SOCIAL STUDIES UB2
COMMUNICATION
THIS IS the means of transfering and sending messages, , ideas or
information from one place to another or from one person to
another. it also defined as the transfer or exchange of information
between two or more parties.for communication to be effective, it
must be clearly received, understood and acted upon.it involves the
sender, the message being sent and the receiver.
METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
1 . traditional method
2.Modern method
1 . TRADITIONAL METHOD:this refers to indigenous traditional
African method of exchanging or disseminating information and
ideas from one person to another. It is also a type of method used in
our villages, and they are still in use today..Examples include
I.use of drum beats
ii.use of town criers
iii . use of wooden gongs
iv.use of smoke
v.use of metal gong
vi.use of flutes etc.
2.MODERN METHOD:it refers to the recent or current means of
exchanging information, ideas and thought from one person to
another.
Examples include
I.postal system
ii . newspapers
iii . Radio
iv . Television
v.internet
vi.fax machine
vii.telephone/Gsm
viii.Telegraphie messages
ix.statelite etc.
Importance of communication
I.it makes life easy
ii.it makes business transactions among individuals corporate bodies
and government easy.
iii.it minimizes accidents
iv.it helps to reduce the work in terms of time and space.
v, it link various part of a country.
vi.it makes people to enjoy goods and services that not available in
their locality.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
This refers to all technically or electronically designed equipment for
generating, storing, retrieving or moving data, text, voice and image
from one source to another. It is the use of electronic device such as
the computer to assist in collecting and collating information from
various sources in the net.it means technologies that provide access
to information through telecommunications such as the Internet,
wireless network, mobile phones, satellite, computer, , among
others.
FORMS OF ICT
1.The internet
2The computer
3.The Gsm phone
4.Electronic mail
5 . Social networking services.
1.The internet:it refers to an international electronic network of
computers through which information or messages are circulating
around the world
2.The computer:it is another form of ICT that has capacity of
storing,processing and retrieving information.
3.GSM:it is the wireless telephone which we use to transmit written
and verbal messages to and from all parts of the world. Global
system for mobile communication (GSM)it was introduced in Nigeria
in August, 2001.
ADVANTAGES OF ICT
I.it save time because it makes sending and receiving of information
to be easy
ii.it is very efficient and leads to greater productivity.
iii.it is very convenient and comfortable for transacting business at
both at home and office.
iv.it help students, teachers and researchers to gather information
on any topic of their interest.
v.it is a source of employment opportunities to some people.
DISADVANTAGEDS OF ICT
I.fraud increase in fraud
ii.pornography
iii.Addiction disorder
iv.loss of job
v.ICT gadgets are very fragile and can break easily
vi . Expensive to use
VII . frequent breakdown of computing servers.
HOME APPLIANCES
These are device instruments that are used to do certain things at
home. They are also those devices or machines in our homes which
help makes domestic work easy and fast . However, each
instruments devices or machines is designed to do a particular thing
in the home.
Examples of some Home Appliances and their functions are,,
1 . Electric iron:for ironing clothes
ii . Electric blender:for grinding things (food items)
iii . washing machines:for washing and drying clothes
iv.Refrigerator :for cooling, chilling and preserving food and drinks
V.Electric kettle:for boiling water
vi. Fan and air-conditioners:for cooling the rooms
VII . microwave oven:for warming our food
vii.Radio and television sets:for relaxation and to listen to news and
know what is happening around us.
ix.Gas cooker:for cooking of food. Etc
x.stablizer:for regulation and control of power supply against
damage of our home appliances.
DANGER OF WRONG USE OF HOME APPLIANCES
I.it causes fire outbreak
ii.it can lead to loss of life and property
iii.it can lead to fatal injury
iv.it can lead to breakdown of our home appliances that mostly use
electricity.
CORRECT WAYS OF USING HOME APPLIANCES
I . Always switch off electrical appliances such as electric iron,
cooker immediately after use
ii . maintenance should be applied when necessary with the services
of an expert
iii.Always switch off electrical connections in the house whenever
there is power outage
iv.Avoid using wet towel in cleaning the appliances when they are
on, to avoid electric shock.
v.Appropriate packaging of home appliances after use.
vi . Read the instructions before making use of any appliances for
the first time.
ACCIDENTS IN THE SCHOOL
Accident is defined as an unexpected, unplanned and unfortunate
event that happened to someone which can cause injury or death. It
is also an unpleasant event that occurs anywhere which can lead to
injuries or death to people and damages to property.
However, school accident is a mishap which occurs in a learning
environment. Accidents in the school also refer to those events that
can harmany person unexpectedly in the school
TYPES OF SCHOOL ACCIDENT
1.cut from sharp objects like knife, razor, broken bottles.
2.Burns from naked wire or hot objects.
3.Fall from trees and staircase, buildings.
4 . Electric shock
SOURCES OF ACCIDENT IN THE SCHOOL
1 . school playground
2 . school buildings, workshop and laboratory
3 . school farms
PREVENTION OF ACCIDENT IN SCHOOL
1 .Environmental sanitation
2.Avoid rough play
3.Removal of dangerous materials things on the ground
4.All floors in the school building, classrooms and corridors must be
kept dry to avoid dangerous falls.
5.Making sure that all wires in school is protected.
STEPS
1.Report the accident
2.Give first aid care to the victim
3.Take the victim to the hospital
4.Removal of the cause of accident and make sure the scene is
danger free to avoid more accidents
STORAGE
This is the act of keeping something in a safe place for future use
when the need arises. It is also the means of keeping or storing
things for future use.
WAYS OF STORING THINGS
1.Food can be stored in the refrigerator, barns or silos
2 . clothes can be stored in our boxes or wardrobe
3 . information or data can be stored in the computer
4.Will can be stored in the bank and other furnace houses
5.Jewels can be stored in the box or bank
REASONS FOR STORAGE
1.To be in good condition and fresh
2.To avoid wastage
3.To prevent stealing and damage
4.To have enough food and materials for future needs
WAYS OF STORING FOOD
1.Freezing
2.Boiling
3.Frying
4.Drying
5.Canning
6.Use of preservatives like salting and other chemicals
7.Storing or keeping in the barn e.g yams
8.Fermention.
NATIONAL ECONOMY (SAVING)
An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as
well as consumption of goods and services.
Saving:This is defined as a way of keeping money and other
valuables for use at any time it is needed. It is also the means of
storing money and other valuable items for safety and future use.
To save money and valuable things is the same as storing
them.Apart from money, other items like certification, wills, jeweries
are saved.
REASONS FOR SAVING
1.To have money for future use
2.For solving unexpected problems or emergency
3.For future investment
4.For safekeeping or security
5.To avoid wasteful spending
6.To transact business so as to make more money or profit.
WAYS OF SAVING MONEY
1.Old method
2.Modern method
1.Old method of saving money
a.keeping money inside clay pots
b.Entrusted into the care of relatives
c.keeping with money keepers
d.keeping money under the roof of the house
e.keeping money in the boxes
f.keeping money in a dug ground
g.keeping money under sleeping materials
2.Modern method of saving money
I . In the banks and other financial houses
ii . individual can come together to form a cooperative
iii . By buying stocks and shares
iv . People also save money through daily contributions.
ADVANTAGES OF KEEPING MONEY IN BANK
1.it saves us from the risk of being stolen by armed robbers
2.it enables us to get loans and overdrafts
3.To gain interest from the bank, especially if it is fixed deposit
account
4.it enables us reduce the risk of traveling with huge amount of
money for business trips
5.it enables us to handle emergency situation
DISADVANTAGEDS
1.it is very difficult for people who cannot read or write
2.Dubious bank staff always steal customers money through illegal
manipulation
3.Delay in attending to customers in the bank
4.lack of functional network in the ATM machines and banking hall
5.Fraudulent attitude of ICT bank staff who Comite with interest
fraudsters to steal peoples' ' money.
SOLUTIONS
1.There should be reorientation and enlightenment of bank staff on
the right attitude to banking services
2.staff of the bank should be trained on time-management efficiency
to work
3.Modern gadgets like computer, ,counting machine should 5
introduced by bank
4.The central bank should control bank charges and other charges
that concern banks
5.Customers should be allowed to receive credit and debit alert
messages to when their accounts have been tampered with.
RESOURCES
Resources can be defined as the materials or things that are needed
for production. They include,
Examples of resources are
i.Human resources
ii . Natural
iii.Raw-materials
iv.Equipment
v.Money
Raw-materials:Raw materials are those things that are processed
into finished goods or product. Raw materials are also unfinished
goods or products needed to further production.
Examples of raw materials and their uses
1.cocoa:beverages, medicines, sweets, biscuits etc.
2.palm tree/fruit:palm oil, broom, cream, soap, pomade.
3.cassava:garri, abacha, animal feeds, manure starch gum.
4.crude oil:petrol, kerosine, fuel, gas etc
5.wheat:bread, biscuits, cake, wheat flour etc.
6.timber:furniture, books, pencil, toothpick etc.
7.cotton:clothes, cotton buds, cotton wool.
USES OF RAW MATERIALS
1.cotton is used in making clothes, cotton wool etc.
2.cocoa is used to make beverages, biscuits
3.palm oil from palm trees is used to make soap, pomade, and is
used in cooking food.
4.timber is used to make furniture, books, toothpick etc.
5.cassava is used to make garri, starch gum, abacha etc.
vi.crude oil is used to make petrol ,gas , kerosine etc.
WATER SUPPLY
This can defined as the distribution of water, to different places like
home, farmland, workplace for use.water is one of the resources
needed for production. Water is used for hydroelectricity, sand,
gravel, seafoods etc
WAYS OF KEEPING WATER FIT FOR DRINKING
1, By boiling
2.By filteration
3.By segmentation
4.By adding alum
USES OF WATER
1.it is used for washing plates
2.it is used for washing clothes
3.it is used for bathing
4.it is used for cooking
5.it is used for drinking
6.it is used for regenerates electricity eg.kaing, dam
7.it is a source of transportation
8.it is a source of income to some people.
SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY
1.spring water
2.Rainfall
3.Rivers
4.water boreholes
5.streams
6.lakes
7.wells
HARMFUL SUBSTANCES
Harmful substances are those substances that constitute danger to
our health when taken wrongly, especially when they are unfit for
human consumption. Harmful substances are also those substances
(chemical, biological or physical) that destroy the body systems of
an organism if not properly handled.
Examples of such substances can be seen in food, drugs and water.
Examples of Harmful substances
1.stale food-not fresh for consumption
2.poorly cooked food or half done food
3.Rotten food-decayed food
4.unripe fruits
5.impure water:contaminated water
6.Expired food, drugs and drinks
WAYS OF PREVENTING THE INTAKE OF HARMFUI SUBSTANCES
1.we should avoid eating rotten food
2.we should not eat poorly cooked food
3.We should avoid dirty and infected food
4.we must ensure that the food we eat is not stale but fresh
5.we must check NAFDAC number and expiry date before buying
food, drinks, water etc.
