale resources up or down as needed.

2. Global Reach: Operates in multiple regions worldwide, ensuring low latency
and redundancy.
3. Security: Provides enterprise-grade security and compliance.
4. Integrated Tools: Supports popular programming languages, tools, and
frameworks.
5. Cost Efficiency: Offers pay-as-you-go pricing and cost management tools.

The Azure portal is a web-based management tool for creating, managing, and
monitoring Azure resources.

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Create an Microsoft Azure Student Account

Creating an Azure student account allows students to access free Azure services
and tools, including $100 in credits, without requiring a credit card.
Step 1: Prepare the Requirements
 A valid school/college/university email address (e.g., [email protected]).
(if you don’t have one, create one at Microsoft Sign Up).
 Open your web browser and visit to the provided link
https://www.office.com/ .

Step 2: Sign-in to your account.

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Step 3: Identity Verification

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Successfully Login to Microsoft Account

Step 4: Visit the Azure Student Sign-Up Page
 Open your web browser and go to the Azure for Students sign-up page:
https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/free/students

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Click on Start Free Button

Step 5: Provide Personal Details
 Enter your name, date of birth, and other personal details.

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 Perform verification by clicking on Next Button

 Now click on the Verify academic status button.

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 Fill another Form of personal details

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Successfully signed up to Microsoft Azure

 You’ll receive $100 credits and free access to Azure services for the first 12
months, along with always-free tools.

Overview of Azure Portal Components

1. Home
 The Home page of the Azure Portal serves as the central hub for users to
access and manage their Azure resources effectively.

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2. Side Menu Bar/ Navigation Bar

 Located on the left side, it provides links to essential sections such as Home,
Dashboard, All Services, and Resource Groups.

3. Dashboard
 The dashboard is the initial view when you log into the Azure Portal, offering
a customizable interface to display your most relevant resources and
services.

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4. Additional Details

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Task: Creating an Azure Account

Assignment Question: Create a free Azure account and submit screenshots

Submission Requirements:
Submit screenshots of the following steps:

1. Personal details page filled with your information.

2. Successful account creation confirmation page showing the Azure
dashboard for the first time.

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LAB#10
Familiarize with Azure Fundamentals
OBJECTIVE: To get familiarize with Azure Fundamentals including basic
concepts like resource groups, subscriptions, and regions along with hosting
a Static Website on Azure.

THEORY:
Introduction to Microsoft Azure
Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing platform and service created by Microsoft. It
provides a wide range of cloud services such as computing, analytics, storage,
networking, and more. These services enable users to build, deploy, and manage
applications on a global network of Microsoft-managed data centers.

Key features of Microsoft Azure include:

1. Scalability: Automatically scale resources up or down as needed.

2. Global Reach: Operates in multiple regions worldwide, ensuring low latency
and redundancy.
3. Security: Provides enterprise-grade security and compliance.
4. Integrated Tools: Supports popular programming languages, tools, and
frameworks.
5. Cost Efficiency: Offers pay-as-you-go pricing and cost management tools.

The Azure portal is a web-based management tool for creating, managing, and
monitoring Azure resources.

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Steps to Deploy Projects using Microsoft Azure

Step 1: Sign up at Azure Portal
Creating an Azure student account allows students to access free Azure
services and tools, including $100 in credits, without requiring a credit card.

Step 2: Click on the Create a Resource button.

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Step 3: Choose a Deployment Option

Azure supports various deployment models depending on the type of project:
1. Web Applications: Use Azure App Service.
2. Virtual Machines: Deploy an entire VM with your application.
3. Containers: Use Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) or Azure Container
Instances (ACI).
4. Static Websites: Deploy via Azure Storage.
5. Serverless Applications: Use Azure Functions for event-driven applications.

Step 4: In Web App Services click on create button

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Step 5: Set Up a Resource Group

2
3

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Step 6: Write the web app name

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Step 7: Select the run time stack according to your requirement/need/choice

 As of now I am using python with version 3.12 for flask project so I will
choose according to it.
 Note: It is not necessary that you are deploying your project from Pakistan
so choose Pakistan server. You are feasible to choose any of the region’s
server.

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Step 8: Right now rest of the options remains by default and click on Review +
Create button.

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Step 9: Now link the Github account where you have uploaded your project and
for that go the Deployment button and for the first time authorize your GitHub
account.

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 Now click on the Select organization button.

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 Now select on the select repository button

10

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Step 10: Now click on the Review + Create button

11

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Step 11: Now click on the Create button

12

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Deployment is in progress

13

Click on Go to resource Button

14

Copy this domain and paste it on the new tab you will see your deployed website
Hence Deployment is successfully Performed.

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Task: Deployment using Microsoft Azure

Assignment Question: Deploying Your Gym Management System on Microsoft

Azure

Submission Requirements:
Submit screenshots of the following steps:

1. Paste the domain link of the deployed website.

2. Paste the screen shot of Microsoft Azure portal which shows that you have
deployed your website.
3. Paste the screen shot of the website along with domain URL on Live web
page browser.
4. Paste the screen shot of the Github repository of the deployed website.

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LAB#11
Basics of Virtualization
OBJECTIVE: Understand the basics of virtualization and learn how to create
a virtual machine (VM) by Install a guest operating system on the created VM
in Virtual Box.

THEORY:
Introduction to Virtualization
Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual version of a resource, such as
hardware, a server, or an operating system. It allows multiple operating systems to
run on a single physical machine.
Advantages of Virtualization:
 Efficient Resource Utilization: Makes better use of hardware.
 Cost Savings: Reduces the need for physical servers.
 Flexibility: Easy to switch between different operating systems.
 Isolation: Virtual machines are independent and secure.

Introduction to VirtualBox
Oracle VirtualBox is an open-source virtualization software that allows you to
create and run virtual machines on your computer. To perform the practical
implementation, the Prerequisites we need are given below:
 A computer with VirtualBox installed.
 ISO file of the guest operating system (e.g., Ubuntu, Windows).
Key Terms
 Host Operating System: The OS running on your physical machine.
 Guest Operating System: The OS installed on the virtual machine.
 ISO File: A disk image file used to install the operating system

Installation setup of VirtualBox

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Follow these steps to install VirtualBox on local/physical machine (personal

Computer):
Step 1: Download the latest version of VirtualBox from VirtualBox Downloads.
 Open your web browser and visit to the provided link
https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads.

Step 2: Select downloader according to your Configured based operating

system.
 For example, for windows operating system Click the "Windows Hosts"
button to download the VirtualBox.

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 Run the installer and follow the on-screen instructions to install VirtualBox.

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Installation setup of VirtualBox Operating System

Step 3: To Create a Virtual Machine first of all we need to install or to Select the
type and version of the operating system.
Either windows operating system or Linux or Ubuntu 64-bit but for now we are
selecting windows 10 operating system and for that we need to follow the below
steps:
 Step3.1: Visit the following link to download windows 10 .iso file
https://windows-10.en.uptodown.com/windows

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After Installing windows 10.iso file now we are able to proceed to create a
virtual machine using virtual box
Step 4: Create a Virtual Machine
 Open VirtualBox and click "New" button.

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 Enter a name for the VM (e.g., "HUZWindow10").

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 Select the type and version of the operating system (e.g., Linux, Ubuntu 64-
bit). Right now as we have installed windows 10 as an operating system.
So, browse it and select windows 10.iso file.

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 Click on Next Button

 Fill the Username and Password Field and then click on Next Button

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 Select the range of Hardware aspects according to your required

specification of personal computer.

 Click on Next Button

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 Select the Storage size according to your required specification and then
Click on Next Button

 Click on Finish button.

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 Wait some few minutes and you will face this kind of error. Now press ok
and close the window.

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Error Resolving Steps

Step 4: To resolve this error while installing windows operating system we have
to follow some below given steps.
 Click the Settings button

 Click on the System Button

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 Uncheck the Floppy option from Motherboard Section

 Click on the Display Button and checked the Enable 3D Acceleration

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 Click on the Storage Button

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 Now select the Unattended-9 option from Controller: Floppy section.

 Now click on the Remove Attachment Button.

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 Now click on Ok button.

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 Now go to your personal Computer/laptop C directory.

 Now go to Users directory folder

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 Now go to your user name’s directory (Example just for me its “Huzaifa”)

 Then go to VirtualBox VMs folder directory

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 Now go the same name of the folder when you have created your Virtual
machine name for the first time.

 Now delete the Unattended-91eebafb-6a49-41c8-91e7-575fe4ccac25-aux-

floppy folder.

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 After deletion again open your Virtual box and Click on Start button.

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In Progress
 Finally, no error appears and ready to setup windows 10 installation setup.

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Setup to install Windows 10 Operating System in VirtualBox

 Click on the info button to close the side bar.

 Now click on the Next button

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 Click on Install Now button

 Click on I don’t have a Product Key.

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 Now Choose the Windows 10 version or type and then click on Next button

 Check the acceptance License and then click on Next button

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 Click on Custom: Install windows only

 Click on Next button

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 Windows installation is successfully started

 Windows install successfully in VirtualBox.

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Task:

Set up a virtual machine in VirtualBox with the following specifications:

 Operating System: Windows 10 (ISO file to be provided by the instructor).

 Virtual Machine Name: [YourName-RollNumber] (e.g., Huzaifa-205).

Tasks to Complete:

 Take a screenshot of the VirtualBox VM settings window showing the

configured name and specifications.

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LAB#12
Virtual Networking using Virtual Box
OBJECTIVE: To get familiarize with Virtual Networking and
understand the setup of basic networking for the VM and test
internet connectivity in virtual box.

THEORY:
Introduction to Virtual Networking
Virtual networking is a technology that enables multiple devices, virtual machines
(VMs), or systems to communicate over a virtual network. It simulates the
functionality of physical networking devices like switches,
routers, and network adapters within a virtualized
environment.
Purpose of Virtual Networking:
The primary purposes of virtual networking include:
 Efficient Resource Utilization: Enables multiple VMs
to share network resources without requiring additional physical hardware.
 Isolation: Offers a secure environment for testing and development by
isolating VMs from the host machine or other networks.
 Flexibility: Allows the configuration of different network topologies and
setups without physical limitations.
 Connectivity: Facilitates communication between VMs, host machines, and
external networks.

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How Virtual Networking is Used?

Virtual networking connects virtual machines to each other, the host machine, or
external networks. This is achieved through software-based virtual network
interfaces and adapters. Below is a diagrammatic flow representation of virtual
networking in VirtualBox.

Diagrammatic Flow Explanation

 Host Machine: The physical machine running the virtualization software
(VirtualBox).
 VirtualBox Network Modes: Configured to determine how the VM connects
to the host and other networks.
 Virtual Machine (VM): A guest OS that uses virtual network adapters to
connect via VirtualBox's network modes.
 External Network: Represents the internet or an external local area network
(LAN).

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Modes of Virtual Networking in VirtualBox:

VirtualBox offers the following modes of virtual networking:

1. NAT (Network Address Translation)

2. Bridged Adapter
3. Host-Only Adapter
4. Internal Network
5. NAT Network
6. Generic Driver

Explanation and Practical Implementation of Each Mode

1. NAT (Network Address Translation)

 Purpose: Enables the VM to access external networks (e.g., the internet)

using the host machine's IP address.
 Use Case: Ideal for browsing the internet from a VM without exposing it to
the host network.

Practical Implementation
Step 1: Open the VirtualBox from your personal computer and from the
VirtualBox Manager window, select your VM

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Step 2: Go to Settings > Network.

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By default, its Select Attached to: NAT.

Step 3: Start the VM and verify internet connectivity by pinging a website (e.g.,
ping www.google.com).

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The request is generated successfully.

2. Bridged Adapter

 Purpose: Connects the VM directly to the host network as if it were a physical

machine.
 Use Case: Ideal for scenarios where the VM needs to be part of the same
network as the host machine.

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Practical Implementation
Step 1: Open the VirtualBox from your personal computer and from the
VirtualBox Manager window, select your VM

Step 2: Go to Settings > Network.

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Step 3: Select Attached to: Bridged Adapter and choose the host’s network
interface.

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Step 4: Start the VM and verify internet connectivity by pinging a website (e.g.,
ping www.google.com).

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The request is generated successfully.

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Lab Task

1. Theoretical Question:

Compare the NAT and Bridged Adapter modes in VirtualBox. Explain their
differences in terms of connectivity, use cases, and network speed. Which mode
would you prefer for testing a web server on a VM, and why?

2. Practical Question:

 Start the VM and check the network configuration using both NAT and
Bridged Adapter modes using commands like ipconfig (Windows) or ifconfig
(Linux).

 Perform connectivity testing on a virtual machine using both NAT and

Bridged Adapter modes. Use the ping command
[HINT: Ping Test: ping www.google.com -n 10 (Windows) or ping -c 10
www.google.com (Linux).\n Note the average round-trip time (RTT).]

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LAB#13
Managing Virtual Storage & Using Snapshots
OBJECTIVE: To get familiarize how to manage virtual storage, learn to
create snapshots and restore your VM to a previous state.

THEORY:
Introduction to Snapshots
A snapshot is a saved state of a virtual machine at a specific point in time. It allows
you to revert the VM to this saved state without affecting the current state of the
machine.
Benefits of Snapshots:
 Backup and Recovery: Easily restore the VM to a stable state after changes
or errors.
 Testing Environments: Experiment with software or configurations without
permanent changes.
 Time-Saving: Avoid reinstalling the operating system or reconfiguring the
VM.

Practical Implementation
Follow the below given steps to understand the practical implementation of virtual
storage and come into the practice of using snapshots:
Step 1: Open the VirtualBox from your personal computer and from the
VirtualBox Manager window, select your VM

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Step 2: Click on the 3 dots of your selected VM i.e. HUZWindow10.

Step 3: Click on the Snapshots button.

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Step 4: Click on Take button.

Step 5: Name the Snapshot and click on OK button.

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 It should appear like this:

Step 6: Now click on the Start button to Power on your Virtual Machine.

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Step 7: Now make changes such as creating files or change desktop appearance
or installing software or updating configurations etc.

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Step 8: Now on the Desktop click on the Machine Tab option.

Step 9: Now click on the Take Snapshot option.

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Step 10: Now Name the Snapshot and click on OK button

Snapshot saving is in progress

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Step 11: Now Power off the Virtual machine.

 Now we can see that there were two Snapshot (status of virtual machine)
are saved.

Now we will understand how snapshot (switch between two

states) is performed
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Step 12: Now to switch to the Before Changes (virtual machine status) we will
select the Before Changes using mouse/cursor.

Step 13: Click on the Restore button.

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Step 14: Uncheck the checkbox and click on the Restore button.

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Step 15: Now select the Current State using mouse/cursor and click on the Start
button. After that your virtual machine previous state should be display on your
windows 10 operating system.

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Here we will see that their will be no changes or no specific folder should be displayed on the
desktop which in results shows that we are in previous state.

Step 16: Now switch off/power off the Virtual machine.

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Step 16: Now select the After Changes using mouse/cursor and click on the
Restore button.

Step 17: Uncheck the checkbox and click on the Restore button

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Step 18: Now select the Current State using mouse/cursor and click on the Start
button. After that your virtual machine After changes state should be display on
your windows 10 operating system.

Here we will see that changes were applied and a folder (Huzaifa) is displaying on the
desktop including Task Bar changes which in results shows that we are in After changes state.

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Lab Task

1. Create a snapshot of your virtual machine with the name:

"Initial Setup-[YourName-RollNumber]".

2. Inside the VM, create a folder named "[YourRollNumber]" (e.g., 12345).

3. Inside the folder, create a text file named "details.txt" containing the
following information:
o Student Name
o Age
o Roll Number
4. Restore the VM to the "Initial Setup-[YourName-RollNumber]" snapshot.
5. Verify that the folder and text file created after the snapshot are no longer
present.
6. Take screenshots of the following:
o The snapshot management screen showing your created snapshot.
o The restored VM state.

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LAB#14
Enhancing Virtual Machine Functionality by
Installing Additional Software
OBJECTIVE: To get familiarize with the purpose and utilization of Virtual
Machine to enhance its functionality by Installing additional software.

THEORY:
Introduction

A Virtual Machine (VM) is a powerful tool used for testing, development, and
running isolated environments. Enhancing a VM’s functionality can be achieved by
installing software like:

 VirtualBox Guest Additions: To improve VM performance (e.g., shared

folders, better graphics, clipboard sharing).
 Development Tools: IDEs (e.g., VS Code), programming languages, and
frameworks.
 Utility Tools: Network utilities, benchmarking tools, and productivity
applications.

Purpose of Installing Additional Software:

 Improved Performance: Enhance VM usability by optimizing graphics,

enabling shared folders, and allowing seamless interaction between host and
guest.
 Enhanced Development Environment: Install tools and languages for
coding, testing, and debugging.
 Network Diagnostics: Add tools like Wireshark or ping utilities to analyze
network behavior.
 Productivity: Install browsers, office suites, or any necessary software for
work or research.

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VirtualBox Guest Additions:

 Definition: A set of software packages installed in the guest OS to improve

its performance and integration with the host.
 Features:

 Shared Clipboard (Host ↔ Guest).

 Drag-and-Drop File Sharing.
 Shared Folder Access.
 Better Screen Resolution and Full-Screen Mode.

Other Software Installations:

 Development Software: Tools like Python, Java, Docker, or Node.js to create

a programming environment.
 Network Tools: Utilities like curl, traceroute, and netcat to analyze network
connectivity.

Practical Implementation
Step 1: Open the VirtualBox from your personal computer and from the
VirtualBox Manager window, select your VM

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Step 2: Go to Devices > Insert Guest Additions CD Image in the VirtualBox menu.

Step 3: Go to the This PC and select CD Drive (D): VirtualBox Guest Additions.

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Step 4: Run the VBoxLinuxAdditions.run file (for Linux) or the

VBoxWindowsAdditions-amd64.exe file (for Windows).

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Lab Task

1. Install the VirtualBox Guest Additions driver and add the screenshot of it.
{add the snapshot of it}
2. Install the additional software i.e. chrome or visual studio code and open it
on the virtual machine. {add the snapshot of it}
3. Enable the Drag n Drop file functionality. {add the snapshot of it}

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