DBMS/CS-2004/B Tech (CSE, IT, CSCE, CSSE & ECS)/4Th Semester/ 2020

Mid Semester Examination – 2020

School of Computer Engineering
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Deemed to be University
Subject: Database Management System
Time: 1.5 Hrs Full Marks: 20

(Answer any Four Questions including Question No. 1)

1. Answer the following questions briefly. [1 X 5]

a. Distinguish between Disjoint and Overlapping constraints?

Ans:
In a disjointness design constraint, an entity can belong to not more than one
lower-level entity set. In overlapping generalizations, the same entity may
belong to more than one lower-level entity sets.
Overlap Constraint -An overlap constraint determines whether or not two
subclasses can contain the same entity. Disjoint constraints Disjoint Describes the
relationship between members of the subclasses and constraint indicates whether it
is possible for a member of a superclass to be a member of one, or more than one,
subclass. The disjoint constraint only applies when a superclass has more than one
subclass
b. Differentiate between Theta join and Equi join.
Ans:
Theta join combines tuples from different relations provided they satisfy the
theta condition. The join condition is denoted by the symbol θ.
When Theta join uses only equality comparison operator, it is said to be equijoin.
c. Primary key is not same as unique key -Justify your answer.
Ans:
A primary key has the following functions:
 Each table must have one and only one primary key, not more than one.
 A primary key cannot contain NULL values.
 It may consist of one or more columns.
 All columns must be defined as NOT NULL.
 A primary key is clustered unique index by default.
A UNIQUE KEY has the following functions:
 A UNIQUE KEY constraint guarantees the uniqueness of the values.
 Multiple unique keys can be defined on a table.
 A column may contain a NULL value, but only one NULL value per
column is allowed.
 A unique key may create a non-clustered index by default.
d. Consider the below two tables for the given question :
Write a SQL query to fetch employee names having a salary greater than or
equal to 5000 and less than or equal 10000.
 Table 1: EmployeeDetails Table-2 EmployeeSalary

EmpI ManagerI DateOfJoini EmpId Project Salary

FullName
d d ng 121 P1 8000
121 John Snow 321 01/31/2014 321 P2 1000
Walter 421 P1 12000
321 986 01/30/2015
White
Kuldeep
421 876 27/11/2016
Rana
Ans:
SELECT FullName FROM EmployeeDetails NATURAL JOIN EmployeeSalary
WHERE Salary>=5000 AND Salary<=10000;
OR
SELECT FullName FROM EmployeeDetails, EmployeeSalary WHERE
EmployeeDetails.EmpId=EmployeeSalary.EmpId AND Salary>=5000 AND
Salary<=10000;
e. Given the relations
Employee (eid, name, salary, deptno) and
Department (deptno, deptname, address)
Which of the following queries cannot be expressed using the basic
relational algebra operations (U, -, x, π, σ, p)?
(a) Department address of every employee
(b) Employees whose name is the same as their department name
(c) The sum of all employees’ salaries
(d) All employees of a given department.

Ans:
(c) The sum of all employees’ salaries

2. Describe the three-schema architecture. Why do we need mappings between [5]

schema levels? Also, differentiate between logical data independence and
physical data independence.
Ans
Scheme: Three Schema Architecture- 2 marks, Mapping- 1 mark,
Difference between logical and physical data independence: 2 marks.
Three Schema Architecture: This framework is used to describe the
structure of a specific database system. The three schema architecture is also
used to separate the user applications and physical database. The three
schema architecture contains three-levels. It breaks the database down into
three different categories.
The three-schema architecture is as follows:
  Internal or physical: The internal level has an internal schema
which describes the physical storage structure of the
database. The internal schema is also known as a physical
schema. It uses the physical data model. It is used to define
that how the data will be stored in a block. The physical level
is used to describe complex low-level data structures in
detail.
 Conceptual or logical: The conceptual schema describes the
design of a database at the conceptual level. Conceptual level
is also known as logical level. The conceptual schema
describes the structure of the whole database. The conceptual
level describes what data are to be stored in the database and
also describes what relationship exists among those data. In
the conceptual level, internal details such as an
implementation of the data structure are hidden. Programmers
and database administrators work at this level.
 External or user view: At the external level, a database
contains several schemas that sometimes called as
subschema. The subschema is used to describe the different
view of the database. An external schema is also known as
view schema. Each view schema describes the database part
that a particular user group is interested and hides the
remaining database from that user group. The view schema
describes the end user interaction with database systems.
Mapping is the process of transforming requests and results between levels.
This is needed for visualization and schema matching. The mappings
between schema levels help in the different types of transformation.
Programs refer to an external schema, and are mapped by the DBMS to the
Internal schema for execution.

PHYSICAL DATA INDEPENDENCE: Physical storage structure or devices

can be changed without affecting the existing conceptual schema.
Modifications are performed to improve performance. It is not difficult
because, it is only to replace the data from one device to another device. No
need to change the data only changes the location of data. It provides
independence and immunity to conceptual and external schema.

LOGICAL DATA INDEPENDENCE: Conceptual schema can be changed

without affecting the existing external schema. Conceptual schema can be
changed/modified when structure of database is altered. It is very difficult
because, it has to be seen that the relationship must not changing, data is not
getting lost and some other factors. It only provides immunity to external
schema and application program.

3.(a) What are advantages of DBMS over traditional file based systems? [3]
Ans
Controlling of Redundancy: Data redundancy refers to the duplication of
data (i.e. storing same data multiple times).In a database system, by having a
centralized database and centralized control of data by the DBA the
unnecessary duplication of data is avoided. It also eliminates the extra time
for processing the large volume of data. It results in saving the storage space.
Improved Data Sharing: DBMS allows a user to share the data in any
number of application programs.
Data Integrity: Integrity means that the data in the database is accurate.
Centralized control of the data helps in permitting the administrator to define
integrity constraints to the data in the database. For example: in customer
database, we can enforce integrity that it must accept the customer only from
Cuttack and Bhubaneswar city.
Security: Having complete authority over the operational data, enables the
DBA in ensuring that the only mean of access to the database is through
proper channels. The DBA can define authorization checks to be carried out
whenever access to sensitive data is attempted.
Efficient Data Access: In a database system, the data is managed by the
DBMS and all access to the data is through the DBMS providing a key to
effective data processing.
Data Consistency: By eliminating data redundancy, we greatly reduce the
opportunities for inconsistency. For example: a customer address is stored
only once, we cannot have disagreement to the stored values. Also updating
data values is greatly simplified when each value is stored in one place only.
Finally, we avoid the wasted storage that results from redundant data storage.
Data Independence: In a database system, the database management system
provides the interface between the application programs and the data. When
changes are made to the data representation, the metadata obtained by the
DBMS is changed but the DBMS is continues to provide the data to
application program in the previously used way. The DBMS handles the task
of transformation of data wherever necessary.
Enforcing Integrity Constraints
Providing Backup &Recovery
Providing Storage Structures for efficient query processing
(b) Discuss the roles of Data Analyst and Application Programmer. [2]
Ans
Data Analyst: A database analyst deals with database technologies that
warehouse information in very specific ways. A database analyst is part of
conventional corporate IT teams that maintain data assets through very
specific research and activities. A Data Analysts deliver value to their
companies by taking information about specific topics and then interprets,
analyzes, and presents findings in comprehensive reports.

Application Programmer: They are computer professionals who write

application programs to access data from the database. Application
programmers can use different tools to develop user interfaces
4. Consider the following schema to write queries in relational Algebra: [5]
Sailor(sid, sname, age, rating)
Boats(bid, bname, bcolor)
Reserves(sid,bid,day)
a. Find id of the boats reserved by sailor with id 567.
b. Find the names of the sailors who reserved ‘red’ boats.
c. Find the boats which have at least two reservations by different
sailors.
d. Find the sailors name who have ratings of 5 and their name
started with ‘P’.
e. Find the name of Sailors who have reserved boat id 100 on
Monday.

Ans
a. ∏bid (σsid=567 (Reserves))

b. ∏sname(σbcolor=’red’(Sailor Reserves Boat))

c. ∏Reserves.bid(σReserves.bid=Reserves2.bid ⋀ Reserves.sid≠Reserves2.sid (Reserves X

Reservse2(Reserves)))
d. ∏sname(σrating=5 ⋀ sname LIKE ‘P%’ (Sailor))

e. ∏sname(σbid=100 ⋀ day=’Monday’ (Sailor Reserves))

5. A University wants to maintain a database to store the information about

their students, courses, lecturers, cabins, and subjects. The university hired a
leading consultancy firm for the project. After a detailed analysis, the
development team came up with the following design:
I. For students, the database stores the details like name, roll, dob, age,
hobby, and address. The address consists of door_no, street_name, city, state,
and pin. A student can register for many courses where each course has a
course_id, and course_name. Similarly, a course can be taken by many
students.

II. Each lecturer, with a lect_id, lect_name, email, and contact_no, is

assigned with a cabin, with cabin_no, floor. However, a cabin can be allotted
to 2 lecturers on sharing basis.

III. A lecturer can teach only one subject, where the subject has a subject_id,
subject_name, and duration. However, a subject can be taught by many
lecturers.

IV. Each lecturer has a salary history which contains amt_credited,

credit_date, and deductions.
V. Each Course consists of many subjects , however one subject can belongs
to multiple courses.
VI. The Lecturers are managing the students.
A. Draw ER diagram for the above scenario.
B. Convert the ER diagram into relational schema
Ans
6. Consider a schema with two relations, R(A, B) and S(B, C), where all values [5]
are integers. Make no assumptions about keys. Consider the following three
relational algebra expressions:

Two of the three expressions are equivalent (i.e., produce the same answer on
all databases), while one of them can produce a different answer. Which
query can produce a different answer? Give the simplest database instance
you can think of where a different answer is produced.

Ans: a and b are same but c will produce different result, because,
suppose, R(A,B) = {(A1,1),(A2,2)} and S(B,C) = {(1,C1)}
a.  R NJ 
A ,C B 1 S
  A1 1 
  A,C    NJ 1 C1
  A2 2 
  A,C  A1 1 C1
Same
 A1 C1

b.  
A B 1 R    C B 1 S
 A1  C1
 A1 C1

c.  
A,C A
R  B 1 S 
  A1 
 A,C     1 C1
  A2 
 A1 1 C1
 A,C  
 A 2 1 C1 
 A1 C1
 
 A2 C1