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Getting Started With R Detailed Notes

The document provides an introduction to R, an open-source programming language for statistical computing and data analysis, highlighting its advantages such as being free, equipped with advanced statistical tools, and having strong community support. It covers installation instructions for R and RStudio, the RStudio interface, data types, functions, and data structures, as well as how to import Excel data. Additionally, it includes a section of flashcards summarizing key concepts related to R.

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7 views3 pages

Getting Started With R Detailed Notes

The document provides an introduction to R, an open-source programming language for statistical computing and data analysis, highlighting its advantages such as being free, equipped with advanced statistical tools, and having strong community support. It covers installation instructions for R and RStudio, the RStudio interface, data types, functions, and data structures, as well as how to import Excel data. Additionally, it includes a section of flashcards summarizing key concepts related to R.

Uploaded by

hardikmukhija4
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Business Analytics Unit III: Getting Started with R

1. Introduction to R

R is an open-source programming language developed by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman in the 1990s. It is
specifically designed for statistical computing and data analysis. R supports a wide range of statistical techniques,
visualizations, and data manipulation methods. It is widely used in business analytics for predictive modeling, data
visualization, and decision-making strategies.

2. Advantages of R

R is:
- Open Source: Free and widely accessible.
- Equipped with Advanced Statistical Tools: Supports regression, clustering, forecasting.
- Excellent at Data Handling: Manages large and complex datasets efficiently.
- Cross-Platform: Available on Windows, Mac, and Linux.
- Backed by a Strong Community: Thousands of packages and active user forums.

3. Installing R & RStudio

To use R:
1. Download R from CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network).
2. Download and install RStudio from rstudio.com, which provides a user-friendly IDE to write, debug, and visualize R
code.

4. RStudio Interface

- Console: Area to run R code.


- Environment: Shows active variables and datasets.
- Files/Plots/Help Tabs: Used to navigate files, view charts, and access documentation.

5. Packages and Libraries

Packages are collections of functions for specific tasks. To use a package:


- Install: install.packages("ggplot2")
- Load: library(ggplot2)
Popular packages: ggplot2 (visuals), dplyr (data manipulation), readxl (import Excel).

6. Importing Excel Data

Use `readxl` or `openxlsx` packages. Example:


library(readxl)
df <- read_excel("file.xlsx")
You can select sheet names, cell ranges, and specify column types.
Business Analytics Unit III: Getting Started with R

7. Operators in R

- Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, ^, %% (mod), %/% (integer division)


- Relational: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
- Logical: &, |, !
- Assignment: <-, =, ->

8. Data Types in R

R supports:
- Numeric: Decimal numbers like 3.14
- Integer: Whole numbers with 'L' (e.g., 4L)
- Character: Text strings like "Hello"
- Logical: TRUE/FALSE
- Factor: Categorical (e.g., Gender)
- Complex: Numbers with imaginary parts like 2+3i

9. Functions in R

Functions are reusable blocks of code. Syntax:


add <- function(x, y) {
return(x + y)
}
They improve modularity and efficiency in coding by taking inputs (arguments) and returning outputs.

10. Data Structures in R

- Vectors: One-dimensional, same type. Created with c().


- Matrices: Two-dimensional, same type. Created with matrix().
- Lists: One-dimensional, mixed types. Created with list().
- Arrays: Multi-dimensional, same type. Created with array().

11. Factors & Data Frames

- Factors: Used for categorical data. Created with factor().


Levels and ordered categories can be specified.
- Data Frames: Tabular structures with columns of different types.
Access data using $, [row, col], and use functions like str(), subset(), etc.

Appendix: Flashcards

Q: What is R?
A: An open-source language for statistical computing and data analysis.
Business Analytics Unit III: Getting Started with R

Q: Name two advantages of R.


A: It is free and supports advanced statistical tools.

Q: What is RStudio?
A: A user-friendly IDE for R programming.

Q: How do you install a package in R?


A: install.packages("package_name")

Q: What is a vector in R?
A: A one-dimensional data structure with same type elements.

Q: How is a data frame different from a matrix?


A: Data frames can have different data types in each column; matrices cannot.

Q: What is a factor?
A: A categorical data type with fixed levels.

Q: Write the syntax for a function in R.


A: function_name <- function(arg1, arg2) { code block }

Q: What operator is used for modulus in R?


A: %%

Q: How do you read an Excel file in R?


A: Use read_excel("filename.xlsx") from the readxl package.

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