NORTHWEST SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

LABORATORY MANUAL
CPE 3

Engr. Ritchie P. Maribojoc

Area Chairman-BSCpE

College of Engineering and Technology

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
 VISION

A provide of relevant and quality education

to asociety where citizens are competent,
skilled, dignified and community- oriented.

MISSION

An academic institution providing

technological, professional, research and
extension programs to form principled men
and women of competenciesand skills
responsive to local and global development
needs.

QUALITY POLICY
Northwest Samar State University commits to
provide quality outcomes-based education,
research, extension and production through
continual improvement of all its programs,
therebyproducing world class professionals.

CORE VALUES
Resilience. Integrity. Service. Excellence.

INSTITUTIONAL GRADUATE OUTCOMES

Creative and critical
thinkersLife-long
learners
Effective communicators
Morally and socially upright
individuals
 PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO 1: Graduates will achieve a high level of technical expertise so that they are able to succeed in
positions in computer engineering practice or research, and in other fields they chose to pursue.

PEO 2: Graduates will produce engineering designs that are based on sound principles that consider
functionality, aesthetics, safety, cost effectiveness and sustainability.

PEO 3: Graduates will pursue lifelong learning such as graduate studies and other professional
education.

PEO 4: Graduates will engage in professional service, such as participation in professional society
and community service.

PEO 5: Graduates will fulfill values, professional and ethical responsibilities in the practice of
computer engineering, including social, environmental and economic considerations.

PEO 6: Graduates will be leaders, both in their chosen profession and in other activities.
Course Code: CPE 3

Course Title: Object Oriented Programming

Course Description:

This is an introductory course in computer programming logic. The student will learn algorithms
applicable to all programming languages, including: identifiers, data types, arrays, control structures,
modular programming, generating reports, and computer memory concepts. The student will learn to
use charts commonly used in business and information processing. Program logic will be developed
using flowcharts and pseudo code. Programs will be written using C programming language.
Course Outcomes:

At the end of the course, the students must be able to:

1. Understand and apply fundamental software design concepts and principles.

2. Analyze and address key issues in software design, including concurrency, data persistence, and
security.
3. Develop and evaluate software architectures and design patterns suitable for various applications.
4. Design user interfaces that enhance usability and user experience.
5. Assess software design quality using established metrics and evaluation techniques.
6. Utilize appropriate design notations and tools to document software designs effectively.
7. Implement software design strategies across different paradigms and methodologies.
About the Author
ENGR. Ritchie P. Maribojoc is a professional computer engineer
and the former National Vice President of the Institute of Computer
Engineers of the Philippines. He is a certified Cisco Networking
Academy Instructor with seven years of field experience in network
administration and embedded systems processes. He holds a Master
of Science in Information Technology and is currently working on
his dissertation for a Doctor of Technology Management. In
addition, he is pursuing a Master of Engineering major in Computer
Engineering, aligning with his area of specialization.
 LABORATORY MANUAL
OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING LAB
2ND Semester 2024-2025

NAME: ___________________________________________________________________

Student
Number:__________________________________________________________________

Course-Year SEM:______________________________________
level:__________________

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

ARCHITECTURE
 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
ARCHITECTURE

LABORATORY MANUAL

OOP LAB

Prepared by:

Engr. Ritchie P. Maribojoc

 PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
After 3-5 years of graduation, the graduates will be able to

PEO 1: Graduates will achieve a high level of technical expertise so that they are able to
succeed in positions in computer engineering practice or research, and in other fields they chose
to pursue.
PEO 2: Graduates will produce engineering designs that are based on sound principles that
consider functionality, aesthetics, safety, cost effectiveness and sustainability.
PEO 3: Graduates will pursue lifelong learning such as graduate studies and other professional
education.
PEO 4: Graduates will engage in professional service, such as participation in professional
society and community service.
PEO 5: Graduates will fulfill values, professional and ethical responsibilities in the practice of
computer engineering, including social, environmental and economic considerations.
PEO 6: Graduates will be leaders, both in their chosen profession and in other activities.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES
Engineering graduates will be able to:

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems

and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of,
and need for sustainable development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
Engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS
1. Students are advised to come to the laboratory at least 5 minutes before (to
starting time), those who come after 5 minutes will not be allowed into the lab.
2. Plan your task properly much before to the commencement, come prepared to the
lab with the program / experiment details.
3. Student should enter into the laboratory with:

a. Laboratory observation notes with all the details (Problem statement, Aim,
Algorithm, Procedure, Program, Expected Output, etc.,) filled in for the lab
session.
b. Laboratory Record updated up to the last session experiments.
c. Formal dress code and Identity card.

4. Sign in the laboratory login register, write the TIME-IN, and occupy the computer
system allotted to you by the faculty.
5. Execute your task in the laboratory, and record the results / output in the lab observation
note book, and get certified by the concerned faculty.
6. All the students should be polite and cooperative with the laboratory staff, must maintain
the discipline and decency in the laboratory.
7. Computer labs are established with sophisticated and high end branded systems, which
should be utilized properly.
8. Students / Faculty must keep their mobile phones in SWITCHED OFF mode during the
lab sessions. Misuse of the equipment, misbehaviours with the staff and systems etc.,
will attract severe punishment.
9. Students must take the permission of the faculty in case of any urgency to go out. If
anybody found loitering outside the lab / class without permission during working hours
 will be treated seriously and punished appropriately.
10. Students should SHUT DOWN the computer system before he/she leaves the lab after
completing the task (experiment) in all aspects. He/she must ensure the system / seat is
kept properly.

LAB-IN-CHARGE BSCPE PROGRAM CHAIR

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR THE LABORATORY

 All students must observe the dress code while in the laboratory
 Footwear is NOT allowed
 Foods, drinks and smoking are NOT allowed
 All bags must be left at the indicated place
 The lab timetable must be strictly followed
 Be PUNCTUAL for your laboratory session
 All programs must be completed within the given time
 Noise must be kept to a minimum
 Workspace must be kept clean and tidy at all time
 All students are liable for any damage to system due to their own negligence
 Students are strictly PROHIBITED from taking out any items from the laboratory
 Report immediately to the lab programmer if any damages to equipment

BEFORE LEAVING LAB:

 Arrange all the equipment and chairs properly.

 Turn off / shut down the systems before leaving.
 Please check the laboratory notice board regularly for updates.

Lab In – charge
 Experiment No. (1) Introduction to
Visual Basic.NET

Object:

To identify main visual basic’s objects and their properties, methods and
events.
Theory:

Visual basic introduced in 1991, visual basic.net introduced in 2002/2003.The latest version of
Microsoft’s Visual Studio, called Visual Studio 2015, includes Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C# (C
sharp), Visual F# (F sharp),JScript, and the .NET 4.6 Framework.

The programming languages in Visual Studio run in the .NET Framework.

The Framework provides for easier development of Web- based and
Windows-based applications, allows objects from different languages to
operate together, and standardizes how the languages refer to data and
objects.

Microsoft Visual Basic comes with Visual Studio. You also can purchase VB by itself (without the other
languages but with the .NET Framework). VB is available in an Express version, and in Visual Studio
2010 Professional, Visual Studio 2010 Premium, and Visual Studio 2010 Ultimate.

NOTE: Anyone planning to do professional application development that includes

the advanced features of database management should use the Professional version or
higher. The Professional version is available to educational institutions.

Programming Languages—Procedural, Event Driven, and Object

Oriented

Procedural languages such as BASIC, C, COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, and Pascal.

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Object Oriented Programming
 *Function oriented programming (FOP).
*Functions and subroutines.
*Code executed by run the program.
*Can’t change code through runtime and difficult error correction.

The newer programming languages, such as Visual Basic, C#, and Java,
use a different approach: object-oriented programming (OOP)

*Use objects (controls).

*Event driven: code executed upon some events ( button press,
mouse move, click, ….).
*Easy to change code and errors.

Object Model
In Visual Basic you will work with objects, which have properties, methods, and events. Each object is
based on a class.

Objects
Examples of objects are forms and controls. Forms are the windows and dialog boxes you place on the
screen; controls are the components you place inside a form, such as text boxes, buttons, and list boxes.

Properties
Properties tell something about or control the behavior of an object, such as its name, color, size, or
location. Example object. property=value textbox.name= new

Methods
Built in procedure actions associated with objects are called methods. Some typical methods are Close,
Show, and Clear. Each of the predefinedobjects has a set of methods that you can use.

You refer to methods as Object. Method Example: Button. Show

Events
An event occurs when the user takes an action, such as clicking a button,pressing a key, scrolling, or
closing a window.

2
Object Oriented Programming
 Classes
Classes contain the definition of all available properties, methods, and events. Each time that you
create a new object, it must be based on aclass. For example, you may decide to place three buttons
on your form. Each button is based on the Button class and is considered one object, called an instance
of the class.

Three steps to start V.B. program and to build VB application

1-draw user interface (use toolbox controls (objects)).

2-set properties values for each object.

3-write the code (attach code for each control (object)) thenexecute the
program.

Example1:-
Object-event() command1-click()

User code code

End end

Visual basic operates in three modes:-

1- design mode:build at design time(use property list for eachobject).

2- run mode:run application.

3- break mode:debugger available to correct errors.

Visual Studio Environment

The Visual Studio environment is where you create and test your projects.A development environment,
such as Visual Studio, is called an integrated development environment (IDE). The IDE consists of
various tools, including a form designer, which allows you to visually create a form; an editor, for
entering and modifying program code; a compiler, fortranslating the Visual Basic statements into the
intermediate machine code; a debugger, to help locate and correct program errors; an object browser,
to view available classes, objects, properties, methods, and events; and a Help facility.

3
Object Oriented Programming
 In versions of Visual Studio prior to .NET, each language had its own IDE.
For example, to create a VB project you would use the VB IDE, and to
create a C++ project you would use the C++ IDE. But in Visual Studio, you
use one IDE to create projects in any of the supported languages.

Solution
Explorer
Window
Holds the
filenames
for the files
New included in
project Your
project and
a list of the
classes

Figure (1.1) Visual Studio IDE with the Start Page open, as it first appears in
Windows 7, without an open project.

To write your first Visual Basic project:

STEP 1: Click the Windows Start button and move the mouse pointer to
All
Programs.
STEP 2: Locate Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 or Microsoft Visual Basic
2010.
STEP 3: If a submenu appears, select Microsoft Visual Studio 2010.Visual Studio (VS) will start and
display the Start Page(figure above). If you are using Visual Studio Professional and this is the first time
that VS has been opened on this computer, you may need to select

4
Object Oriented Programming
 Visual Basic Development Settings from the Choose Default
Environment.

Figure (1.2) Setting dialog box

Steps for starting a new project:

Begin a new VB Windows project using the Windows Forms Applicationtemplate.

This is a simple example to write visual basic program that explain how
to enter text in textbox and display it in messagebox.

After you click on New Project this window will pop up:

 Click on the first icon Windows Application, and name your first
application and then click ok (As shown in figure 1.3).
 Now you can see a small form on the corner of the application, andthe controls
on its left (As shown in figure 1.4).
 Let's add a text box: a text box is a text area that allows the user to
enter text.
 In the Tool Box on the left, click on TextBox.
 Draw a shape on the form to draw the TextBox (Figure 1.5).
 After placing the TextBox on the form, you can move anywhere onthe Form.

5
Object Oriented Programming
  Now insert a label (Figure1.6).
 Find the Label control from the Tool Box and place it on the Form.

Windows Form Application

Visual
Basic

Figure (1.3)
Form Designer Window
Tool Box
contain
controls
(objects)
used in
the project

Figure (1.4)

6
Object Oriented Programming
 Figure (1.5)

 Name the Label1 "Name". To do that right click on Label1, clickon Properties
 The Properties window will appear on the right (contain the
properties of the control).
 Change the property of Text to Name (figure 1.7):
 Add a new Textbox and a new Label and a button as the picture
below, and name the second change the new label's text properties
to Last and the button's text to Get Name (figure 1.8)::

Figure (1.6)

7
Object Oriented Programming
 Property
window
of the
label
control
(object)

Figure (1.7)

Figure (1.8)

8
Object Oriented Programming
Writing code:

 Double click on the new button that says "Get Name" to go to the
codes page.
 You will find a code like this:

Public Class Form1

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object,

ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

End Sub
End Class

 Now we will tell the form to produce a message box and show thename and the
last name when we click on "Get Name"
 You will enter this code between the second line and the third line:

MsgBox("My Name is " & TextBox1.Text & " " & TextBox2.Text)

 After adding this code run the program

 To run the program (F5 hot key) or (menu bar DEBUG then click
start).
 Now enter a name inside the first textbox, and a last name inside the second
textbox, and then click on "Get Name" and you shouldget something like this:

Figure (1.9)

9
Object Oriented Programming
Procedure:

Write a V.B Program to make a calculator that calculates two textboxes automatically without any
control to explain how to use textbox to enter numbers. Add three textboxes to the form. Add them in
this order: put thefirst one on the left side, the second on the middle and the third one the right like
figure (1.10):

Figure (1.10)

Discussion:

Write a V.B Program to make a calculator that calculates two textboxes

with a button to explain how to use textbox to enter numbers and the button
to find the result. Discuss the difference between this calculatorand the
one in the previous example.

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Object Oriented Programming
 Experiment No. (2)

Variables + Data Types + Built in Functions

Object:

Learning: variables declaration, variant data types (which store numeric,

date/time or string data) and the categories of built in functions.

Theory:

Variables

Variables are the memory locations which are used to store values
temporarily. A variable name must begin with an alphabet letter It must
be unique within the same scope. It should not contain any special
character like %, &, !, #, @ or $.The name cannot be a reserved word, such
as Sub or Double.

By default Visual Basic variables are of variant data types. The variant data
type can store numeric, date/time or string data (as shown in table 2.1).

Declaring a Variable Syntax

Dim|private|static variableName As dataType

Examples
Dim intAge As Integer
Dim decPayRate As DecimalDim
dblPrice As Double

Private — you can use the Private keyword only for variables declared at
the module, class, or structure, not inside a subroutine. A variable declared
Private is accessible only to code in the same module, class, or structure.
If the variable is in a class or structure, it is available to other

11
Object Oriented Programming
instances of the class or structure. For example, one Customer object can access a Private variable
inside another Customer object.

Static — you can use the Static keyword only for variables declared within
a subroutine or a block within a subroutine. A variable declared Static
keeps its value between lifetimes. For example, if a subroutine sets a Static
variable to 27 before it exits, the variable begins with the value27 the
next time the subroutine executes. The value is stored in memory, so it is
not retained if you exit and restart the whole program. Use a database, the
System Registry, or some other means of permanent storageif you need to
save values between program runs.

Table (2.1)

12
Object Oriented Programming
 TYPE of CHARACTERS

Data type characters identify a value’s data type. The following table liststhe data type characters of
Visual Basic.

CHARACTER DATA TYPE

% Integer& Long
@ Decimal
! Single # Double
$ String

13
Object Oriented Programming
You can specify a variable’s data type by adding a data type character after a variable’s name when you
declare it.

Dim num_desserts &

Dim satisfaction_quotient#

num_desserts = 100
satisfaction_quotient# = 1.23

Using Constants

In addition to reserving (or declaring) variables in a program, you also can declare named constants.
A named constant is a memory location whose value cannot change while the application is running.

Declaring a Named Constant Syntax

Const constantName As dataType = value

Examples
Const dblPI As Double = 3.141593
Const intMAX_HOURS As Integer = 40
Const decTAXRATE As Decimal = .05

The TryParse Method (or VAL method)

Every numeric data type in Visual Basic has a TryParse method that can
be used to convert text to that numeric data type.

Basic Syntax of the TryParse Method

dataType.TryParse(text, variable)

Example 1

Double.TryParse(txtRadius.Text, dblRadius). If the text entered in the

txtRadius control can be converted to a Double number, the TryParse
method converts the text and then stores the result in the dblRadius
variable; otherwise, it stores the number 0 in the dblRadius variable. Or we
can use instead dblradius = val(txtradius.text).

The Convert Class

14
Object Oriented Programming
At times, you may need to convert a number (rather than a string) fromone data type to another.

Using the Convert class methods

Convert.method(value)

Example 2
decTaxRate = Convert.ToDecimal(.05)
converts the Double number .05 to Decimal and then assigns the result to the
decTaxRate variable.

Example 3
lblTotal.Text = Convert.ToString(intTotalScore)
converts the integer stored in the intTotalScore variable to String and then
assigns the result to the lblTotal control’s Text property.

OPTION EXPLICIT AND OPTION STRICT

The Option Explicit and Option Strict compiler options play an important role in variable declarations.
When Option Explicit is set to On, you mustdeclare all variables before you use them. If Option Explicit
is Off, VisualBasic automatically creates a new variable whenever it sees a variablethat it has not
yet encountered. For example, the following code doesn’t explicitly declare any variables. As it executes
the code, Visual Basic sees the first statement, num_managers = 0. It doesn’t recognize the variable
num_managers , so it creates it. Similarly, it creates the variable iwhen it sees it in the For loop.

Option Explicit Off

Option Strict Off
Public Class Form1
...
Public Sub CountManagers()
num_managers = 0
For i = 0 To m_Employees.GetUpperBound(0)
If m_Employees(i).IsManager Then num_managrs += 1
Next i
MessageBox.Show(num_managers)
End Sub
...
End Class

15
Object Oriented Programming
Keeping Option Explicit turned off can lead to two very bad problems. First, it silently hides
typographical errors. If you look closely at the preceding code, you’ll see that the statement inside the
For loop increments the misspelled variable num_managrs instead of the correctly spelled variable
num_managers. Because Option Explicit is off, Visual Basic assumes that you want to use a new variable,
so it creates num_managrs . After the loop finishes, the programdisplays the value of num_managers ,
which is zero because it was never incremented

The second problem that occurs when Option Explicit is off is that Visual
Basic doesn’t really know what you will want to do with the variables it
creates for you. It doesn’t know whether you will use a variable as an
Integer, Double, String, or PictureBox.

When Option Strict is turned off, Visual Basic silently converts values from one data type to another,
even if the types are not very compatible. For example, Visual Basic will allow the following code to
try to copy the string s into the integer i . If the value in the string happens to be a number (as in the
first case), this works. If the string is not a number (asin the second case), this throws an error at
runtime.

Dim i As Integer
Dim s As String
s = "10"
i = s ' This works.
s = "Hello"
i = s ' This Fails.
If you turn Option Strict on, Visual Basic warns you of possibly illegal
conversions at compile time.

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

The following table lists the arithmetic operators provided by Visual Basic. Most programmers should
be very familiar with most of them. The four operators that may need a little extra explanation are \ ,
Mod , < < , and >>, as shown in table (2.2).

Table (2.2)

16
Object Oriented Programming
 COMPARISON OPERATORS
Comparison operators compare one value to another and return a Boolean value (True or False),
depending on the result. The following table lists the comparison operators provided by Visual Basic.
The fi rst six ( = , < >
, < , < = , > , and > = ) are relatively straightforward. Note that the Not
operator is not a comparison operator, so it is not listed here. It is described
in the next section, “ Logical Operators. ”, as shown in table (2.3)

Table (2.3)

LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical operators combine two Boolean values and return True or False, depending on the result. The
following table (2.4) summarizes Visual Basic’s logical operators.

Table (2.4)

17
Object Oriented Programming
 Built-in Functions in visual basic 2010

The functions fall into the following basic categories that will be discussed in the following sections at
length(see table 2.5).

 Date and Time Functions

 Format Function
 String Functions

*The Now function retrieves the date and time, while Date function retrieves only date
and Time function retrieves only the time.

Table (2.5)

The Format Functions

is a very powerful formatting function which can display the numeric values in various forms. The
format of the predefined Format function is: Format (n, "style argument"). Where n is a number and
the list of style arguments is given in Table (2.6).

18
Object Oriented Programming
 Table (2.6)

Example5: this example to explain how to use Format function.

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click, Button5.Click, Button4.Click,
Button3.Click
Label1.Text = Format(8972.234, "General Number")
Label2.Text = Format(8972.2, "Fixed")
Label3.Text = Format(6648972.265, "Standard")
Label4.Text = Format(6648972.265, "Currency")
Label5.Text = Format(0.56324, "Percent")
End Sub

The Output window is shown in figure (2.1) below:

19
Object Oriented Programming
 Figure (2.1)

Mathematics and String Functions

*The Abs function

The Abs function returns the absolute value of a given number

The syntax is

Math. Abs (number)

*The Exp function

The Exp of a number x is the exponential value of x, i.e. exp . For example,
Exp(1)=e=2.71828182

The syntax is

Math.Exp (number)

*The Fix Function

The Fix function truncates the decimal part of a positive number andreturns the largest integer
smaller than the number. However, when the

20
Object Oriented Programming
 number is negative, it will return smallest integer larger than the number.
For example, Fix(9.2)=9 but Fix(-9.4)=-9.

*The Int Function

The Int is a function that converts a number into an integer by truncating its decimal part and the
resulting integer is the largest integer that is smaller than he number. For example

Int(2.4)=2, Int(6.9)=6 , Int(-5.7)=-6, Int(-99.8)=-100

*The Log Function

The Log function is the function that returns the natural logarithm of a number. For example,
Log(10)=2.302585.

*The Rnd( ) Function

The Rnd is very useful when we deal with the concept of chance and probability. The Rnd function
returns a random value between 0 and 1. Random numbers in their original form are not very useful
inprogramming until we convert them to integers.

*The Round Function

The Round function is the function that rounds up a number to a certain number of
decimal places. The Format is Round (n, m) which means to round a number n to m
decimal places. For example, Math.Round (7.2567, 2) =7.26

Example 6: how to use Round function.

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs)HandlesButton1.Click

Dim num1, num2 as single

num1=TextBox1.Text
num2=Math.Round(num1) Label1.Text = num2

End Sub

String functions

- The Mid Function

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Object Oriented Programming
 The Mid function is used to retrieve a part of text form a given phrase.
The format of the Mid Function is

Mid(phrase, position,n)

x=Mid(“newdesign”,3,2) , x=wd

- The Right Function

The Right function extracts the right portion of a phrase

Microsoft.Visualbasic.Right ("Visual Basic", 4) = asic

- The Left Function

The Left function extracts the left portion of a phrase. The format is

Microsoft.Visualbasic.Right ("Phrase", n)

Microsoft.Visualbasic.Left("Visual Basic", 4) = visu

- Len function

Length of the string example x=Len(“basic”) , x=5

- The Trim Function

The Trim function trims the empty spaces on both side of the phrase. The
format is

Trim (" Visual Basic ") = Visual basic

- The Ltrim Function, The Rtrim Function

Ltrim (" Visual Basic")= Visual basic, Rtrim ("Visual Basic ") =
Visual Basic

- The InStr function

Instr (n, original phase, embedded phrase)

22
Object Oriented Programming
 Where n is the position where the Instr function will begin to look forthe
embedded phrase. For Example:

Instr(1, "Visual Basic","Basic")=8

*The function returns a numeric value.

- The Ucase and the Lcase Functions

Microsoft.VisualBasic.Ucase("Visual Basic") =VISUAL

BASIC

Microsoft.VisualBasic.Lcase("Visual Basic") =visual basic

- The Chr and the Asc functions

Chr(65)=A, Chr(122)=z, Chr(37)=% ,

Asc("B")=66, Asc("&")=38

Procedure

Write a V.B program behave like a virtual dice. (make use of Rnd
and Int functions).

Discussion

Write a V.B program to explain how to use Now, Date, Time functions.

23
Object Oriented Programming
 Experiment No. (3) IF…..Then +

Loop Structures

Object

Allow the user to learn arrays and Visual Basic control structures such as
If ..... Then.... Else, Select ....Case, in addition to the loop structures such
as Do while ....Loop, For Next, etc.

Theory

Visual Basic supports control structures such as if... Then, if. Then
...Else, Select...Case, and Loop structures such as Do While. Loop,
For. Next etc method.

If. Then selection structure

The If. . Then selection structure performs an indicated action only when the condition
is True; otherwise the action is skipped.

Syntax of the If. Then selection

If <condition> Then
statement
End If

e.g.: If average>75 Then

txtGrade.Text = "A"
End If

If...Then. Else selection structure

The If...Then ....................................... Else selection structure allows the programmer to specify
that a different action is to be performed when the condition is True than
when the condition is False.

24
Object Oriented Programming
 Syntax of the If...Then...Else selection

If <condition > Then

statements
Else
statements
End If

E.x.:

If average>50 Then
txtGrade.Text = "Pass"
Else
txtGrade.Text = "Fail"
End If

Nested If...Then...Else selection structure

Nested If...Then...Else selection structures test for multiple cases by placing If...Then...Else selection
structures inside If...Then...Else structures.

Syntax of the Nested If...Then...Else selection structure

You can use Nested If either of the methods as shown below.

Method 1

If < condition 1 > Then

statements
ElseIf < condition 2 > Then
statements
ElseIf < condition 3 > Then
statements
Else
Statements
End If

Method 2

If < condition 1 > Then

statements
Else
If < condition 2 > Then

25
Object Oriented Programming
 statements
Else
If < condition 3 > Then
statements
Else
Statements
End If
End If
EndIf

EX: Assume you have to find the grade using nested if and display in atext box

If average > 75 Then

txtGrade.Text = "A"
ElseIf average > 65 Then
txtGrade.Text = "B"
ElseIf average > 55 Then
txtGrade.text = "C"
ElseIf average > 45 Then
txtGrade.Text = "S"
Else
txtGrade.Text = "F"
End If

Nested If Statements

It’s possible to nest an If statement inside another:

If intX = 3 Then
MessageBox.Show("intX = 3")
If intY = 6 Then
MessageBox.Show("intY = 6")
End If

End If

The Select Case...End Select Structure

Select Case is preferred when there exist multiple conditions becauseusing If...Then..ElseIf
statements will become too messy.

The format of the Select Case control structure is as follows:

26
Object Oriented Programming
 Select Case test expression

Case expression list 1

Block of one or more VB statements
Case expression list 2
Block of one or more VB Statements
Case expression list 3
Block of one or more VB statements
Case expression list 4
Case Else
Block of one or more VB Statements

End Select

The usage of Select Case is shown in the following examples:

Example1: in this example, you can use the keyword Is together with the
comparison operators.
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

'Examination Marks
Dim mark As Single
mark = mrk.Text
Select Case mark
Case Is >= 85
Label1.Text= "Excellence"
Case Is >= 70
Label2.Text= "Good"
Case Is >= 60
Label3.Text = "Above Average"
Case Is >= 50
Label4.Text= "Average"
Case Else
Label5.Text = "Need to work harder"
End Select
End Sub

Example1 can be rewritten as follows:

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e AsSystem.EventArgs)

Handles Button1.Click

'Examination Marks
Dim mark As Single

27
Object Oriented Programming
 mark = Textbox1.Text
Select Case mark
Case 0 to 49
Label1.Text = "Need to work harder"
Case 50 to 59
Label1.Text = "Average" s
Case 60 to 69
Label1.Text= "Above Average"
Case 70 to 84
Label1.Text = "Good"
Case 85 to 100
Label1.Text= "Excellence"
Case Else
Label1.Text= "Wrong entry, please reenter the mark"
End Select
End Sub

Example2: Grades in high school are usually presented with a single capital letter such as A, B, C,
D or E. The grades can be computed asfollow:

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

'Examination Marks

Dim mark As Single

mark = TextBox1.Text
Select Case mark
Case 0 To 49
Label1.Text = "E"
Case 50 To 59
Label1.Text = "D"
Case 60 To 69
Label1.Text = "C"
Case 70 To 79
Label1.Text = "B"
Case 80 To 100
Label1.Text = "A"
Case Else
Label1.Text = "Error, please reenter the mark"
End Select
End Sub

28
Object Oriented Programming
The output of example2 shown the following figure:

Figure (3.1)

Choose function

Selects and returns a value from a list of arguments.

*choose(parameter,val1,val2,val3……),parameter=10 this mean if parameter=5 then

will choose val5

X=choose(parameter,val1,val2,val3,val4,… ................ ,val5) if parameter=2

that mean x=val2

Example3: Explain how to use choose function.

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim x As Integer
x = Choose(Val(TextBox1.Text), 4, 6, 2, 7)
Label1.Text = x
End Sub
End Class

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Object Oriented Programming
 LOOPIN

Looping is required when we need to process something repetitively until a certain condition is met.
For example, we can design a program that adds a series of numbers until the sum exceeds a certain
value, or a program that asks the user to enter data repeatedly until he/she keys in the word 'Finish'. In
Visual Basic 2010, we have three types of Loops, they are the For.....Next loop, the Do loop. and the
While. End while loop.

For. Next Loop

The format is: For counter=startNumber to endNumber (Step increment)

One or more VB statements

Next
Example4: simple example that use for loop to get summation of numbers.

Dim counter , sum As Integer

For counter=1 to 100 step 10
sum+=counter
Next
Label1.text=sum
* The program will calculate the sum of the numbers as follows:
sum=0+10+20+30+40+......

Sometimes the user might want to get out from the loop before the whole repetitive process is executed;
the command to use is Exit For. To exit a For.....Next Loop, you can place the Exit For statement within
the loop; and it is normally used together with the If....Then.... statement. For its application, you can
refer to example

Dim n as Integer

For n=1 to 10
If n>6 then
Exit For
End If

30
Object Oriented Programming
 Else
n+=n
Next
End If
Next

The process will stop when n is greater than 6.

DO….LOOP
The formats of Do Loop are:

a) Do While condition

Block of one or more VB statements

Loop

b) Do

Block of one or more VB statements

Loop While condition

c) Do Until condition

Block of one or more VB statements

Loop

d) Do

Block of one or more VB statements

Loop Until condition

* Exiting the Loop

Sometime we need exit to exit a loop prematurely because of a certain condition is fulfilled. The syntax
to use is known as Exit Do. Let'sexamine the following examples:

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Object Oriented Programming
 Example5: Do Loop example explanation

Do while counter <=1000

TextBox1.Text=counter

counter +=1
Loop

* The above example will keep on adding until counter >1000.

The above example can be rewritten as:

Do
TextBox1.Text=counter

counter+=1

Loop until counter>1000

While ...End While Loop

The loop will end when the condition is met.

Example6: While…..end While explanation

Dim sum, n As Integer

While n <> 100
n += 1
sum = sum + n
End While

Example7: (For Loop +if) example to calculate the factorial of anynumber.

Figure (3.2)

32
Object Oriented Programming
 Dim y, z, r As Integer
y = 1 : z = Val(TextBox1.Text)
If z = 0 Then
y= y
Else
For r = z To 1 Step -1
y=y*r
Next r
End If
Label1.Text = y

Example8: (If-Then) example to implement the following equation:

Figure (3.3)
Y=x^2-3*x x>0 OR Y=2*x+x^3 x=0 OR Y=sqr(100+3*x) x<0

Dim x As Integer

Dim y As Single

x = Val(TextBox1.Text)

If x > 0 Then

y=x^2-3*x

ElseIf x = 0 Then

y=2*x+x^3

Else

y = Math.Sqrt(100+3*x)

End If

TextBox2.Text = y

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Object Oriented Programming
 ARRAYS

Declaring a procedure-level one-dimensional array

Syntax—Version 1
Dim arrayName(highestSubscript) As dataType

Syntax—Version 2
Dim arrayName() As dataType = {initialValues}

Example 9—Version 1’s syntax

Dim intNumbers(5) As Integer
declares and initializes (to 0) a six-element Integer array named intNumbers

Example 10—Version 2’s syntax

Dim strFriends() As String = {"Sue", "Bob", "John", "Mary"}

declares and initializes a four-element String array named strFriends

Array.Sort and Array.Reverse methods

Syntax
Array.Sort(arrayName)
Array.Reverse(arrayName)

Example 11
Dim intNums() As Integer = {1, 3, 10, 2, 4, 23}
Array.Sort(intNums)
sorts the values in the intNums array in ascending order as follows: 1, 2, 3, 4,
10, 23
Example 12
Dim intNums() As Integer = {1, 3, 10, 2, 4, 23}
Array.Reverse(intNums)
reverses the order of the values in the intNums array as follows: 23, 4, 2, 10, 3,
1

Example 13
Dim intNums() As Integer = {1, 3, 10, 2, 4, 23}
Array.Sort(intNums)
Array.Reverse(intNums)

Sorts the values in the intNums array in descending order as follows: 23,10, 4, 3, 2, 1.

34
Object Oriented Programming
 Example14: will store four names in a one-dimensional String array named
strFriends. It then will display the contents of the array in three label
controls named lblOriginal, lblAscending, and lblDescending. In the
lblOriginal control, the names will appear in the same order as in the array.
In the lblAscending and lblDescending controls, the names will appear in
ascending and descending order, respectively.

Private Sub btnDisplay_Click_1(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles btnDisplay.Click

' displays names in original, ascending,' and

descending order
Dim strFriends() As String =
{"Sue", "Bob", "John", "Mary"}
' clear label controls
lblOriginal.Text = String.Empty
lblAscending.Text = String.Empty
lblDescending.Text = String.Empty
' display array in original order
For intSub As Integer = 0 To strFriends.Length - 1
lblOriginal.Text = lblOriginal.Text &
strFriends(intSub) & ControlChars.NewLine
Next intSub
' display array in ascending order
Array.Sort(strFriends)
For intSub As Integer = 0 To strFriends.Length - 1
lblAscending.Text = lblAscending.Text &
strFriends(intSub) & ControlChars.NewLine
Next intSub
' display array in descending order
Array.Sort(strFriends)
Array.Reverse(strFriends)
For intSub As Integer = 0 To strFriends.Length - 1
lblDescending.Text = lblDescending.Text &
strFriends(intSub) & ControlChars.NewLine
Next intSub
End Sub

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Object Oriented Programming
 Figure (3.4)

DYNAMIC ARRAY

An array whose number of elements changes while an application is

running is referred to as a dynamic array. The ReDim statement allows you
to make an array either larger or smaller; however, in most cases you will
use it to increase the size of an array

Redim statementSyntax
ReDim [Preserve] arrayName(highestSubscript)

Example 15

Dim intNums() As Integer = {100, 120, 230}

ReDim Preserve intNums(4)

Result of Dim stateme nt:

Example 16
Dim intNums() As Integer = {100, 120, 230}
ReDim intNums(4)

36
Object Oriented Programming
 Result of ReDim statement:

100 0
120 0
230 0
0
0

Example 17
Dim intNums() As Integer = {100, 120, 230}
ReDim intNums(1)

Result of Dim statement

100 100
120 120
230

An EMPTY array is an array that contains no elements. You declare anempty array using an empty
set of braces, like this:

Dim decSales() As Decimal = {}

ReDim Preserve decSales(intSub)

TWO DIMENTIONAL ARRAY

A two-dimensional array, on the other hand, resembles a table in that thevariables (elements) are in
rows and columns

Declaring a two-dimensional array

Syntax—Version 1
{Dim | Private} arrayName(highestRowSubscript, highestColumnSubscript)
As datatype

Syntax—Version 2

{Dim|Private}arrayName(,) As dataType =
{{initialValues},…{initialValues}}

Example 18—Version 1’s syntax

Dim intScores(5, 3) As Integer

Declares and initializes (to 0) a procedure-level array named intScores;the array has six rows and
four columns

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Object Oriented Programming
 Example 19—Version 2’s syntax

Private strProducts(,) As String =

{{"AC34", "Shirt", "Red"},
{"BD12", "Coat", "Blue"},
{"CP14", "Blouse", "White"}}

Declares and initializes a class-level array named strProducts; the arrayhas three rows and three
columns.

Example20:assigns the number 0 to each element in the six-row, four-

column intNumbers array

Private intNumbers(5, 3) As Integer

For intRow As Integer = 0 To 5
For intColumn As Integer = 0 To 3
intNumbers(intRow, intColumn) = 0
Next intColumn
Next intRow

Procedure

Write VB program to count number of retired, young and new employees,

then print the results on the form. Note: enter the ages of the employees in
the text box and make the multiline property of the textbox true.

Discussion

1- Repeat example8 (if then) by using RND function to enter X values.

2- Write VB program to enter 10 materials for student and count
the number of excellent,verygood,good,middle,accept, and
weak degrees, also calculate the average and the level
according to this average then print the results on the
form.(hint:can use for loop with select case).

3- Repeat H.W2 but without specify (limit) the number of

materials(hint:make use of Redim statement and Len
function).

38
Object Oriented Programming
 Experiment No. (4) Form –
TextBox – Menus

Object
Allow the user to understand the properties, events and methods of form
and menus.

Theory
Forms
The terms form and window describe the same entity. A window is what
the user sees on the Desktop when the application is running. A form is the
same entity at design time. The proper term is Windows form. Forms have
a built-in functionality that is always available without any programming
effort on your part.
Minimize
Caption Title bar Maximize
or restore

Control close
menu icon

Control menu

39
Object Oriented Programming
 Figure (4.1)

Properties of the Form Object

AcceptButton, CancelButton
These two properties let you specify the default Accept and Cancel buttons. The Accept button is the
one that’s automatically activated when you press Enter (the OK caption), the Cancel button is the one
that’s automatically activated when you hit the Esc key.

AutoScroll
The AutoScroll property is a True/False value, will be automatically attached to the form if the form is
resized to a point that not all its controls are visible.

AutoScrollPosition
This property is available from within your code only, and it indicates the number of pixels that the
form was scrolled up or down. Its initial value is zero, and it takes on a value when the user scrolls the
form (provided that the AutoScroll property is True). Use this property to find out the visible controls
from within your code or to scroll the form from within your application’s code to bring a specific
control into view.

FormBorderStyle
The FormBorderStyle property determines the style of the form’s border.

MinimizeBox, MaximizeBox
These two properties, which specify whether the Minimize and Maximizebuttons will appear

MinimumSize, MaximumSize
These two properties read or set the minimum and maximum size of aform

KeyPreview
This property enables the form to capture all keystrokes before they’re passed to the control that has
the focus. Some forms perform certain actions when you hit a specific key (the F5 key for refreshing
the form being a very common example, To handle a specific keystroke at the

40
Object Oriented Programming
 form’s level, set the form’s KeyPreview property to True and insert the
appropriate code in the form’s KeyDown or KeyUp event handler, The
same keystrokes are then passed to the control with the focus, unless you
kill the keystroke by setting its SuppressKeystroke property to True when
you process it on the form’s level.

Example1:
If Char.IsLetterOrDigit(e.KeyChar) Then
Select Case UCase(e.KeyChar)
Case "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "0"
TextBox1.SelectedText = e.KeyChar
Case "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"
TextBox1.SelectedText = UCase(e.KeyChar)
End Select
e.Handled = True
End If

Handling Keystrokes
Although the Tab key is the Windows method of moving to the next control
on the form, most users will find it more convenient to use the Enter key
for that purpose. The Enter key is the most important one onthe keyboard.
When the user presses Enter in a single-line TextBox, for example, the
obvious action is to move the focus to the following control. I included a
few statements in the KeyDown event handlers of the TextBox controls to
move the focus to the following one:

Private Sub txtAddress1_KeyDown(…) Handles txtAddress1.KeyDown

If e.KeyData = Keys.Enter Then
e.SuppressKeyPress = True
txtAddress2.Focus()
End If
End Sub

Processing Keys from within Your Code

The code shown in the preceding KeyDown event handler will work, but
you must repeat it for every TextBox control on the form. A more
convenient approach is to capture the Enter keystroke in the form’s
KeyDown event handler and process it for all TextBox controls. First,
you must figure out whether the control with the focus is a TextBox control.
The property Me.ActiveControl returns a reference to the control with the
focus.

If Me.ActiveControl.GetType Is GetType(TextBox) Then

41
Object Oriented Programming
 ’ process the Enter key
End If
Once you can figure out the active control’s type, you need a method of simulating the
Tab keystroke from within your code so you don’t have to code every TextBox control’s
KeyDown event. An interesting method of the Form object is the ProcessTabKey
method, which imitates the Tab keystroke. Calling the ProcessTabKey method is
equivalent to pressing the Tab key from within your code. The method accepts a
True/False value as an argument, which indicates whether itwill move the focus to
the next control in the tab order (if True) or to the previous control in the tab order. Start
by setting the form’s KeyPreview property to True and then insert the following
statements in the form’s KeyDown event handler:

If e.KeyCode = Keys.Enter Then

If Me.ActiveControl.GetType Is GetType(TextBox) Then
e.SuppressKeyPress = True
If e.Shift Then
Me.ProcessTabKey(False)
Else
Me.ProcessTabKey(True)
End If
End If
End If

StartPosition, Location
The StartPosition property, which determines the initial position of the form when it’s first displayed

TopMost
This property is a True/False setting that lets you specify whether theform will remain on top of
all other forms in your application

Form Events

The Activated and Deactivate Events

When more than one form is displayed, the user can switch from one to the other by using the mouse
or by pressing Alt+Tab. Each time a form is activated, the Activated event takes place. Likewise, when a
form is activated, the previously active form receives the Deactivate event. Insert the code you want to
execute when a form is activated

The FormClosing and FormClosed Events

The FormClosing event is fired when the user closes the form by clickingits Close button. For example,
you might display a warning if the user hasunsaved data, you might have to update a database, and so
on.

42
Object Oriented Programming
 The Resize, ResizeBegin, and ResizeEnd Events: the Resize event is fired
every time the user resizes the form by using the mouse.

The Scroll Event

The Scroll event is fired by forms that have the AutoScroll property set to True when the user scrolls
the form.

The Paint Event

This event takes place every time the form must be refreshed, and we use its handler to execute code
for any custom drawing on the form. When you switch to another form that partially or totally
overlaps the currentone and then switch back to the first form, the Paint event will be fired to notify
your application that it must redraw the form.

Loading and Showing Forms

Most practical applications are made up of multiple forms and dialog boxes. you might want to
maintain two forms open at once and let theuser switch between them. A text editor and its Find
&Replace dialog boxis a typical example. To show Form2 when an action takes place on Form1, call the
Show method of the auxiliary form:
Form2.Show

A dialog box is simply a modal form. When you display forms as dialog boxes, change the border of the
forms to the setting FixedDialog and invoke them with the ShowDialog method. Modeless forms are
more difficult to program because the user may switch among them at any time. Moreover, the two
forms that are open at once must interact with one another. When the user acts on one of the forms, it
might necessitate changes in the other, and you’ll see shortly how this is done. If the two active forms
don’t need to interact, display one of them as a dialog box.
When you’re finished with the second form, you can either close it by
calling its Close method or hide it by calling its Hide method. The Close
method closes the form, and its resources are returned to the system. The
Hide method sets the form’s Visible property to False; you can still access
a hidden form’s controls from within your code, but the user can’t interact
with it.

The Startup Form

43
Object Oriented Programming
 A typical application has more than a single form. When an application
starts, the main form is loaded. You can control which form is initially
loaded by setting the startup object in the project Properties window. To
open this dialog box, right-click the project’s name in the Solution Explorer
and select Properties. In the project’s Properties pages, switch to the
Application tab and select the appropriate item in the Startup Form combo
box. By default, the IDE suggests the name of the first form it created,
which is Form1.

Sharing Variables between Forms

Variables are declared in the form’s declarations section, outside any procedure, with
the keyword Public
Public NumPoints As Integer
Public DataValues(100) As Double
To access a public variable declared in Form1 from within another form’s
code
Form1.NumPoints = 99
Form1.DataValues(0) = 0.339502
Form1.TextBox1.Text

The controls on a form can be accessed by the code in another form because the default value of the
Modifiers property of the controls on a form is Friend, which means that all components in a solution
can access them. Other settings of the Modifiers property are Public (any applicationcan access the
control) and Private (the control is private to the form to which it belongs and cannot be accessed from
code outside its own form).

Form2.TextBox1.Text = "some text"

Form2.Show()

The TextBox Control

The TextBox control is the primary mechanism for displaying and
entering text.

Basic Properties

MultiLine
This property determines whether the TextBox control will hold a singleline or multiple lines of text.

MaxLength

44
Object Oriented Programming
This property determines the number of characters that the TextBoxcontrol will accept.

ScrollBars
This property lets you specify the scroll bars

CharacterCasing
This property tells the control to change the casing of the characters

PasswordChar
Hides text with single char.

ReadOnly, Locked
If you want to display text on a TextBox control but prevent users from editing it (such as for an
agreement or a contract they must read, software installation instructions, and so on), you can set the
ReadOnly property toTrue.

Text
The most important property, which holds the control’s text.

Text-Selection Properties
The TextBox control provides three properties for manipulating the text selected by the
user:

SelectedText, SelectionStart, and SelectionLength. Users can select a range of text

with a
click-and-drag operation and the selected text will appear in reverse color

SelectedText
This property returns the selected text
SelectionStart, SelectionLength
The SelectionStart property returns or sets the position of the first character of the
selected text
The SelectionLength property returns or sets the length of the selected text.

e.g. text=EXAMPLE , text name=textbox1

Dim x As String
TextBox1.SelectionStart = 2
TextBox1.SelectionLength = 3

45
Object Oriented Programming
 x = TextBox1.SelectedText
MsgBox(x)

TAG (hidden text with in text box).

Events

*change (triggered every time the text property changes)

*lostfocus (triggered when user leaves the text box).

*keypress (triggered when key is pressed)

Methods

*setfocus (place the cursor in a specified text box , give it the focus).

e.g. txt.setfocus (this will move cursor to the box named txt).

Example2 to explain how to dealing with password programs by using the textbox
properties

Also explain how to make use of forms events when using more than one form in
your project First form1 to enter valid password, then second form2 is (MODAL Form)
to enter two numbers to add them and show the result in the third form3 by using
CLICK event of the form3 and if user forget to click on the form and decide to close
form3, then we shall make use of event CLOSE of form3 to remember user to before
(he/she) leaving.

Figure 4.2

Here is the code for the command button:

46
Object Oriented Programming
 Dim pasword As String
If TextBox1.Text = "" Then
MsgBox("please enter the password")
Else
TextBox1.SelectionStart = 0
TextBox1.SelectionLength = 7
pasword = TextBox1.SelectedText
TextBox1.Tag = "example"
If pasword = TextBox1.Tag Then
MsgBox("true password")
Form2.ShowDialog()
Else
MsgBox("invalid password")
End If
End If

And another code for the change event of the textbox control.

TextBox1.PasswordChar = "*"

Figure 4.3

Here is the code for command button for form2:

If TextBox1.Text <> "" And TextBox2.Text <> "" Then

Form3.Show()
End If

Figure (4.4)

The code for CLICK event of form3, and CLOSE event of form3:

47
Object Oriented Programming
 Private Sub Form3_Click
Me.TextBox1.Text = Val(Form2.TextBox1.Text) +
Val(Form2.TextBox2.Text)
End Sub

Private Sub Form3_FormClosing

If TextBox1.Text = "" Then
MsgBox("remember that you don't get the result")
End If

The Menu Editor

Menus can be attached only to forms, and they’re implemented through the MenuStrip
control which contain ToolStripMenuItem objects. You can design menus visually and
then program their Click event handlers. Double-click the MenuStrip icon in the
Toolbox, then you can create any menu you want such as (FILE, EDIT, FORMAT….).

Figure (4.5)

Can change or set any property of menustrip or any of menuitems by the properties window. NOTE:
The most convenient method of editing a menu is to use the Items Collection Editor window (you can
set all the properties of each menu item in the dialog box without having to switchto the Properties
window). Right click on menustrip then choose Edit Items…. , finally the Items Collection Editor window
will opened.

Right click on menustrip then choose Insert Standard Items will add the menus(File,
Edit, Tools, Help) in your form.

The ToolStripMenuItem Properties

48
Object Oriented Programming
 Enabled Some menu commands aren’t always available. The Paste
command, for example, has no meaning if the Clipboard is empty (or if it
contains data that can’t be pasted in the current application).

Programming Menu Commands

When a menu item is selected by the user, it triggers a Click event. TheExit command’s code would
be something like the following:
Sub menuExit(…) Handles menuExit.Click
End
End Sub
If you need to execute any cleanup code before the application ends, place it in
the
CleanUp() subroutine and call this subroutine from within the Exit item’s
Click event handler:
Sub menuExit(…) Handles menuExit.Click
CleanUp()
End
End Sub

NOTE: The same subroutine must also be called from within the FormClosing event handler of the
application’s main form because some users might terminate the application by clicking the form’s Close
button.

DropDownOpened event
(In effect, when the user clicks a menu item that leads to a submenu). Edit menu of just about any
application contains the ubiquitous Cut/Copy/Paste commands. These commands are not meaningful
at all times. If the Clipboard doesn’t contain text, the Paste command should be disabled. If no text is
selected, the Copy and Cut commands should also be disabled. Here’s how you could change the status
of the Paste command from within the DropDownOpened event handler of the Edit menu:

If My.Computer.Clipboard.ContainsText Then
PasteToolStripMenuItem.Enabled = True
Else
PasteToolStripMenuItem.Enabled = false
End If
Likewise, to change the status of the Cut and Copy commands, use the
following statements
in the DropDownOpened event of the ToolStripMenuItem that represents the
Edit menu:

49
Object Oriented Programming
 If txtEditor.SelectedText.Trim.Length > 0 Then
CopyToolStripMenuItem.Enabled = True
CutToolStripMenuItem.Enabled = True
Else
CopyToolStripMenuItem.Enabled = False
CutToolStripMenuItem.Enabled = False
End If
Access Keys
Access keys allow the user to open a menu by pressing the Alt key and a letter key (for example: Alt+E
to open Edit menu). To assign an access key to a menu item, insert the ampersand symbol (&)in front
of the character you want to use as an access key in the ToolStripMenuItem’s Text property.

Creating Context Menus

Nearly every Windows application provides a context menu that the user
can invoke by right-clicking a form or a control. (It’s sometimes called a
shortcut menu or pop-up menu.) This is a regular menu, but it’s not
anchored on the form. It can be displayed anywhere on the form or on
specific controls. Different controls can have different context menus,
depending on the operations you can perform on them at the time.To create
a context menu, place a ContextMenuStrip control on your form. The new
context menu will appear on the form just like a regular menu, but it won’t
be displayed there at runtime. You can create as manycontext menus as
you need by placing multiple instances of the ContextMenuStrip control
on your form and adding the appropriate commands to each one. To
associate a context menu with a control on your form, set the ContextMenu
property for that control to the name of the corresponding context menu.

Procedure

Repeat the above (example2) but with different FORM3 EVENTS. And
add more mathematics operations.

Discussion

1- WriteV.B.NET program to implement the following menus

(GENERAL_OPERATIONS_CircleArea and CircleParameter), EXIT_Close.

50
Object Oriented Programming
 2- Write V.B.NET program to implement Password login that give user three trials to
enter right password, otherwise the program ended.

Hint: use Tag and Passwordchar properties of TextBox control. And static
variable to count the user trials.

Figure (4.6)

51
Object Oriented Programming
 Experiment No. (5)

MessageBox – InputBox - DialogueBox

Object

To explain how the user can communicate with an application during the
run time by using MessageBox – InputBox – DialogueBox.

Theory

MessageBox
At times, an application may need to communicate with the user during
runtime; one means of doing this is through a message box. MessageBox
is one of those dialog boxes that you will use often as a developer.

MsgBox ( Prompt [,icons+buttons+default button+modality ] [,title ] )

Table (5.1)

Table (5.2)

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Object Oriented Programming
 Which button is default mean which one be active with pressing enterkey.

Table (5.3)

Modality:either application modal=0 VbApplicationModal,or system

modal=4096 VbSystemModal.

NOTE: you can use MSGBOX method or MessageBox.Show method.

The MessageBox.Show Method

You can display a messagebox using the MessageBox.Show method.Syntax

MessageBox.Show(text, caption, buttons, icon[, defaultButton])
NOTE:You can specify the Show method in several ways; the morecommon syntaxes are
shown in the following list:
➤ MessageBox.Show(message text)
➤ MessageBox.Show(message text, caption)
➤ MessageBox.Show(message text, caption, buttons)
➤ MessageBox.Show(message text, caption, buttons, icon)
➤ MessageBox.Show(message text, caption, buttons, icon, default button)

Argument Meaning
text text to display in the message box; use sentence capitalization
caption text to display in the message box’s title bar; use book title
capitalization
buttons: buttons to display in the message box; can be one of thefollowing
constants:

MessageBoxButtons.AbortRetryIgnore

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Object Oriented Programming
 MessageBoxButtons.OK (default setting)
MessageBoxButtons.OKCancel
MessageBoxButtons.RetryCancel
MessageBoxButtons.YesNo
MessageBoxButtons.YesNoCancel

icon icon to display in the message box; typically, one of the following
constants:
MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation

MessageBoxIcon.Information

MessageBoxIcon.Question

MessageBoxIcon.Stop

defaultButton button automatically selected when the user presses Enter;can be one of the following
constants:

MessageBoxDefaultButton.Button1 (default setting)

MessageBoxDefaultButton.Button2
MessageBoxDefaultButton.Button3

Example 1
MessageBox.Show("Record deleted.", "Payroll",
MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information)
Displays an information message box that contains the message “Recorddeleted.”

Figure (5.1)

Example 2
MessageBox.Show("Delete this record?", "Payroll",

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Object Oriented Programming
 MessageBoxButtons.YesNo, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation,
MessageBoxDefaultButton.Button2)

Displays a warning message box that contains the message “Delete this record?”

MessageBox.Show method’s return values

Integer DialogResult value Meaning

1 DialogResult.OK user chose the OK
button
2 DialogResult.Cancel user chose the Cancel
button
3 DialogResult.Abort user chose the Abort
button
4 DialogResult.Retry user chose the Retry
button
5 DialogResult.Ignore user chose the Ignore
button
6 DialogResult.Yes user chose the Yes
button
7 DialogResult.No user chose the No
button

Example 3
Dim dlgButton As DialogResult
dlgButton =MessageBox.Show("Delete this record?", "Payroll",
MessageBoxButtons.YesNo, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation,
MessageBoxDefaultButton.Button2)
If dlgButton = DialogResult.Yes Then
instructions to delete the record
End If

Example4: this is a simple example(using MsgBox method) to explain thereturn value(integer) of the
VbOkCancel message box which will return number 1 if the user click ok button, if user click cancel the
returned value is 2.

55
Object Oriented Programming
 Figure (5.2)

Dim r As Integer
r = MsgBox("this is new example", vbOKCancel + vbInformation +
vbDefaultButton1 + _
vbApplicationModal, "message title")
MsgBox(r)

The same example:

Dim r As Integer
r = MsgBox("this is new example", 1 + 64 + 256 + _
0, "message title")
MsgBox(r)

Displaying Dialog Boxes

Visual Basic 2010 provides several built-in dialog boxes that help you provide a rich user interface in
your front-end applications. These dialog boxes provide the same common user interface that is found
in most Windows applications.

➤ Creating an Open dialog box that enables you to open files

➤ Creating a Save dialog box that enables you to save files
➤ Creating a Font dialog box that enables you to apply the selected font to
text
➤ Creating a Color dialog box that enables you to define and select custom
colors
➤ Creating a Print dialog box that prints text from your application
➤ Creating a Browse dialog box that enables you to browse for folders

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Object Oriented Programming
 THE OPENFILEDIALOG CONTROL
Many Windows applications process data from files, so you need an interface to select files to open and
save. The .NET Framework provides the OpenFileDialog and SaveFileDialog classes to do just that. You
can use OpenFileDialog as a .NET class by declaring a variable of that type in your code and modifying
its properties in code without dragging a controlonto the Forms Designer., or as a control by dragging
the control from theToolbox onto the form at design time.
Example: Public Class Dialogs
Common OpenFileDialog Control Properties

Table (5.4)
PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
AddExtension Indicates whether an extension is automatically added to a
filename if
the user omits the extension. This is mainly used in the

SaveFileDialog, described in the next section.

AutoUpgradeEnabled Indicates whether this dialog should automatically upgrade its

appearance and behavior when running on different versions
of Windows. When false, it will appear with XP styles.
CheckFileExists Indicates whether the dialog box displays a warning if the user
specifies a
filename that does not exist.
CheckPathExists Indicates whether the dialog box displays a warning if the user
specifies
path that does not exist.
DefaultExt Indicates the default filename extension.
DereferenceLinks . Indicates whether the dialog returns the location of the file
referenced by
the Used with shortcuts shortcut (True) or whether it returns
only the
location of the shortcut itself (False).

FileName Indicates the path and filename of the selected file in the
dialog box.
FileNames Indicates the path and filenames of all selected files in the
dialog box.
Thisis a read-only property.
Filter Indicates the current filename filter string, which determines
the options
that appear in the Files of Type: combo box in the dialog

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Object Oriented Programming
 FilterIndex Indicates the index of the filter currently selected in the
dialog box.
InitialDirectory Indicates the initial directory displayed in the dialog box.
Multiselect Indicates whether the dialog box allows multiple files to be
selected.
ReadOnlyChecked Indicates whether the read-only check box is selected.
SafeFileName Indicates the filename of the selected file in the dialog box.

OpenFileDialog Methods
➤ OpenFile opens the file selected by the user with read-only
permission. The file is specified by the FileName property.
➤ Reset resets all properties of the Open dialog box to their
default values.
➤ ShowDialog shows the dialog box.

Example5: put this code in command button , also put openfiledialoge

control and textbox on the form, then run it.
'Set the Open dialog properties
Dim strFileName As String
With OpenFileDialog1
.Filter = "Text Documents (*.txt)|*.txt|All Files (*.*)|*.*"
.FilterIndex = 1
.Title = "Demo Open File Dialog"
End With
'Show the Open dialog and if the user clicks the Open button,
'load the file
If OpenFileDialog1.ShowDialog = Windows.Forms.DialogResult.OK
Then

strFileName = OpenFileDialog1.FileName
TextBox1.Text = strFileName
End If

THE SAVEDIALOG CONTROL

Now that you can open a file with the OpenFileDialog control, take alook at the SaveFileDialog
control so that you can save a file. Like the OpenFileDialog, the SaveFileDialog can be used as a control
or a class without dragging a control onto the Forms Designer.. Example: Public Class Dialogs

Common SaveFileDialog Control Properties

Table (5.5)

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Object Oriented Programming
PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
AddExtension Indicates whether an extension is automatically added to a
filename if the
user omits the extension
AutoUpgradeEnabled Indicates whether this dialog box should automatically upgrade
its
Appearance behavior when running on different versions of
Windows.
When false, it will appear with XP styles.
CheckFileExists Indicates whether the dialog box displays a warning if the user
specifies a
filename that does not exist. This is useful when you want the
user to save a
file to an existing name.
CheckPathExists Indicates whether the dialog box displays a warning if the user
specifies a
path that does not exist.
CreatePrompt Indicates whether the dialog box prompts the user for permission
to create
a file if the user specifies a file that does not exist.
DefaultExt Indicates the default file extension
DereferenceLinks Indicates whether the dialog box returns the location of the file
referenced
by the shortcut or whether it returns the location of the shortcut
itself.
FileName Indicates the filename of the selected file in the dialog box. This
is a
readonly property.
FileNames Indicates the filenames of all selected files in the dialog box.
This is a
readonly property that is returned as a string array.
Filter Indicates the current filename filter string, which determines the
options
that appear in the Files of Type: combo box in the dialog box.
FilterIndex Indicates the index of the filter currently selected in the dialog
box
InitialDirectory Indicates the initial directory displayed in the dialog box
OverwritePrompt Indicates whether the dialog box displays a warning if the user
specifies a
filename that already exists.
ShowHelp Indicates whether the Help button is displayed in the dialog box
SupportMultiDotted
Extensions Indicates whether the dialog box supports displaying and saving
files that
have multiple filename extensions
Title Indicates the title that is displayed in the title bar of the dialog
box

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Object Oriented Programming
 ValidateNames Indicates whether the dialog box should accept only valid
Win32 filenames

SaveFileDialog Methods

The SaveFileDialog control exposes the same methods as the OpenFileDialog.

Example6: put this code in command button

‘Set the Save dialog properties
With SaveFileDialog1
.DefaultExt = "txt"
.FileName = strFileName
.Filter = "Text Documents (*.txt)|*.txt|All Files (*.*)|*.*"
.FilterIndex = 1
.OverwritePrompt = True
.Title = "Demo Save File Dialog"
End With
‘Show the Save dialog and if the user clicks the Save button,
‘save the file
If SaveFileDialog1.ShowDialog = Windows.Forms.DialogResult.OK Then
‘Save the file path and name
strFileName = SaveFileDialog1.FileName
msgbox(strFileName)
End If

THE FONT DIALOG CONTROL

Sometimes you may need to write an application that allows users to
choose the font in which they want their data to be displayed or entered.
can be used as a control or a class without dragging a control onto the
Forms.

Common FontDialog Control Properties

Table (5.6)

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
AllowScriptChange Indicates whether the user can change the character set specified
in the Script drop-down box to display a character set
other than the one currently displayed
Color Indicates the selected font color
Font Indicates the selected font
FontMustExist Indicates whether the dialog box specifies an error condition

60
Object Oriented Programming
 if theuser attempts to enter a font or style that does not exist
MaxSize Indicates the maximum size (in points) a user can select
MinSize Indicates the minimum size (in points) a user can select
ShowApply Indicates whether the dialog box contains an Apply button
ShowColor Indicates whether the dialog box displays the color choice
ShowEffects Indicates whether the dialog box contains controls that
allow the user to specify strikethrough, underline,
and text color options
ShowHelp Indicates whether the dialog box displays a Help button

E.X.:
FontDialog1.ShowDialog()
FontDialog1.ShowColor = True
FontDialog1.ShowDialog()

Example7: to change font of string placed in textbox

‘Set the Font dialog properties

FontDialog1.ShowColor = True
‘Show the Font dialog and if the user clicks the OK button,
‘update the font and color in the text box
If FontDialog1.ShowDialog = Windows.Forms.DialogResult.OK Then
txtFile.Font = FontDialog1.Font
txtFile.ForeColor = FontDialog1.Color
End If

THE COLORDIALOG CONTROL

Sometimes you may need to allow users to customize the colors on their form. This may be the color of
the form itself, a control, or text in a text box. can be used as a control or a class without dragging a
control ontothe Forms.

Common ColorDialog Control Properties

Table (5.7)

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
AllowFullOpen Indicates whether users can use the dialog box to define custom
colors
AnyColor Indicates whether the dialog box displays all available colors in
the set of
basic colors
Color Indicates the color selected by the user
CustomColors Indicates the set of custom colors shown in the dialog box

61
Object Oriented Programming
 FullOpen Indicates whether the controls used to create custom colors are
visible when the dialog box is opened

Example8: update the form background color

‘Show the Color dialog and if the user clicks the OK button,
‘update the background color of the form
If ColorDialog1.ShowDialog = Windows.Forms.DialogResult.OK Then
Me.BackColor = ColorDialog1.Color
End If

THE PRINTDIALOG CONTROL

Any application worth its salt will incorporate some kind of printing capabilities, whether it is basic
printing or more sophisticated printing, such as allowing a user to print only selected text or a range of
pages.

Common PrintDialog Control Properties

Table 5.8
PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
AllowCurrentPage Indicates whether the Current Page option button is
enabled
AllowPrintToFi Indicates whether the Print to File check box is enabled
AllowSelection Indicates whether the Selection option button is
enabled
AllowSomePages Indicates whether the Pages option button is enabled
Document Indicates the print document used to obtain the printer
settings
PrinterSettings Indicates the printer settings that the dialog box will be
modifying
PrintToFile Indicates whether the Print to File check box is
checked
ShowHelp Indicates whether the Help button is displayed
ShowNetwork Indicates whether the Network button is displayed

THE FOLDERBROWSERDIALOG CONTROL

Occasionally, you’ll need to allow your users to select a folder instead of a file. Perhaps
your application performs backups, or perhaps you need a folder to save temporary
files. The FolderBrowserDialog control displays the Browse For Folder dialog box,
which enables users to select a folder.( can also be used as a class declared in code).

Common FolderBrowserDialog Control Properties

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Object Oriented Programming
 Table 5.9
PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
Description Provides a descriptive message in the dialog box.
RootFold Indicates the root folder from which the dialog box
should start browsing.
SelectedPath Indicates the folder selected by the user.
ShowNewFolderButton Indicates whether the Make New Folder button is
shown in the dialog box

Example 9:
Private Sub btnBrowse_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnBrowse.Click
‘Set the FolderBrowser dialog properties
With FolderBrowserDialog1
.Description = "Select a backup folder"
.RootFolder = Environment.SpecialFolder.MyComputer
.ShowNewFolderButton = False
End With
‘Show the FolderBrowser dialog and if the user clicks the
‘OK button, display the selected folder
If FolderBrowserDialog1.ShowDialog = Windows.Forms.DialogResult.OK
Then
txtFile.Text = FolderBrowserDialog1.SelectedPath
End If
End Sub

The InputBox Function

The input dialog box contains a message, an OK button, a Cancel button, and an input area where the
user can enter information. The message in the dialog box should prompt the user to enter the
appropriate information in the input area. The user closes the dialog box by clicking the OK button,
Cancel button, or Close button. The value returned by the InputBox function depends on the button the
user chooses. If the user clicks the OK button, the InputBox function returns the value containedin
the input area of the dialog box; the return value is always treated as a string. If the user clicks either
the Cancel button in the dialog box or the Close button on the dialog box’s title bar, the InputBox
function returns an empty string. The empty string is represented by the String.Empty constant in
Visual Basic.

InputBox Function
Syntax

63
Object Oriented Programming
 InputBox(prompt[, title][, defaultResponse])

Example10
strName = InputBox("First name:", "Name Entry")
Displays an input dialog box that shows First name: as the prompt, Name Entry in the title bar, and an
empty input area. When the user closes the dialog box, the assignment statementassigns the user’s
response to aString variable named strName.

Example11
strState = InputBox("State name:", "State", "Alaska")
Displays an input dialog box that shows State name: as the prompt, State in the title bar, and Alaska in
the input area. When the user closes the dialog box, the assignment statement
assigns the user’s response to a String variable named strState.
Example12
Const strPROMPT As String =
"Enter a sales amount. Click Cancel to end."

Const strTITLE As String = "Sales Entry"

strInputSales = InputBox(strPROMPT, strTITLE, "0.00")

Displays the input dialog box shown in Figures below.When the user closes the dialog box, the
assignment statement assigns the user’s response to a String variable namedstrInputSales.

Example13

Integer.TryParse(InputBox("How old are you?",

"Discount Verification"), intAge)

NOTE: can use Val instead of TryParse.

intAge=Val(InputBox("How old are you?","Discount Verification"))

Displays an input dialog box that shows How old are you? as the prompt,
Discount Verification in the title bar, and an empty input area. When the
user closes the dialog box, the TryParse method converts the user’s
response from String to Integer and then stores the result in anInteger
variable named intAge.

Procedure

64
Object Oriented Programming
 Write AV.B program to keep track of the number of sales amountsentered
by the sales manager, uses the accumulator variable to total the sales
amounts entered by the user

Discussion

1- Repeat question (2) in discussion of Experement (4). Hint:make use

of msgbox returnd buttons value, if wrong user must click on vbretry button to
renter password, Also use static variable to count the number of user trails.

2- Give the summation of array items. Using inputbox to enter the

number of items to be added and to enter the items itself, then put
the result in textbox.

65
Object Oriented Programming
 Experiment No. (6)

Checkbox, RadioButton(Option button),

Frames(Groupbox), ListBox, CheckedListBox,ComboBox,
ScrollBars and TrachBar

Object

Allow the user to select one or more items from a list of items.

Theory

Checkbox :It allows the user to select one or more items by checking thecheckbox/checkboxes concerned.

Example1: In this example, the user can enter text into a textbox and format
the font using the three checkboxes that represent bold, italic and underline.

Figure (6.1)

66
Object Oriented Programming
 The code is as follow:

Private Sub CheckBox1_CheckedChanged(ByVal sender As System.Object,

ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles CheckBox1.CheckedChanged
If CheckBox1.Checked Then
TextBox1.Font = New Font(TextBox1.Font, TextBox1.Font.Style Or
FontStyle.Bold)
Else
TextBox1.Font = New Font(TextBox1.Font, TextBox1.Font.Style And Not
FontStyle.Bold)
End If
End Sub

Private Sub CheckBox2_CheckedChanged(ByVal sender As System.Object,

ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles CheckBox2.CheckedChanged
If CheckBox2.Checked Then
TextBox1.Font = New Font(TextBox1.Font, TextBox1.Font.Style Or
FontStyle.Italic)
Else
TextBox1.Font = New Font(TextBox1.Font, TextBox1.Font.Style And Not
FontStyle.Italic)
End If
End Sub

Private Sub CheckBox3_CheckedChanged(ByVal sender As System.Object,

ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles CheckBox3.CheckedChanged
If CheckBox2.Checked Then
TextBox1.Font = New Font(TextBox1.Font, TextBox1.Font.Style Or
FontStyle.Underline)
Else
TextBox1.Font = New Font(TextBox1.Font, TextBox1.Font.Style And Not
FontStyle.Underline)

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Object Oriented Programming
 End If
End Sub

* The above program uses the CheckedChanged event to respond to the user selection
by checking a particular checkbox, it is similar to the click event.

Radio Button

it operates differently from the check boxes. While the checkboxes work independently and allows the
user to select one or more items , radio buttons are mutually exclusive, which means the user can only
choose one item only out of a number of choices.

Example 2: Here is an example which allows the user to select one color
only.

Figure (6.2)

The Code: Dim strColor As String

Private Sub RadioButton1_CheckedChanged(ByVal sender As System.Object,

ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles RadioButton1.CheckedChanged
strColor = "Red"
End Sub

Private Sub RadioButton2_CheckedChanged(ByVal sender As System.Object,

ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles RadioButton2.CheckedChanged
strColor = "Green"

68
Object Oriented Programming
 End Sub

Private Sub RadioYellow_CheckedChanged(ByVal sender As System.Object,

ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles RadioYellow.CheckedChanged
strColor = "Yellow"
End Sub

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Label2.Text = strColor
End Sub

Although the user may only select one item at a time, he may make more than one selection if those
items belong to different categories. For example, the user wish to choose T-shirt size and color, he
needs to select one color and one size, which means one selection in each category. This is easily
achieved in VB2010 by using the Groupbox control under the containers categories. After inserting the
Groupbox into the form, you canproceed to insert the radio buttons into the Groupbox. Only the radio
buttons inside the Groupbox are mutually exclusive, they are not mutually exclusive with the radio
buttons outside the Groupbox.

NOTE: The GroupBox tool is located in the Containers section of the toolbox, because a
group box serves as a container for other controls. You can use a group box to visually separate
related controls from other controls on the form.

The ListBox, CheckedListBox, and ComboBox Controls

The ListBox, CheckedListBox, and ComboBox controls present lists of choices from which the user can
select one or more of the items. The ListBox displays a list of choices from which the user can select
zero choices, one choice, or multiple choices. Th e number of choices the user can select is controlled
by the list box’s SelectionMode property. The default value for the property is One, which allows the
user to select only one choice at a time.

The CheckedListBox control is a variation of the ListBox control. It’s

identical to the List- Box control, but a check box appears in front of each
item. The user can select any number of items by checking or clearing the
boxes. As you know, you can also select multiple items from a ListBox
control by pressing the Shift or Ctrl key. The ComboBox control also
contains multiple items but typically occupies less space on the screen.

69
Object Oriented Programming
 Note: the user can enter new item in the ComboBox, but in listbox user can’t enter new item.

Basic Properties

In the following sections, you’ll find the properties that determine the functionality of the List-Box,
CheckedListBox, and ComboBox controls.These properties are usually set at design time,but you can
change the settings from within your application’s code.

IntegralHeight

This property can be set to a True/False value that indicates whether thecontrol’s height will be
adjusted to avoid the partial display of the last item.

Items
The Items property is a collection that holds the list items for the control.

SelectionMode
This property, which applies to the ListBox and CheckedListBox controls only, determines how the user
can select the list’s items., The possible values of this property

Table 6.1
Value Description

None No selection at all is allowed.

One (Default) Only a single item can be selected.

MultiSimple Simple multiple selection: A mouse click (or pressing the

spacebar) selects or

deselects an item in the list. You must click all the items you want
to select.

MultiExtended Extended multiple selection: Press Shift and click the mouse (or
press one of

the arrow keys) to select multiple contiguous items. This process

highlights

70
Object Oriented Programming
 all the items between the previously selected item and the current
selection.

Press Ctrl and click the mouse to select or deselect multiple single Items in the list.

Text

The Text property returns the selected text on the control.

Sorted property

True, the item is sorted along with the existing items and then placed inits proper position in the
list.

Manipulating the Items Collection

To manipulate a ListBox control from within your application, youshould be able to do the
following:

◆ Add items to the list

◆ Remove items from the list

◆ Access individual items in the list

The Add Method

To add items to the list, use the Items.Add or Items.Insert method. The Add method accepts as an
argument the object to be added to the list. New items are appended to the end of the list.

Example3: The following loop adds the elements of the array words to a
ListBox control, one at a time:
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim words() As String = {"new", "old", "big", "small"}
Dim i As Integer
For i = 0 To words.Length - 1
ListBox1.Items.Add(words(i))
Next

End Sub

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Object Oriented Programming
 Figure (6.3)

Then, to iterate through all the items on the control, use a loop such as the
following:

Dim i As Integer
For i = 0 To ListBox1.Items.Count - 1
{ statements to process item ListBox1.Items(i) }

Next

The Insert Method

To insert an item at a specific location, use the Insert method, whose syntax is as
follows:

ListBox1.Items.Insert(index, item)

The Clear Method

The Clear method removes all the items from the control. Its syntax isquite simple:

ListBox1.Items.Clear

The Count Property

This is the number of items in the list. If you want to access all the items with a For…Nextloop, the loop’s
counter must go from 0 to ListBox.Items.Count – 1, as shown in the exampleof the Add method.

The CopyTo Method

The CopyTo method of the Items collection retrieves all the items from a ListBox control and stores
them in the array passed to the method as an

72
Object Oriented Programming
 argument. The syntax of the CopyTo method is as follows, where
destination is the name of the array that will accept the items, and index is
the index of an element in the array where the first item will be stored:

ListBox1.CopyTo(destination, index)

The Remove and RemoveAt Methods

To remove an item from the list, you can simply call the Items collection’s Remove method, passing
the object to be removed as an argument You can also remove an item by specifying its position in the
list via the RemoveAt method, which accepts as argument the position of the item to be removed:

ListBox1.Items.RemoveAt(index)

The index parameter is the order of the item to be removed, and the firstitem’s order is 0.

The Contains Method

returns a True/False value that indicates

whether the collection contains this object. Use the Contains method to
avoid the insertion of identical objects into the ListBox control.

Dim itm As String = "Remote Computing"

If Not ListBox1.Items.Contains(itm) Then
ListBox1.Items.Add(itm)

End If

Selecting Items
The ListBox control allows the user to select either one or multiple items,depending on the setting of
the SelectionMode property.

NOTE: the ComboBox does not allow the selection of multiple items, it provides
only the SelectedIndex and SelectedItem properties.

To iterate through all the selected items in a multiselection ListBoxcontrol, use a loop such as
the following:

For Each itm As Object In ListBox1.SelectedItems

Debug.WriteLine(itm)
Next

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Object Oriented Programming
 NOTE: The itm variable should be declared as Object because the items in the ListBox control are
objects.

The ListBox Demo Project

Example4:The ListBox Demo application (shown in Figure below) demonstrates the basic
operations of the ListBox control.

Figure (6.4)

It shows you how to do the following:

◆ Add and remove items at runtime
◆ Transfer items between lists at runtime
◆ Handle multiple selected items
◆ Maintain sorted lists

The Add Item Buttons

The Add Item buttons use the InputBox() function to prompt the user for input, and then they add the
user-supplied string to the ListBox control.. The code is identical for both buttons.

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Object Oriented Programming
 Dim ListItem As String
ListItem = InputBox("Enter new item’s name")
If ListItem.Trim <> "" Then
sourceList.Items.Add(ListItem)
End If
NOTE: Clear button is very simple using Clear method to clear the corresponding list

Removing Items from the Two Lists

The code for the Remove Selected Item button removes the selected item,while the Remove Selected
Items buttons must scan all the items of the left list and remove the selected one(s).

Private Sub bttnDestinationRemove_Click(…)

Handles bttnDestinationRemove.Click
destinationList.Items.Remove( destinationList.SelectedItem)
End Sub

Private Sub bttnSourceRemove_Click(…)

Handles bttnSourceRemove.Click
Dim i As Integer
For i = 0 To sourceList.SelectedIndices.Count - 1
sourceList.Items.RemoveAt( sourceList.SelectedIndices(0))
Next
End Sub

Moving Items Between Lists

The two single-arrow buttons (located between the ListBox controls shown in Figure above) transfer
selected items from one list to another. The button with the single arrow pointing to the right transfers
the items selected in the left list after it ensures that the list contains at least one selected item. Its code
is presented in Listing 5.12. First, it adds the item to the second list, and then it removes the item from
the original list. Notice that the code removes an item by passing it as an argument to the Remove
method because it doesn’t make any difference which one of two identical objects will be removed.
Moving the selected items

sourceList.SelectedIndices(0)))
sourceList.Items.Remove(sourceList.Items(
sourceList.SelectedIndices(0)))
End While
End Sub
The second single-arrow button transfers items in the opposite direction.

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Object Oriented Programming
 NOTE: The destination control (the one on the right) doesn’t allow the selection of multiple items, so
you can use the SelectedIndex and SelectedItem properties. The event handler that moves a single item
from the right to the left ListBox is shown next:

sourceList.Items.Add(destinationList.SelectedItem)
destinationList.Items.RemoveAt(destinationList.SelectedIndex)

Searching the ListBox

Two of the most useful methods of the ListBox control are the FindString and FindString- Exact
methods, which allow you to quickly locate any item in the list.

The FindString method

locates a string that partially matches the one you’re searching for; FindStringExact finds an exact
match.

The syntax for both methods is the same, where searchStr is the string
you’re searching for:

itemIndex = ListBox1.FindString(searchStr)

An alternative form of both methods allows you to specify the index where the search begins:

itemIndex = ListBox1.FindString(searchStr, startIndex)

NOTE:Both methods return the index of the item you’re searching for on the control, or the
value –1 if no such item exists.

The ComboBox Control

The ComboBox control is similar to the ListBox control in the sense that it contains multiple items and
the user may select one, but it typically occupies less space onscreen. The ComboBox is practically an
expandable ListBox control, which can grow when the user wants tomake a selection and retract
after the selection is made. Normally, the ComboBox control displays oneline with the selected item
because this control doesn’t allow multiple-item selection. The essential difference, however, between
ComboBox and ListBox controls is that the ComboBox allows the user to specify items that don’t exist
in the list.

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Object Oriented Programming
 There are three types of ComboBox controls. The value of the control’s
DropDownStyle property determines which box is used, these values are
shown in the table below.

DropDownStyle options for the ComboBox control

Table (6.2)
Value Effect

DropDown (Default) The control is made up of a drop-down list, which is

visible at all
times, and a text box. The user can select an item from the
list or type
a newone in the text box.

DropDownList This style is a drop-down list from which the user can
select one of its
items but can’t enter a new one. The control displays a
single item,and
the list is expanded as needed.

Simple The control includes a text box and a list that doesn’t drop
down. The
user can select from the list or type in the text box

NOTE: Properties,methods, and events are similar to listbox except that deletion of
multiselect property, and addition of style property

Example5:.( Figure below show The ComboBox StylesProject)

Shows the code used to fill the combo boxes with values. As you do with a list box, you
use the Items collection’s Add method to add an item to a combo box. You can use any
of the following properties to select a default item, which will appear in the text portion
of the combo box:

SelectedIndex, SelectedItem, or Text. If no item is selected, the SelectedItem and Text properties
contain the empty string, and the SelectedIndex property contains –1 (negative one).

NOTE: to load Combobox or Listbox with items we shall use the load event of form.

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Object Oriented Programming
 Figure (6.5)

Private Sub frmMain_Load(ByVal sender As Object,

ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Me.Load
' fills the combo boxes with values
cboName.Items.Add("Amy")
cboName.Items.Add("Beth")
cboName.Items.Add("Carl")
cboName.Items.Add("Dan")
cboName.Items.Add("Jan")
cboName.SelectedIndex = 0
cboCity.Items.Add("London")
cboCity.Items.Add("Madrid")
cboCity.Items.Add("Paris") you can use any of these
cboCity.SelectedItem = "Madrid" three properties to select
cboState.Items.Add("Alabama") the default item in a
cboState.Items.Add("Maine") combo box
cboState.Items.Add("New York")
cboState.Items.Add("South Dakota")
cboState.Text = "New York"
End Sub

NOTE: If the combo box is a DropDownList style, where the text portion is not
editable, you can use the SelectedItem and Text properties interchangeably.

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Object Oriented Programming
Example 6: to give Squareroot ,Exponential, or power of numbers by putting the numbers combobox1
and chose the operation user want toimplement from and display result in text1box.

Figure (6.6)
Put the following code in the command button(calculate):

If ComboBox2.SelectedIndex = 0 Then
TextBox1.Text = Math.Sqrt(Val(ComboBox1.Text))
ElseIf ComboBox2.SelectedIndex = 1 Then
TextBox1.Text = Math.Exp(Val(ComboBox1.Text))
Else
TextBox1.Text = Val(ComboBox1.Text) * Val(ComboBox1.Text)
End If

The ScrollBar and TrackBar Controls

The ScrollBar and TrackBar controls let the user specify a magnitude by moving a selector between its
minimum and maximum values. The TrackBar control is similar to the ScrollBar control, but it doesn’t
cover a continuous range of values. The TrackBar control has a fixed number of tick marks and users
can place the slider’s indicator to the desired value. In short, the ScrollBar control should be used
when the exact value isn’tas important as the value’s effect on another object or data element. The
TrackBar control should be used when the user can type a numeric value and the value your application
expects is a number in a specific range— for example, integers between 0 and 100 or a value between
0 and 5 inches in steps of 0.1 inches (0.0, 0.1, 0.2 . . . 5.0). The TrackBar control is preferred to the
TextBox control in similar situations because there’s

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Object Oriented Programming
 no need for data validation on your part. The user can specify only valid
numeric values with the mouse.

HScrollBar and VScrollBar controls

The basic properties of the ScrollBar control, therefore, are properlynamed Minimum,Maximum,
and Value.

Minimum The control’s minimum value. The default value is 0, but

because this is an Integer value, you can set it to negative values as well.

Maximum The control’s maximum value. The default value is 100, but you can set it to any value that
you can represent with the Integer data type.

Value The control’s current value, specified by the indicator’s position.

Figure (6.7)

Example7: (vertical scroll bar).this example will convert fehrenheit

temrature to Celsius temrature by considering the value of the scroll bar
represent the fehernheit temrature and the results will appear on label by
using it’s caption property.

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Object Oriented Programming
 Figure (6.8)

NOTE: Set the max property to 120, and min to -60, then write this code.

Write this statement in Class Form code section:Dim temf,

tempc As Integer

Then write the following code in the Scroll event of the VscrollBar1
control
Private Sub VScrollBar1_Scroll()

temf = VScrollBar1.Value: Label2.Text = Str(temf)

tempc = CInt((temf - 32) * 5 / 9):Label4.Text = Str(tempc)End Sub ,

Finally run the program and test the result.

Figure (6.9)

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Object Oriented Programming
 The TrackBar Control

The TrackBar control is similar to the ScrollBar control, but it lacks the granularity of ScrollBar.
Suppose that you want the user of an application to supply a value in a
specific range, such as the speed of a moving object. Moreover, you don’t
want to allow extreme precision; you need only a few distinct settings. The
user can set the control’s value by sliding the indicator or by clicking on
either side of an indicator. Figure below The Inches application
demonstrates the use of the TrackBar control in specifying an exact value
in specific range

Figure (6.10)

Granularity determines how specific you want to be in measuring. In

measuring distances between towns, a granularity of a mile is quite
adequate. In measuring (or specifying) the dimensions of a building, the
granularity could be on the order of a foot or an inch. The TrackBar control
lets you set the type of granularity that’s necessary for your application.
Similar to the ScrollBar control, SmallChange and LargeChange properties
are available. SmallChange is the smallest increment by which the Slider
value can change. The user can change the slider by the SmallChange value
only by sliding the indicator. (Unlike with the ScrollBar control, there are
no arrows at the two ends of the Slider control.) To change the Slider’s
value by LargeChange, the user can click on either side of the indicator.

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Object Oriented Programming
Procedure

Using the FindString and FindString-Exact methods to find the string in textbox that match the list item,
if entered string by user match the list item, then display message “found”, if partially match then
display “partially found”, else display “not found”

Figure (6.12)

Discussion

1- Users can select one color and one size of the T-shirt example (example2)
mentioned above.

Figure (6.11)

2- Repeat example7 with event change of vertical scroll bar.

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Object Oriented Programming
 Experiment No. (7)

Procedures and Functions + Error Handling

Object

Using procedure and function which are useful for condensing repeated
operations.

Theory

Visual Basic programs can be broken into smaller logical components(small piece of the code) called
Procedures There are two types of Sub procedures in Visual Basic: event procedures andindependent
Sub procedures. An event procedure is a Sub procedure that is associated with a specific object and
event, such as a button’s Click event or An independent Sub procedure, is a procedure that is
independent of any object and event(your own Sub procedure). An independent Sub procedure is
processed only when called (invoked) from code. Procedures are useful for condensing repeated
operations such asthe frequently used calculations, text and control manipulation etc.

The benefits of using procedures in programming are:

It is easier to debug a program with procedures, which breaks a program into discrete logical limits
make it easy to understand). Procedures usedin one program can act as building blocks for other
programs with slight modifications(independent Sub procedures are used extensively in large and
complex programs, which typically are written by a team of programmers). Together, subroutines and
functions are sometimes called routines or procedures. They arealso sometimes called methods.

NOTE: A Procedure can be Sub, Function or Property Procedure.

syntax

84
Object Oriented Programming
A sub procedure can be placed in standard, class and form modules. Each time the procedure is called,
the statements between Sub and End Sub are executed. The syntax for a sub procedure is as follows:

[Private | Public] Sub Procedurename [(parameterList)] [statements]

End Sub

Under Scope, Public is selected to create a procedure that can be invoked outside the module, or Private
to create a procedure that can be invoked only from within the module.

Syntax of the Call statement

Call procedureName([argumentList ])

Steps

1. Click a blank line in the Code Editor window. The blank line can beanywhere
between the Public Class and End Class clauses. However, it must be
outside any other Sub or Function procedure.
2. Type the Sub procedure header and then press Enter. The Code Editorautomatically
enters the End Sub clause for you.

Private Sub ClearLabels()

lblFirstName.Text = String.Empty
lblLastName.Text = String.Empty
lblAge.Text = String.Empty
End Sub

Note: the procedure can input and return vlaues through its arguments,and not has an output
data type,also procedure may not has input or output arguments like:

Example1
Sub testproc(x as integer,y as string)
Sub testnew()

Example2:
Sub newsub(valu as integer)
Msgbox “the number is=” & valu
End sub
So the input to this procedure is the vlue of the integer variable value

85
Object Oriented Programming
 Example3::
Sub calc(x,y,s1,s2,s3 as integer,s4 as single)S1=x+y
S2=x-y
S3=x*y
S4=x/y
End sub

It's clear from this example that the procedure’s arguments(x and y) considered as input values to the
procedure And in the same procedure consider the arguments(s1,s2,s3,s4) as outputs arguments.

Function Procedures
Functions are like sub procedures, except they return a value to thecalling procedure. useful for taking
one or more pieces of data, called arguments and performing some tasks with them. Then the functions
returns a value that indicates the results of the tasks complete within the function.

Syntax
Private Function procedureName([parameterList]) As dataType
statements
Return expression
End Function

The statement’s syntax is Return expression, where expression represents the one and only value that
will be returned to the statement invoking the function. The data type of the expression must agree
with the data typespecified in the As dataType section of the function’sheader.

Steps
1. Click a blank line in the Code Editor window. The blank line can be anywhere
between the Public Class and End Class clauses.However, it must be outside any
other Sub or Function procedure.
2. Type the Function procedure header and then press Enter. The
Code Editor automatically enters the End Function clause for you.

86
Object Oriented Programming
Example 4
Private Function GetNewPrice(ByVal dblOld As Double) As Double
' increases current price by 5% and returns new price
Dim dblNew As Double
dblNew = dblOld * 1.05
Return dblNew
End Function
Example 5
Private Function GetNewPrice(ByVal dblOld As Double) As Double
' increases current price by 5% and returns new price
Return dblOld * 1.05
End Function

NOTE: You can invoke a function from one or more places in an application’s
code.

NOTE: A Function procedure returns a value and a Sub Procedure does not return a value.

NOTE: In the function declaration,must declare the output datatype of the function which is
differ from sub procedure that function return just one output(result) By it’s Return statement.

NOTE: Method — A generic name for a named set of commands. In Visual Basic, both subs
and functions are types of methods.

Example6::
Function test(valu as integer) as string
Return "the age is" & valu
End function
*To invoke the function from the body of program put this code in button-
click as follows
Dim st as string
St=test(20)
MsgBox(st)

Important Note::there are two ways to passing the arguments value to and from the procedure
to the main program

Every variable has both a value and a unique address that represents its location in the computer’s
internal memory. Visual Basic allows you to pass either a copy of the variable’s value or the variable’s
address to the receiving procedure. Passing a copy of the variable’s value is referred to as passing by
value. Passing a variable’s address is referred to as passing by reference. The method you choose—by
value or by reference— depends on whether you want the receiving procedure to have access to the
variable in memory. In other words, it depends on whether you want

87
Object Oriented Programming
 to allow the receiving procedure to change the variable’s contents. To
illustrate, assume you have a savings account at a local bank. During a
conversation with your friend Melissa, you mention the amount of money
you have in the account. Sharing this information with Melissa is similar
to passing a variable by value. Knowing your account balance does not give
Melissa access to your bank account. It merely provides informationthatshe
can use to compare to the balance in her savings account. The savings
account example also provides an illustration of passing information by
reference. To deposit money to or withdraw money from your account, you
must provide the bank teller with your account number. The account
number represents the location of your account at the bank and allows the
teller to change the account balance. Giving the teller your bank account
number is similar to passing a variable by reference. The account number
allows the teller to change the contents of your bank account, similar to the
way the variable’s address allows the receiving procedure to change the
contents of the variable.

First: passing by reference or some times called by address of the argument.in this way the argument
vlue will be changed by the calling program and the called procedure

Example7:: sub test(x,y)

Second: passing by value,in this way the argument will retain it’s value inthe calling program(main
program),but will changed in the called program.

Example8:: sub test(byval x,byref y), it means that x will be passing by its
value, and y passing by its address

NOTE::if we want to exit procedure or function for any reason or condition, we can write in
the body of the procedure Exit sub,,,,or exit function

Example9 to explain passing by reference and by value, this example just give an explination to the
concept of passing variables by using two variables i, j as example as in the following form:

Public Sub sample(ByVal i As Integer, ByRef j As Integer)

i=i*2
j=j*2
MsgBox("sample procedure " & i & " " & j)
End Sub

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Object Oriented Programming
 Al-Mustansiriyah University Third Class
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering Department Software Engineering lab

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Dim x, y As Integer
x=3
y=2
MsgBox("in main program x y equal to " & x & " " & y)
Call sample(x, y)
MsgBox("after first call x y equal to " & x & " " & y)
Call sample(x, y)
MsgBox("after second call x y equal to " & x & " " & y)

End Sub
Run the program, then you will get the following results

Figure (7.1)
89
 Al-Mustansiriyah University Third Class
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering Department Software Engineering lab

Example 10 of using addsub procedure to sum three dgrees of student,and avg function to give the
average Here the code explain how to input degrees through the procedure then call it in the body of
the avg function And invoke the function and procedure by command1 code

Public Sub addsub(ByRef x As Integer, ByRef y As Integer, ByRef z As

Integer, ByRef sum As Integer)
x = Val(TextBox1.Text)
y = Val(TextBox2.Text)
z = Val(TextBox3.Text)
sum = x + y + z
End Sub
Function avg() As Single
Dim s As Integer
Dim x, y, z As Integer
Call addsub(x, y, z, s)
MsgBox(“the sum of the three numbers is “ & s)
avg = s / 3
'NOTE: also we can get the result of avg function by returnstatement
' Return (s / 3)
End Function

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim result As Single
result = avg()
MsgBox(“ the average of three numbers is “ & result)
End Sub

Figure (7.2)
90
 Figure (7.3)

NOTE::avg() function not take any inputs but return output} In the following example for the
same program see how can input being through avgfunction like this Avg(d1 as integer,d2 as
integer,d3 as integer) and finally give the same result as the previous program

Function avg(ByRef x As Integer, ByRef y As Integer, ByRef z As Integer)

As Single
avg = (x + y + z) / 3
End Function

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim d1 As Integer
Dim d2 As Integer
Dim d3 As Integer
Dim result As Single
d1 = Val(TextBox1.Text)
d2 = Val(TextBox2.Text)
d3 = Val(TextBox3.Text)
result = avg(d1, d2, d3)
MsgBox("the result is " & result)
End Sub

Error Handling(Exception handling)

Errors often occur due to incorrect input from the user. Error handlingcan help make the program
error-free, An error-free program can run efficiently, Therefore a good programmer should be more
alert to the parts of program that could trigger errors and should write errors handlingcode to help the
user in managing the errors.
 There are three error types:

1- syntax error:occure when mistype some phrase in the language or forget to

close parantheses.
2- Run_time error(divide by zero),(or open some file which is not exist), enter
wrong data(char not number in mathematics operation)…….etc.
3- Logical error(semantic error):occure when the program syntax is true but
the result of the program after running is not correct or inexpected.(example,
endless loop).

In VB can write sub routine to handle the run-time error by writing routine to correct the Expected
errors in our program if occur.

NOTE: VB2010 has improved a lot in built-in errors handling compared to Visual Basic 6. For
example, when the user attempts to divide a number by zero, Vb2010 will not return an error
message but gives the 'infinity' as the answer.

Using On Error GoTo Syantax

Visual Basic 2010 still supports the VB6 errors handling syntax, that is the On Error GoTo
program_label structure. Although it has a more advanced error handling method, we shall deal with
that later. We shall now learn how to write errors handling code in VB2010. The syntax for errors
handling (in VB6) is

- On Error GoTo program_label

where program_label is the section of code that is designed by the programmer to handle the error
committed by the user. Once an error is detected, the program will jump to the program_label section
for error handling.

Example 11: Division by Zero

In this example, we will deal with the error of entering non-numeric data into the textboxes that
suppose to hold numeric values. The program_label here is error_hanldler. when the user enter a non-
numeric values into the textboxes, the error message will display the text "One of the entries is not a
number! Try again!". If no error occur, it will display the correct answer. Try it out yourself.
The Code :

Public Class Form1

Private Sub CmdCalculate_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e

As System.EventArgs) Handles CmdCalculate.Click

Lbl_ErrorMsg.Visible = False

Dim firstNum, secondNum As Double

On Error GoTo error_handler

firstNum = Txt_FirstNumber.Text

secondNum = Txt_SecondNumber.Text

Lbl_Answer.Text = firstNum / secondNum

Exit Sub 'To prevent error handling even the inputs are valid

error_handler:

Lbl_Answer.Text = "Error"

Lbl_ErrorMsg.Visible = True

Lbl_ErrorMsg.Text = " One of the entries is not a number! Try again!"

End Sub

End Class

The Output of the previous code is as the following figure:

 Figure (7.4)
NOTE: In the previous program just exit sub at the error, now we can correct the error and let
the program to continue running in correct way By the statement::( Resume :to rtry the
operation caused the error) Resume Next:return to the line in the program next to the line error,
and Resume label::program return to line that you label it(give it some label).

Errors Handling(VB2010) using Try.....Catch....End Try Structure

VB2010 has adopted a new approach in handling errors, or rather exceptions handling. It is
supposed to be more efficient than the old On Error Goto method, where it can handles
various types of errors within the Try...Catch...End Try structure.
The structure looks like this

Try

statements

Catch exception_variable as Exception

statements to deal with exceptions

End Try
Example12:

This is a modification of Example 11. Instead of using On Error GoTo

method, we shall use the Try...Catch...End Try method. In this example,
the Catch statement will catch the exception when the user enters a non-
numeric data and return the error message. If there is no exception, there
will not any action from the Catch statement and the program returns the
correct answer.

The code

Public Class Form1

Private Sub CmdCalculate_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal eAs

System.EventArgs) Handles CmdCalculate.Click

Lbl_ErrorMsg.Visible = False

Dim firstNum, secondNum, answer As Double

Try

firstNum = Txt_FirstNumber.Text

secondNum = Txt_SecondNumber.Text

answer = firstNum / secondNum

Lbl_Answer.Text = answer

Catch ex As Exception

Lbl_Answer.Text = "Error"

Lbl_ErrorMsg.Visible = True

Lbl_ErrorMsg.Text = " One of the entries is not a number! Try again!"

End Try

End Sub

End Class
The output

Figure (7.5)

Sections of the Try...End Try Structure

Table (7.1)

Section Description
Try The Try section is where you place code that might cause an
exception. You can place all of a procedure’s code within the Try
section, or just a few lines.

Catch Code within the Catch section executes only when an exception
occurs; it’s the code you write to catch the exception.

Finally Code within the Finally section occurs when the code within the
Try and/or Catch sections completes. This section is where you
place your cleanup code—code that you always want executed,
regardless of whether an exception occurs.
 NOTE: If no exception occurs, code within the Catch section is ignored.

NOTE: When all statements within the Finally section finish executing, execution
jumps to the statement immediately following End Try.

NOTE: Like other code structures, Visual Basic has a statement that can be used to exit a
Try...End Try structure at any time: Exit Try. Note, however, that if you use Exit Try, code
jumps to the Finally section and then continues with the statement immediately following the
End Try statement.

Dealing with an Exception

You’ll probably also want to tell the user what type of exception occurred. To do this, you must have a
way of knowing what exception was thrown. This is also important if you intend to write code to deal
withspecific exceptions. The Catch statement enables you to specify a variable to hold a reference to
an Exception object. Using an Exception object, you can get information about the exception. The
following is thesyntax used to place the exception in an Exception object:

Catch variablename As Exception

Modify your Catch section to match the following:

Catch ex As Exception
MessageBox.Show(“An error has occurred: “ & ex.Message)

NOTE: the exception object has many properties, here we just mention the message property.
The Message property of the Exception object contains the text that describes the specific
exception that occurred.

Handling an Anticipated Exception

At times, you’ll anticipate a specific exception being thrown. For example, you might write code that
attempts to open a file when the file does not exist. In such an instance, you’ll probably want the
program to perform certain actions when this exception is thrown. When you anticipate a specific
exception, you can create a Catch section designed specifically to deal with that one exception. Recall
from the previous section that you can retrieve information about the current exception by using a
Catch statement, such as
 Catch objException As Exception

By creating a generic Exception variable, this Catch statement

catches any and all exceptions thrown by statements within the
Try section. To catch a specific exception, change the data type
of the exception variable to a specific exception type. Remember
the code you wrote earlier that caused a
System.InvalidCastException when an attempt was made to pass
an empty string to the CLng() function? You could have used a
Try...End Try structure to deal with the exception, using code
such as this:
Dim lngAnswer As Long
Try
lngAnswer = 100 / CLng(txtInput.Text)
MessageBox.Show(“100/” & txtInput.Text & “ is “ & lngAnswer)
Catch objException As System.InvalidCastException
MessageBox.Show(“You must enter something in the text box.”)
Catch objException As Exception
MessageBox.Show(“Caught an exception that wasn’t an invalid cast.”)
End Try

Notice that this structure has two Catch statements. The first Catch statement is designed to
catch only an overflow exception; it doesn’t catch exceptions of any other type. The second
Catch statement doesn’t care what type of exception is thrown; it catches all of them. The
second Catch statement acts as a catchall for any exceptions that aren’t overflow exceptions
because Catch sections are evaluated from top to bottom, much as Case statements are in the
Select...Case structure. You could add more Catch sections to catch other specific exceptions if
the situation calls for it.

Using Multiple Catch Statements

If you want to handle a number of different exceptions, you can use

multiple Catch blocks. In the following example, different Catch blocks
handle overflow exceptions, out-of-memory exceptions, and array index
out-of-range exceptions (which occur when an array index has been set to
a negative value or to a value greater than the upper bound of the array).
Using multiple Catch blocks like this gives you a good handle on handling
exceptions of various types. Each Catch block serves as a
 different exception handler, and you can place exception-specific code in
each such block.

Example13:

Try

Some statements
Catch e As OverflowException

Specific code that handle the overflow exception(error)

Catch e As OutOfMemoryException

Specific code that handle the outofmemory exception(error)

Catch e As IndexOutOfRangeException

Specific code that handle the indexoutofrange exception(error)

End try

Procedure
1- Write VB program to build sub routine (call it geometry), to calculate the area
and primeter of circle:::geometry(radius as single,primeter as single,area as
single)…..hint primetercircle=2*pi*radius…….area=pi*(radius)^2
2- Write VB program to implement function that arrange the student degrees
ascendant, and then print in labels the largest and smallest degree ,finally print
the average of the student.

Discussion

1- Write VB program to divide two numbers,if user enter wrong data then calling
the error handling routin using (ON ERROR GOTO method) with resume
statement and then execute the same program with resume next.
2- Repeat previous example with message property, Run the project and click
the button.
3- Write sample of VB program that implement more than one exception type to
handle the errors may be occurred according to these exceptions, such as the
exception types mentioned in the last example.
 Experiment No. (8)

Modules and Classes + File Processing

Object

Understanding three kind of modules which are FORM, STANDARD

and CLASS.
Theory

Code in Visual Basic is stored in the form of modules. The three kind ofmodules are Form Modules,
Standard Modules and Class Modules.

Class A definition of an object Includes properties (variables) and

methods, which can be Subs or Functions.

Instance — When a class is created, the resulting object is an instance ofthe class’s definition.

New Creates an instance of an object

Me A reference to the instance of the object within which a method is executing
Namespace A collection of classes that provide related capabilities For example, the
System.Drawing namespace contains classes associated with graphics

Sdtandard or code Module A code block that isn’t a class but which can contain Sub
and Function methods Used when only a single copy of code or data is needed in
memory

VB2010 allows users to write programs that break down into modulesand are knows as classes or
types. An object can be created out of a class and it is known as an instance of the class, example is
student class is a subclass of the human class while your son John is an instance of the student class.

NOTE: form is class by default.

VB2010 is a full Object Oriented Programming Language have three core technologies namely
encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism.
 Encapsulation refers to the creation of self-contained modules that bind processing
functions to the data. These user-defined data types are called classes. Each class
contains data as well as a set of methods which manipulate the data. The data
components of a class are called instance variables and one instance of a class is an
object. For example, in a library system, a class could be member, and John and Sharon
could be two instances (two objects) of the library class.

Inheritances
Classes are created according to hierarchies, and inheritance allows the structure and
methods in one class to be passed down the hierarchy. That means less programming is
required when adding functions to complex systems. If a step is added at the bottom of
a hierarchy, then only the processing and data associated with that unique step needs to
be added. Everything else about that step is inherited.

NOTE: The ability to reuse existing objects is considered a major advantage of object
technology.

Polymorphism
Object-oriented programming allows procedures about objects to be created whose
exact type is not known until runtime. For example, a screen cursor may change its
shape from an arrow to a line depending on the program mode. The routine to move the
cursor on screen in response to mouse movement would be written for "cursor," and
polymorphism allows that cursor to take on whatever shape is required at runtime. It
also allows new shapes to be easily integrated.

Creating a Class
You define a class using the Class statement, which you enter in a class file.

Class statement

Syntax

Public Class className

attributes section
behaviors section
End Class

Adding a class file to an open project:

1. Click Project on the menu bar and then click Add Class. The Add New Item dialog box
opens with Class selected in the middle column of the dialog box.
2. Type the name of the class followed by a period and the letters vb in the
Name box, and then click the Add button.
 NOTE: can create class by right click on the project name in the solution explorer and then
choose ADD then choose class.

Instantiating an object from a class (using the class)

After you define a class, it then can be used to instantiate one or more
objects.

Syntax – Version 1
{Dim | Private} variableName As className
variableName = New className

Syntax – Version 2
{Dim | Private} variableName As New className

className is the name of the class, and

variableName is the name of a variable that will represent the object.

Example 1 (using syntax version 1)

Private hoursInfo As TimeCard

hoursInfo = New TimeCard
the Private instruction creates a TimeCard variable named hoursInfo; the
assignment statement instantiates a TimeCard object and assigns it to the
hoursInfo variable

Example 2 (using syntax version 2)

Dim hoursInfo As New TimeCard

the Dim instruction creates a TimeCard variable named hoursInfo and also
instantiates a TimeCard object, which it assigns to the hoursInfo variable

CreatingPropertyProcedures

Write in general declaration of (class module code) window

Public firstnam as string

Public lastnam as string

Public birthdat as date

Properties are attributes or characteristics of an object. For example, a contact object could have a
birthdat,firstnam,lastnam properties. At any time, we can change the properties of the contact by
assigning a value to the properties.

Using the contact Class(how to use the class???)

Once we've created an instance (object) of a class, we can use the methods and properties of the class.
we can use the Object Browser in Visual Basic to view the properties, methods, and events that are
defined for a class.

Make instance of the class

Dim ocontact as contact

*Make this instance active

Set ocontact=new contact

*To destroy the class at the end of execution

Set ocontact=nothing

Example 3:Now make test on the class contact Place a command button on
Form1. In the Click event for the command1 button (caption=class test), type the
following:

Figure 8.1
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e AsSystem.EventArgs) Handles
Button1.Click
Dim ocontact As contact
ocontact = New contact

With ocontact
.firstnam = "aaa"
.lastnam = "bbb"
.birthdat = #5/2/1990#
End With
MsgBox(ocontact.firstnam & " " & ocontact.lastnam & " " &ocontact.birthdat)
ocontact = Nothing
End Sub

After running the program the result will be:

Figure 8.2

Creating Methods

Now we can create any method we need and call it as method of the class

Write in the contact class module window code

Public Sub speak)(

MsgBox "my name is " & firstnam & " " & lastnam & " " & "i was born on" &
birthdat

End Sub

This method name is speak. And we can call it from the code window of the form
module.

Write in the command2 click event(caption=method test in class),

 Private Sub Button2_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles Button2.Click
Dim ocontact As contact
ocontact = New contact
With ocontact
.firstnam = "aaa"
.lastnam = "bbb"
.birthdat = #5/2/1990#
End With
ocontact.speak()
ocontact = Nothing

End Sub

After running the program the result will be:

Figure 8.3

Creating multiple instances(object copies)

One of true benefits of working with class modules is that instantiate multiple copies
of same class,assign each instance its own properties.the following example
demonstrates the use of two different copies of contact objects in same procedure of
form module.

Write this code in the command3 click event(caption=multiple instances (objects))

Private Sub Button3_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button3.Click
Dim ocontact1 As contact
Dim ocontact2 As contact

ocontact1 = New contact

ocontact2 = New contact
With ocontact1
.firstnam = "aaa"
 .lastnam = "bbb"
.birthdat = #5/2/1990#
End With
With ocontact2
.firstnam = "mmm"
.lastnam = "nnn"
.birthdat = #2/2/1990#
End With

ocontact1.speak()
ocontact2.speak()
ocontact1 = Nothing
ocontact2 = Nothing

End Sub
After running the program, the result will be:

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

PUBLIC Variables
When a variable in a class is declared using the Public keyword, it can be accessed by
any application that contains an instance of the class.
To enter the Public variables in the class definition:
1. Enter the following three Public statements:

Public Length As Double

Public Width As Double
 Public Depth As Double
Example4: this example calculates the number of gallons required to fill the pool.
The class statement, the GetGallons function, and the btnCalc control’s Click event
procedure. The class statement groups together the three dimensions of a rectangular
pool: length, width, and depth. The event procedure declares a class variable and then
fills the variable’s members with values. It then passes the class variable to the
GetGallons function, which calculates and returns the number of gallons required to fill
the pool. The event procedure displays the returned value in the lblGallons control.

*In the class code window write the following:

Public Class RectangularPool entered in the
Public Length As Double RectangularPool.vb file
Public Width As Double
Public Depth As Double
End Class
*in the form code window write the following:
Public Function GetGallons(ByVal pool As RectangularPool) As
Double
‘ calculates and returns the number of gallons
Const dblGAL_PER_CUBIC_FOOT As Double = 7.48
Return pool.Length * pool.Width * pool.Depth *
dblGAL_PER_CUBIC_FOOT
End Function receives a
RectangularPool
Private Sub btnCalc_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles btnCalc.Click‘ displays the number of gallons
object by value

Dim customerPool As New RectangularPoolDim dblGallons As instantiates a RectangularPool

Double
object and assigns it to the
Double.TryParse(txtLength.Text, customerPool.Length) customerPool variable
Double.TryParse(txtWidth.Text, customerPool.Width)
Double.TryParse(txtDepth.Text, customerPool.Depth) fills the Public
dblGallons = GetGallons(customerPool) variables withvalues
lblGallons.Text = dblGallons.ToString(“N0”)
passes the
txtLength.Focus()
End Sub
customerPool variable
to the GetGallons function
After running the program set length=60,width=30,depth=5, then you will get the result= 67.320

Figure 8.6

Private Variables and Property Procedures

Private variables are not visible to applications that contain an instance of the class A
class’s Private variables can be used only by instructions within the class itself
Example5:
Private _dblLength As Double
Private _dblWidth As Double

For an application to assign data to or retrieve data from a Private variable in a class,
it must use a Public property. In other words, an application cannot directly refer to a
Private variable in a class. Rather, it must refer to the variable indirectly, through the
use of a Public property.

NOTE:initializes the Private variables directly uses the Public properties to initialize
the Private variables indirectly

A Public Property procedure creates a property that is visible to any application that
contains an instance of the class.

Property procedureSyntax
Public [ReadOnly | WriteOnly] Property propertyName[(parameterList)] As
dataType
Get
[instructions]
Return privateVariable
End Get
 Set(ByVal value As dataType)
[instructions]
privateVariable = {value | defaultValue}
End Set
End Property
Example 6 – an application can both retrieve and set the Side property’s value
Private _intSide As Integer
Public Property Side As Integer
Get
Return _intSide
End Get
Set(ByVal value As Integer)
If value > 0 Then
_intSide = value
Else
_intSide = 0
End If
End Set
End Property
Example 7– an application can retrieve, but not set, the Bonus property’s value
Private _dblBonus As Double
Public ReadOnly Property Bonus As Double
Get
Return _dblBonus
End Get
End Property
Example 8 – an application can set, but not retrieve, the AnnualSales property’s
value
Private _decAnnualSales As Decimal
Public WriteOnly Property AnnualSales As Decimal
Set(ByVal value As Decimal)
_decAnnualSales = value
End Set
End Property

A constructor is a class method, always named New, whose sole purpose is to

initialize the class’s Private variables. Constructors never return a value, so they are
always Sub procedures rather than Function procedures.

Constructor
Syntax
Public Sub New([parameterList])
instructions to initialize the class’s Private variables
End Sub
Example 9 (default constructor)
 Public Sub New() initializes the Private
_dblLength = 0 variables directly
_dblWidth = 0
End Sub
Example 10 (parameterized constructor) Public Sub
New(ByVal dblL As Double,ByVal dblW As Double)
Length = dblL
Width = dblW uses the Public properties
End Sub to initialize the Private
Method(sub or function) that is not a constructorSyntax
variables indirectly
Public {Sub | Function} methodName([parameterList]) [As dataType]
instructions
End {Sub | Function}
Example 11 (coded as a Function procedure)
Public Function GetArea() As Double
Return _dblLength * _dblWidth
End Function
Example 12 (coded as a Sub procedure)
Public Sub GetArea(ByRef dblA As Double)
dblA = _dblLength * _dblWidth
End Sub

Modules (also called a Code Module or Standard Module)

A code module contains only code – declarations, procedures and function – that are
used by other files in the project. They are not associated with a class or form and
contain no objects or event procedures. Like forms, they are saved in the project as a
file with a .vb extension.

When you create a large application with multiple forms, many times you will find that
you will need to access data or functions/procedures from several differentforms.
Using a code module to store this information that all files have potential access to
avoids duplication of code and makes it easier to maintain the application if you need
to modify or update shared information.

Module Names and Module Files - The content of a module begins with the Module
statement and ends with an End Module statement. The syntax is:

Module ModuleName
[contents of module]
End Module
Adding a Module

Follow these steps to add a module to your project:

1. Click the Add New Button on the Toolbar or click Project on the Menu bar,
and then click Add Module. The Add New Item dialog box will appear.
2. Under Templates, select Module.
3. Change the default name in the Name text box to the name you want to name
the module file. Again, don’t forget to type the .vb extension.
4. Click the Add button. A new empty module will be added to the project. It
should appear in the Solution Explorer window with all the rest of the files.

Once you have added a code module, you add code for sub procedures and functions
to it, just like you would do for a form.

Module-Level Variables
A variable declared inside a module but not inside a procedure or function is called a
module-level variable. The same rules about the scoped of class-level variables in a
form apply to module-level variables in a module.
1. A module-level variable in a standard module is accessible to any procedure
or function in the standard module.
2. If a module-level variable is declared with the Dim or Private keywords, the
variable is NOT accessible to statements outside the module. This type of
variable is said to have module scope.
3. If a module-level variable is declared with the Public keyword, it is accessible
to all other forms and statements outside the module. This type of variable is
said to have global scope. Many programmers prefix global variables with the
letter g_ to document that it is a global variable.
Example 13: create module call it module1, then built in it subroutine that display
message when we call it form window as following:

Module1 Sub
display()
MsgBox (“first program in module”)
End module

Then we can call it from form code window by writing this statement
Module1.display()
FILE PROCESSING IN VB.NET

In addition to getting data from the keyboard and sending data to the computer screen,
an application also can get data from and send data to a file on a disk. Getting data from
a file is referred to as “reading from the file,” and sending data to a file is referred to as
“writing to the file.” Files to which data is written are called output files, because the
files store the output produced by an application. Files that are read by the computer are
called input files, because an application uses the data in these files as input. Most input
and output files are composed of lines of text that are both read and written sequentially.
In other words, they are read and written in consecutive order, one line at a time,
beginning with the first line in the file and ending with the last line in the file. Such
files are referred to as sequential access files, because of the mannerin which the lines
of text are accessed. They also are called text files, because they are composed of lines
of text. Examples of text stored in sequential access files include an employee list, a
memo, and a sales report.

Three basic file types are native to Windows (and MS-DOS before it) and can be
processed by application programs. These are:

Table 8.1

text files Text files generally consist of "plain text" that is

readable to the human eye. In a business data processing
context, a text file consists of a series of lines (or
"records"), each of which contains a set of fields. A data
file of this nature is also known as a "flat file".

binary files Binary files are files which contain data elements that
are stored in native machine format. Examples would be
executable files (such as .EXE or .DLL files) and files
produced by applications such as Excel and Word
(.XLS and .DOC files). This would also include data
files (record-oriented files) that store one or more fields
(such as an Integer field) in native machine format.

random files Random files are data files that support "direct access"
by record number. This means that the application can
go directly to the desired record in a file rather than
reading through all the preceding records to get to the
desired record (as would be required with a text file).

NOTE:Random files were most commonly used prior to the advent of

desktop database systems such as MS-Access, but they
can still be used today.
 NOTE: there is also sequential file which processed sequentially line by
line.

VB.NET provides functionality to process text and binary files through the
System.IO namespace and also supports re-tooled versions of earlier file
processing functions through the Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace. Random
files can also be processed, but only via the MS.VB namespace.

Text File Processing

To process text files using the System.IO namespace, you use the FileStream object
to refer to the file being processed, and the StreamReader object if processing the file
for input or the StreamWriter object if processing the file for output. You then use the
methods of the appropriate object to process the file. Methods of the StreamReader
object include Peek, Read, ReadLine, ReadToEnd, and Close. Methods of the
StreamWriter object include Write, WriteLine, and Close.

To process text files using the Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace, the FileOpen and
FileClose functions are used to open and close the file, respectively. If processing the
file for input, the Input, LineInput, InputString, and EOF are among the functions
you might use. If processing the file for output, Write, WriteLine, Print, and
PrintLine are among the functions you might use.

Random File Processing

To process random files, you must use the Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace, and the
same functions that are used process binary files are used to process random files:
FileOpen, FileClose, FileGet, and FilePut. However, the arguments to these functions
in this case will be appropriate to random file processing.

The FileStream Class

The FileStream class is used to create an object that will reference the file that will be
processed by the program. The syntax for declaring a FileStream object, as it will be
used in the examples that follow, is:

Dim variable As New FileStream(path, mode, access [,share])

Where

Table 8.2

path is a string that refers to the full path and filename of the file to be processed.
As in the example above, you can use a reference like
My.Application.Info.DirectoryPath & "\somefile.txt" or any other path/file
 reference, such as "C:\SomeDirectory\SomeFile.dat".
mode is an enumeration that specifies how the file should be open or created. The
possible values are:

FileMode.Append Opens the file if it exists and starts writing new

data at the end of the file (preserving what is
already there). If the file does not
exist, it is created.
FileMode.Create Creates a new file; if the file already exists, it
is overwritten.
FileMode.CreateNew Creates a new file; if the file already exists
an exception is thrown.
FileMode.Open Opens an existing file; if the file does not
exist, an exception is thrown.
FileMode.OpenOrCreate Opens a file if it exists, or creates a new file
if it does not exist.
FileMode.Truncate Opens an existing file and truncates it (i.e.,
deletes any data that was previously there).
access is an enumeration that specifies how the file can be accessed. The possible
values are:

FileAccess.Read Data can be read from the file, but not written to it.
FileAccess.ReadWrite Data can be read from and written to the file.
FileAccess.Write Data can be written to the file, but not read from it.
share is an enumeration that specifies restrictions on how other processes can access the
file. The possible values are:

FileShare.None Other processes may neither read from nor write to the fil
FileShare. ReadWrite Any process can read from or write to the file.
FileShare.Write Other processes may write to the file.
FileShare.Read Other processes may read from the file.

The StreamWriter Class

In Visual Basic, you use a StreamWriter object to write a stream of characters

to a sequential access file.

Declaring a StreamWriter variable

Syntax
{Dim | Private} streamWriterVariableName As IO.StreamWriter
Example14
Dim outFile As IO.StreamWriter

declares a StreamWriter variable named outFile

Creating a StreamWriter object

 Syntax

IO.File.method(fileName)

Table 8.3

Method Description
CreateText opens a sequential access file for output
AppendText opens a sequential access file for append
Example 15
outFile = IO.File.CreateText("F:\Chap22\pay.txt")
opens the pay.txt file for output; creates a StreamWriter object and assigns it to the
outFile variable
Example 16
outFile = IO.File.AppendText("report.txt")
opens the report.txt file for append; creates a StreamWriter object and assigns it to the
outFile variable

After opening a file for either output or append, you can begin writing data to it. You
write data to a sequential access file using either the Write method or the WriteLine
method.
Writing data to a sequential access file
Syntax
streamWriterVariableName.Write(data)
streamWriterVariableName.WriteLine(data)
Example 17
outFile.Write("Hello")
Result the next character will appear
Hello| immediately after the letter o
Example 18
outFile.WriteLine("Hello")
Result
Hello the next character will
| Appear on the next line

*The syntax to close an output sequential access file is

streamWriterVariableName.Close().

The StreamReader Class

The StreamReader class is used to read a stream of characters. In the .NET

framework, a stream, in general terms, is the flow of data from one location to
 another. In the case of these examples, a stream refers to the text file that will be
processed by the sample programs. The syntax for declaring a StreamReader object is:

Dim variable As New StreamReader(stream)

Where

stream is an object representing the stream of characters to be read (in this

case a text file)

Declaring a StreamReader variable

Syntax
{Dim | Private} streamReaderVariableName As IO.StreamReader
Example 19
Dim inFile As IO.StreamReader

declares a StreamReader variable named inFile

Creating a StreamReader object

Syntax
IO.File.OpenText(fileName)
Example 20
inFile = IO.File.OpenText("report.txt")
opens the report.txt file for input; creates a StreamReader object and assigns it to the
inFile variable.

Determining whether a sequential access file exists

Syntax
IO.File.Exists(fileName)

Example 21
If IO.File.Exists("report.txt") = True Then
determines whether the report.txt file exists in the current project’s bin\Debug folder;
you also can write the If clause as If IO.File.Exists("report.txt") Then

ReadLine methodSyntax
streamReaderVariableName.ReadLine
Example 22
strMessage = inFile.ReadLine
reads a line of text from the sequential access file associated with the inFile variable
and assigns the line, excluding the newline character, to the strMessage variable.

Peek method
Syntax
 streamReaderVariableName.Peek
Example 23
Do Until inFile.Peek = –1
strLineOfText = inFile.ReadLine
MessageBox.Show(strLineOfText)
Loop
reads each line of text from the sequential access file associated with the inFile
variable, line by line; each line (excluding the newline character) is assigned to the
strLineOfText variable and is then displayed in a message box

Commonly used methods of the StreamReader class are (Table 8.4):

Peek Looks ahead to the next available character in the input stream
without actually advancing to that next position. If no character is
available, Peek returns -1. (This method is convenient to test for
end-of-file.)
Read Reads the next character from the input stream.
ReadLine Reads the next line of characters from the input stream into a
string.
ReadToEnd Reads the data from the current position in the input stream to the
end of the stream into a string. (This method is often used to read
the entire contents of a file.)
Close Closes the StreamReader and its associated FileStream object.

Example24: this is program to explain how to write and read from sequential file a
text box for entering a name or any text. The Write to File button will write the name
to a sequential access file. The Read from File button will read each name from the
sequential access file and display each in the readtext box. (The textbox1 control’s
Multiline and ReadOnly properties are set to True, and its ScrollBars property is set to
Vertical.)

TextBox2

TextBox1
 Figure 8.7

Write the following code in the write to file button:

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
' writes a name to a sequential access file
' declare a StreamWriter variable
Dim outFile As IO.StreamWriter
' open the file for append
outFile = IO.File.AppendText("contestants.txt")
' write the name on a separate line in the file
outFile.WriteLine(TextBox2.Text)
' close the file
outFile.Close()
' clear the Name box and then set the focus
TextBox2.Text = String.Empty
TextBox2.Focus()

End Sub

Write the following code in the read from the file button:

Private Sub Button2_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button2.Click
' reads names from a sequential access file
' and displays them in the interface
' declare variables
Dim inFile As IO.StreamReader
Dim strName As String
' clear previous names from the Contestants box
TextBox1.Text = String.Empty
' determine whether the file exists
If IO.File.Exists("contestants.txt") = True Then
' open the file for input
inFile = IO.File.OpenText("contestants.txt")
' process the loop instructions until the end of the file
Do Until inFile.Peek = -1
' read a name
strName = inFile.ReadLine
' display the name
TextBox1.Text = TextBox1.Text & strName & ControlChars.NewLine
Loop
' close the file
inFile.Close()
Else
 MessageBox.Show("Can't find the contestants.txt file", "Game Show
Contestants", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information)
End If

End Sub

The MS.VB namespace functions are summarized below (Table 8.5),

followed by more detailed explanations.

Table (8.5)

Function Description
FreeFile Returns an Integer value representing the next file number
available for use by the FileOpen function.
FileOpen Opens a file for input or output. (Analagous to the Open
statement in classic VB.)
Input Reads a comma-delimited field from a text file and assigns it to a
variable. (Analagous to the Input statement in classic VB.)
LineInput Reads a single line from an open sequential file and assigns it to a
String variable. (Analagous to the Line Input statement in classic
VB; also analagous to the ReadLine method of the
StreamReader object.)
InputString Reads a specified number of characters from a text or binary file
into a String variable. (Analagous to the Input function in classic
VB; similar to the ReadToEnd method of the StreamReader
object.)
EOF Returns a Boolean value indicating whether or not the end of a
file opened for input or random access has been reached.
Write and Writes data to a text file. Automatically writes the data in comma-
WriteLine delimited format, enclosing string fields in quotes when
necessary. (Analagous to the Write statement in classic VB.)
Print and Writes data to a text file. (similar to the WriteLine method of the
PrintLine StreamWriter object, but with additional functionality.)
FileClose Closes an open file.

We will now explore some of these functions in more detail.

FileOpen

Syntax:

FileOpen(FileNumber, FileName, Mode [, Access [, Share]])

The parameters for FileOpen are as follows:

FileNumber Required. Any valid file number.

FileName: Required. String expression that specifies a valid file name — may
include directory or folder, and drive.

Mode: Required. Enum specifying the file mode. Possible values are:

Table 8.6

OpenMode.Append Opens a file for output (writing). If

the file does not exist, it will be
created; if it does exist, records will
be added to the file after the last
record in the file
OpenMode.Input Opens a file for input (reading). The
specified file must exist.
OpenMode.Output Opens a file for output (writing). If it
does not exist, it will be created; if it
does exist, its previous contents will
be overwritten.

Access Optional. Enum specifying the operations permitted on the open file. These
parameters is restrict the user ability to change the file by prevent him from

writing, just reading or make him able to read and write and so on.

Share: Optional. Enum specifying the operations restricted on the open file by other
processes. These parameters used in network environment to decide whether other
processes can fully reach(read or write) the file, or we can lockwrite(prevent user from
write on file mean make it readonly), or lockread(user can only able to write and so on.

Example 25:

FileOpen(1,"C:\ProgramFiles\EmpMaint\EMPLOYEE.TXT", penMode.Input)

FreeFile

function to supply you with a file number that is not already in use by the system. To
use it, declare an integer variable, then assign FreeFile to it, as follows:

Dim intEmpFileNbr As Integer

intEmpFileNbr = FreeFile
 In the Open statement (and any other statement that refers to this file), use the integer
variable For example:

FileOpen(intEmpFileNbr, "C:\Program Files\EmpMaint\EMPLOYEE.TXT",

OpenMode.Input)

FileClose
Close the opened file and free all system resources used by this file

Syntax: fileclose(filenumber)

Example 26: to open text file name it employee1, to write employee name and
employee number, then read the content into TextBox. Make properties multiline for
the text3 =true, readonly, and vscroll.

Figure 8.8

Here is the code for write button

Dim intEmpFileNbr As Integer

intEmpFileNbr = FreeFile()
FileOpen(intEmpFileNbr, “D:\employee1.txt”, OpenMode.Append)
WriteLine(intEmpFileNbr, TextBox1.Text, Val(TextBox2.Text))

FileClose(intEmpFileNbr)

Write in Read button this code:

Dim inred As Integer

 inred = FreeFile()
FileOpen(inred, “D:\employee.txt”, OpenMode.Input)
TextBox3.Text = LineInput(inred)

FileClose(inred)

Procedure

A- Built class to calculate the number of square yards needed for

some room with the cost of the required carpet. Hint: you can use
A Class that Contains Private Variables, Public Properties, and Methods if
you want. Pseudocode for the Calculate button’s Click event procedure

1. Instantiate a Rectangle object to represent the floor

2. Declare variables to store the price per square yard, required number of square
yards, and carpet cost
3. Assign the input data to the appropriate properties and variable
4. Calculate the required number of square yards by dividing the floor’s area by 9
5. Calculate the carpet cost by multiplying the price per square yard by the
required number of square yards
6. Display the required number of square yards and the carpet cost

B- Repeat the geometry subroutine by using subroutine built inmodule then call
subroutine in the form window.

C- Write VB.NET program to write and read from file usin readtoend method
with other methods you learned from this lecture.

Discussion

1- Repeat example24 with using MS.VB namespace functions.

2- What are the differences between the Classes with Standard
Modules.
 Experiment No. (9) DATABASES in
Visual Basic.NET

Theory
What Is a Database?
A database is a container for storing relational, structured information. A
relational database is one that stores information in tables composed of
columns and rows. What makes a database unique is that it is designed to
preserve relationships and make data easily retrievable.

A field is a single item of information about a person, place, or thing—

such
as a name, a salary amount…etc.

A record is a group of related fi elds that contain all of the necessary data
about a specifi c person, place, or thing.

A Table is a group of related records.

DBMS
Databases are maintained by special programs, such as Microsoft Office
Access and SQL Server, oracle…etc. These programs are called database
management systems (DBMSs). data organized in tables with relationships
between tables.

SQL
To access or update the data stored in the database, you use a special language, the Structured Query
Language (SQL).all major DBMSs support it. SQL is a nonprocedural language, which means that SQL
doesn’t provide traditional programming structures such as If statements or loops. Instead, it’s a
language for specifying the operation you want to perform against a database at a high level.

NOTE: By the way, the SQL version of SQL Server is called T-SQL, which stands for Transact- SQL.T-
SQL is a superset of SQL and provides advanced programming features that are not available with SQL.
 NOTE: you can use Access as well as non-Microsoft databases such as Oracle as DBMS
engines.

NORMALIZATION
The reason for breaking the information we want to store in a database into separate
tables is to avoid duplication of information The process of breaking the data into
related tables that eliminate all possible forms of information duplication is called
normalization.
Example1: if you have table of authors and their books you really have the same
author with more books names, so you need to break the information to two tables one
for authors and the other for books then make relationship between the two tables.

*A relational database can contain one or more tables for example we can build
database call it dbauthor which contain two tables one call it authors and the other is
books, then we can make relationship between the two tables by some unique field has
the same name and same data type in the two tables but in the authors table this field
must has primary key and in the books table the field has foreign key, also authors
table call it the parent( or master) table, but the books table call it the child(or the
details) table.

Example2: in this example will learn how to built database give it name dbauthor
and two tables(authors and books) by using Microsoft office access as DBMS.

1- open Microsoft office access, then choose blankdatabse option, then name the
database (dbauthor) the file name space, then click the create button.
2- point the table1 by the mouse then choose design view in the tool bar, finally name
the table authors.
3- create three fields (id,authorname,title), and make the datatype of the id field is
autonumbering which will be the primary key field.

Primary key

Figure 9.1
4- now built the second table, open create menu, choose table in the tool bar of the
create menu, now point the table2 by the mouse then click design view from the tool
bar.
5- create five fields(id, booktitle, pages, price, bookdate), before closing the table put
the mouse on the id field and right click on the primary key icon to remove this key
because we shall make this field as foreign key, make datatype of this id field is
autonumber like id field in the author table.
Foreign key

Figure 9.2
6- open database tools menu, then choose relationships from tool bar of the menu,
click on authors and books tables and click add.

Figure 9.3
7- now establishing the relationship by continuous click on primary key id field in
author table to id field of books table you shall get the following dialogue box:

Figure 9.4

8- click on create button you will get the following relationship diagram:
 Figure 9.5
Visual Database Tools

To simplify the development of database applications, Visual Studio 2010 comes with
some visual tools, the most important of which are briefly described in Table9.1 and
then discussed in the following sections.

Table 9.1: Visual database tools

Name Description
Server Explorer This is the most prominent tool. Server Explorer is the toolbox
for database applications, in the sense that it contains all the
basic tools for connecting to databases and manipulating their
objects.

Query Builder This is a tool for creating SQL queries (statements that
retrieve the data you want from a database or update the
data in the database). SQL is a language in its own right, and
we’ll discuss it later in this chapter. Query Builder lets you
specify the operations you want to perform on the tables of a
database with point-and-click operations. In the background,
Query Builder builds the appropriate SQL statement and
executes it against the database.

Database Designer
And Tables Designer These tools allow you to work with an entire database or its
tables. When you work with the database, you can add new
tables, establish relationships between the tables, and so on.
When you work with individual tables, you can anipulate
the structure of the tables, edit their data, and add
constraints. You can use these tools to manipulate a
complicated object — the database — with point-and-
click operations.

Connecting VB Application to a Microsoft Access Database

 Open Visual Studio, and choose View menu _ Server Explorer to display Server
Explorer window. Right-click Data Connections, and choose Add Connection from
the context menu. Server Explorer will display the Add Connection dialogbox shown
in Figure below.
If Microsoft Access Database File (OLE DB) does not appear in the Data source box,
click the Change button to open the Change Data Source dialog box, click Microsoft
Access Database File, and then click the OK button.
Click the Browse button in the Add Connection dialog box. Open the
C:\users\computer\mydocuments then click dbauthors.
accdb in the list of file names. Click the Open button. Figure below shows the
completed Add Connection dialog box.

Figure 9.6

Now click test connection button, then click ok.

Note: Visual Basic Express Edition 2008 limits the data files that are accessible to SQL
Server and Microsoft Access files. Visual Basic Professional Edition enables access to
all data sources. Also VB2010 is best choice.

Very Important Note: if you want Using SQL Server Management Studio
One of the applications installed with SQL Server is SQL Server Management Studio.
To start it, choose Start _ Programs _ SQL Server _ SQL Server Management Studio.
When this application starts, you see the Connect To Server dialog box(as in figure
above). Choose Database Engine in the Server Type field so you can work with
databases on your system. Select the server you want to use in the Server Name field.
Provide your credentials, and click Connect.

In order to access the data stored in a database, an application needs to be connected

to the database. The computer makes a copy of the specified data and stores the copy
in its internal memory. The copy of the data you want to access is called a dataset.

now to make a dataset for the current application:

click Data menu, then choose show data sources, the data sources window will
appear on the right of the project screen.
Click Data menu, then choose add new data source, dialogue box will appear, click
Database then click Next.
Now if dbauthor.accdb not appears in the Choose Your Data Connection
Screen, then you must click the Newconnection button to specify the database
location that you will use it as datasource in your project(application).

Click Next, then the following message will appear

Figure 9.7

Click Yes to add the dbauthor.accdb file to the application’s project folder.

Now Click the Next button to display the Choose Your Database Objects screen. You
use this screen to select the table and/or field objects to include in the dataset, which is
automatically named dbauthorDataSet.

Finally check all the tables and their fields as following:

 Figure 9.8

Click the Finish button. The computer adds the dbauthorDataSet to the Data Sources
as shown below

Table and Database

field name
objects in
the dataset
 Figure 9.9

To view the contents of the dbauthorDataSet:

1. Click the form to make it the active window. Click Data on the menu bar and then
click Preview Data to open the Preview Data dialogbox.
2. Click the Preview button. As Figure shown below

Select an object
to preview box

indicates the number of columns (fields)

and rows (records) in the dataset

Figure 9.10
Binding the Objects in a Dataset
For the user to view the contents of a dataset while an application is running,
you need to connect one or more objects in the dataset to one or more controls in the
interface. Connecting an object to a control is called binding, and the connected
controls are called bound controls.

To bind an object to an existing control:

 you can click the control on the form and then use the Properties window to set the
appropriate property or properties. (Refer to the Binding to an Existing Controlsection
in this lesson.)
For example, you use the DataSource property to bind a DataGridView control.
However, you use the DataSource and DisplayMember properties to bind a ListBox
control. To bind label and textbox controls, you use the DataBindings/Text property.

NOTE: another method for binding by dragging the objects.

In the Data Sources window, click the object you want to bind. Drag the object to the
control on the form and then release the mouse button.

A DataGridView control displays the table data in a row and column format, similar
to a spreadsheet. Each row in the control represents a record, and each column
represents a field.

NOTE:also we can use textboxes to binding them to fields of the table without using
DataGridView control.

Data Grid
View control

Text Box
control

Figure 9.11

Drag the authors object from the Data Sources window to the form and then release
the mouse button. The computer adds a DataGridView control to the form, and it binds
the authors object to the control. See Figure below (Result of dragging the
table(authors) object to the form)
 Figure 9.12
We see in the bottom of the above window the following threeobjects:

The TableAdapter object: is responsible for retrieving the appropriate

information from the database and storing it in the DataSet.

TableAdapterManager object to save the changes, because it can handle

saving data to multiple tables in the DataSet.

BindingSource object provides the connection between the DataSet and the
bound controls on the form.

tableadapter bindingsource
dataset Bound controls
database on form
tableadaptermanager
 Figure 9.13
Moving between records

BindingSource object stores the position of the record pointer

in its Position property. The first record is in position 0
Syntax
bindingSourceName.Position
Example 3
intRecordNum = BindingSourcename.Position
assigns the current record’s position to the intRecordNum variable

Example 4
authorsBindingSource.Position = 4
moves the record pointer to the fifth record in the dataset

BindingSource object’s Move methods. The Move methods move the record pointer
to the first, last, next, or previous record in the dataset.

Syntax
bindingSourceName.MoveFirst()
bindingSourceName.MoveLast()
bindingSourceName.MoveNext()
bindingSourceName.MovePrevious()

Example 5
authorsBindingSource.MoveFirst()
.

VERY IMPORTANT NOTE: if DBMS is SQL server, then To connect the

application to a database, the Connection object must know the name of the server on
which the database resides, the name of the database itself, and the credentials that
will allow it to establish a connection to the database. These credentials are either a user
name and password or a Windows account that has been granted rights to the database.
In the Server Name field, type the name of your machine, or select one with the mouse.
Click the down arrow in the Select Or Enter A Database Name field.

Executing SQL Statements with access database

SQL is a universal language for manipulating data in database tables. Every DBMS
supports it. SQL is a nonprocedural language, which means that SQL doesn’t provide
traditional programming structures such as If statements or loops.
 If you are not familiar with SQL, I suggest that you follow the examples in this
experiment and experiment with the sample databases. To follow the examples, you
have two options:
4- SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) (used with SQL-server).
SSMS helps you manage databases in various ways, including creating
queries to extract data.
5- and Query Designer of Visual Studio. Query Designer is an editor for
SQL statements that also allows you to execute them and see the results.
NOTE: In addition to Query Designer, you can also use Query Builder, which is part
of SSMS and Visual Studio. Query Builder lets you build the statements with visual
tools, and you don’t have to know the syntax of SQL in order to create queries with
Query Builder.

Using Visual Studio

To execute the same queries with Visual Studio, open the Server Explorer window, and
right-click the name of the database against which you want to execute the query. From
the context menu, choose New Query, and a new query window will open.then choose
the table name you want to add then click Add button, finally The Query builder will
appear as in figure shown below.

The Query builder has four panes:

Diagram pane: displays the tables involved in the query, their fields, and
the relationships between the tables — if any.

Gride Pane: shows the fields that will be included in the output of the query. This
pane is Query Builder, the tool that lets you design queries visually.

the SQL pane, you see the SQL statement produced by the visual tools.

the Results pane, contains a grid with the query’s output.

 Diagram Pane

Grid Pane

SQL Pane

Results Pane

Figure 9.14
Now we shall using the authors and books tables of the database dbauthor to execute
the SQL statements.

SELECT query
To retrieve the fields of some table we write

SELECT feildsnames FROM tablename

Example 6 to select all the fields of the authors table write the following in the SQL
pane:
SELECT * FROM authors
Then click Execute Query Button. You shall see the result in the results pane.
Limiting the Selection with WHERE
To limit the selection with some criteria, like select all records with field value=100.
Example 7: if we want to retrieve authors that have the name ali of the field
(authorname), write in the SQL pane the following

SELECT * FROM authors WHERE authorname = 'ali'

to combine multiple conditions we can use OR, AND.
Example 8: to retrieve the fields with author names ali or omer, write the
following:
 SELECT * FROM authors WHERE authorname= ‘ali’ OR ‘omer’

Combining Data from Multiple Tables

It is possible to retrieve data from two or more tables by using a single statement
To retrieve all fields from the tables (authors and books) write the following:
SELECT * FROM authors, books

Skipping Duplicates with DISTINCT

The DISTINCT keyword eliminates any duplicates retrieved by the SELECT
statement. For example if the authors table has more than one author have the same
name (in our table we have two authors have the name ahmed), to retrieve all records
in the field authorname without duplicating, write the following in the SQL pane:

SELECT DISTINCT authorname FROM authors

The LIKE Operator

The LIKE operator recognizes several pattern-matching characters to match one or
more characters, numeric digits, ranges of letters, and so on. Below is some characters
used with LIKE keyword.

Table 9.2

% Matches any number of characters. The pattern program% will find

program, programming, programmer, and so on. The pattern %program%
will locate strings that contain the words program, programming,
nonprogrammer, and so on.

_ (Underscore character.) Matches any single alphabetic character. The

pattern b_y will find boy and bay, but not boysenberry.

[] Matches any single character within the brackets. The pattern Santa
[YI]nez will find both Santa Ynez and Santa Inez.

[ ˆ ] Matches any character not in the brackets. The pattern %q[ ˆ u]% will find
words that contain the character q not followed by u (they are misspelled
words).

[ - ] Matches any one of a range of characters. The characters must be consecutive in

the
alphabet and specified in ascending order (A to Z, not Z to A). The pattern [a-
c]%
will find all words that begin with a, b, or c (in lowercase or uppercase).

# Matches any single numeric character. The pattern D1## will find D100 and
D139, but not D1000 or D10.
 Example 9: to retrieve all records that authorname field begin with letter A
SELECT * FROM authors WHERE authorname LIKE '%a%'

Null Values and the ISNULL Function

A common operation for manipulating and maintaining databases is to locate null
values in
fields. The expressions IS NULL and IS NOT NULL find field values that are (or are
not) null.
Example 10: SELECT * FROM authors WHERE authorname IS NOT NULL

Sorting the Rows with ORDER BY

The rows of a query are not in any particular order. To request that the rows be
returned in a
specific order, use the ORDER BY clause, which has this syntax:
ORDER BY col1, col2, . . .
You can specify any number of columns in the ORDER BY list. The output of the
query is
ordered according to the values of the first column.

Example 11: retrieve all records ordered according to the authorname field
SELECT * FROM authors ORDER BY authorname

Working with Calculated Fields

In addition to column names, you can specify calculated columns in the SELECT
statement.

Example 12: if we assume each author sale 2 books, then to calculate the totalsum
of each edition and put the result in calculated column name it totalsum.
SELECT books.price * 2 AS totalsum FROM books

Calculating Aggregates
SQL supports some aggregate functions, which act on selected fields of all the rows
returned by the query. The basic aggregate functions listed below
Table 9.3
Function Returns
COUNT() The number (count) of values in a specified column
SUM() The sum of values in a specified column
AVG() The average of the values in a specified column
MIN() The smallest value in a specified column
MAX() The largest value in a specified column

Example13: to get the highest price of books

SELECT MAX(price) FROM books
To get the highest price of the books of authorname ahmed (ID=1)
 SELECT MAX(price) FROM books WHERE (ID = 1)

Grouping Rows
The GROUP BY clause groups all the rows with the same values in the specified
column and forces the aggregate functions to act on each group separately.

Example 14: if you want sum all prices of books for each author, then the prices
summed according to the grouped ID as following:
SELECT ID, SUM(price) FROM books GROUP BY ID

Limiting Groups with HAVING

The HAVING clause limits the groups that will appear at the cursor. In a way, it is
similar to the
WHERE clause, but the HAVING clause is used with aggregate functions and the
GROUP BY clause,
and the expression used with the HAVING clause usually involves one or more
aggregates.

Example 15: to return all ID’s that have sum(price) more than 100
SELECT ID, SUM(price) FROM books GROUP BY ID HAVING (SUM(price) >
100)

Deleting Rows
The DELETE statement deletes one or more rows from a table; its syntax is as
follows:

DELETE table_name WHERE criteria

Example 16: to delete books edited before 1980 write the following:
DELETE books WHERE bookdate < ‘1/1/1980’

Inserting New Rows

The INSERT statement inserts new rows in a table; its syntax is as follows:

INSERT table_name (column_names) VALUES (values)

Example 17: to insert values to some fields:
INSERT tablename (field1,field2,…) VALUES (valu1,valu2,…)

NOTE: If the values come from a table, you can replace the VALUES keyword
with a SELECT statement:
INSERT INTO SelectedProducts
SELECT * FROM Products WHERE CategoryID = 4
Editing Existing Rows
The UPDATE statement edits a row’s fields; its syntax is the following:
UPDATE table_name SET field1 = value1, field2 = value2,. . .
 WHERE criteria
Example 18:to change the authorname of the authors table where ID=4 (old
value=ahmed, new value=naji)
UPDATE authors SET authorname = 'naji' WHERE (ID = 4)
LINQ Queries
LINQ stands for Language Integrated Query, Perform simple LINQ queries.
Whereas SQL can be used only with database tables, LINQ can be applied to
collections, XML files, and SQL tables. It’s a uniform language for querying data
from several data sources. And it is part of all .NET languages. The LINQ query starts
after the equals sign with the From keyword, which is followed by a variable that
represents the current item in the collection

NOTE: Notice that the syntax does not require you to specify the data type of the
variable in the Dim statement. Instead, the syntax allows the computer to infer the
data type from the value being assigned to the variable, so do this by entering the
Option Infer On statement in the General Declarations section of the Code Editor
window.

Basic LINQ syntax and examples for selecting and arranging records in a dataset

Using LINQ to select and arrange records in a dataset

Basic syntax
Dim variableName = From elementName In dataset.table
[Where condition]
[Order By elementName.fieldName1 [Ascending | Descending]
[, elementName.fieldNameN [Ascending | Descending]]]
Select elementName

Example 19
Dim records = From authors In DbauthorDataSet.authors Select authors
selects all of the records in the dataset

Example 20
Dim records = From authors In DbauthorDataSet.authors
Order By authors.authorname Select authors
selects all of the records in the dataset and arranges them in ascending order by the
authorname field

Example 21
Dim records = From authors In DbauthorDataSet.authors
Where authors.authorname.ToUpper Like "a*"
Order By employee.title Descending
Select authors
selects from the dataset only the authors records whose name begins with the
 letter a, and arranges them in descending order by the title field

Assigning a LINQ variable’s contents to a BindingSource object

Basic syntax
bindingSource.DataSource = variableName.AsDataView
Example 22
Dim records = From authors In DbauthorDataSet.authors Select authors
AuthorsBindingSource.DataSource = records.AsDataView

authorsBindingSource.DataSource = records.AsDataView
assigns the contents of the records variable to the
authorsBindingSource object

Example 23: To use LINQ to select specific records in the authorname field in the
authors table implement the following program

Figure 9.15

Write the following in general code window

Option Explicit On
Option Strict On
Option Infer On
Then write this code in the button control
Const strPROMPT As String = "One or more letters " &
"(leave empty to retrieve all records):"
' get the author name
Dim strFindName As String =
 InputBox(strPROMPT, "Find Last Name").ToUpper
' select records matching the author name
Dim records = From authors In DbauthorDataSet.authors
Where authors.authorname.ToUpper Like strFindName & "*"
Select authors
AuthorsBindingSource.DataSource = records.AsDataView

Run the program, if you enter letter ah for example, the result will be all the records
that have the author name begin with ah such as ahmed.
NOTE: Like strFindName & "*", this statement to select any values in field
matching the first letters you enterd.
Using the LINQ Aggregate Operators
LINQ provides several aggregate operators that you can use when querying
a dataset. Th e most commonly used aggregate operators are Average, Count,
Max, Min, and Sum. An aggregate operator returns a single value from a
group of values.
LINQ aggregate operators
Syntax
Dim variableName [As dataType] =
Aggregate elementName In dataset.table
[Where condition]
Select elementName.fieldName
Into aggregateOperator()

Example 24
Dim dblAvgRate As Double =
Aggregate books In dbauthorDataSet.books
Select books.price Into Average()
calculates the average of the prices rates in the dataset and assigns the result to the
dblAvgRate variable

Example 25
Dim intCounter As Double =
Aggregate books In dbauthorDataSet.books
Where books.ID = 2
Select books.title Into Count()
counts the number of authors books editions whose ID number is 2 and assigns the
result to the intCounter variable.

Access Databases and SQL

Syntax and examples of adding a record to a dataset

Adding a record to a dataset

Syntax
dataSetName.tableName.AddtableNameRow(valueField1[,
 valueField2 . . . , valueFieldN])
Example 26
BooksDataSet.tblBooks.AddtblBooksRow(txtTitle.Text,
txtAuthor.Text)
adds a record to the BooksDataSet
Example 27
CDDataSet.tblCds.AddtblCdsRow("02", "Colors", 12.99)
adds a record to the CDDataSet

the TableAdapter object’s Update method

For the changes made to a dataset to be permanent, you need to save the
changes to the database associated with the dataset.

Saving dataset changes to a database

Syntax
tableAdapterName.Update(dataSetName.tableName)
Example 28
Try
TblBooksTableAdapter.Update(BooksDataSet.tblBooks)
Catch ex As Exception
MessageBox.Show(ex.Message, "Books",
MessageBoxButtons.OK,
MessageBoxIcon.Information)
End Try
saves (to the tblBooks table in the Books database) the changes made to the
BooksDataSet

BindingSource object’s Sort methodSorting the

records in a dataset
Syntax
bindingSourceName.Sort = fi eldName
Example 29
TblBooksBindingSource.Sort = "Author"
sorts the records by the Author field

Deleting Records from a Dataset

Before deleting any record we must locate the record in the dataset first, thene delete
it.
 NOTE: Before deleting the record, the procedure should display a message that asks
the user to confirm the deletion. You will use the MessageBox.Show method to both
display the message and get the user’s response.

Syntax and examples of locating a record in a dataset

Locating a record in a dataset

Syntax
dataRowVariable =
dataSetName.tableName.FindByfi eldName(value)
Example 30
Dim row As DataRow
row = BooksDataSet.tblBooks.FindById(123)
The assignment statement searches the dataset for the record whose Id fi eld contains
123, and then assigns the record to the row variable.

Syntax and an example of deleting a record from a dataset

Deleting a record from a dataset
Syntax
dataRowVariable.Delete()
Example 31
Dim row As DataRow
row = BooksDataSet.tblBooks.FindByTitle("Money")
row.Delete()
The Delete method deletes the record associated with the row variable.
Note:built new database bdauthor with one table authors without primary keys to use
it in the following example.
Example 32: now draw the following user interface
and write the code for the add record and delete record command buttons.
Note: there are two group box used in this example, one for add and the other for
delete.
 Figure 9.16

Write the following code in Add record button:

DbauthorDataSet.authors.AddauthorsRow(TextBox1.Text,TextBox2.Text)
AuthorsTableAdapter.Update(DbauthorDataSet.authors)

Write the following code in Delete button:

Dim id As Integer
Dim response As Integer
Integer.TryParse(TextBox3.Text, id)
response = MsgBox("do you want to delete author name" & TextBox3.Text,
MsgBoxStyle.YesNo)

If response = vbYes Then

Dim row As DataRow
row = DbauthorDataSet.authors.FindByID(id)
row.Delete()
AuthorsTableAdapter.Update(DbauthorDataSet.authors)
End If
Saving and invoke Query

Now you will build and save query to invoke it from the visual basic code.
To save query:

Right-click MoviesDataSet.xsd in the Solution Explorer window and then click

Open to open the DataSet Designer window.
 Right-click authorsTableAdapter in the DataSet Designer window. Point to Add on
the shortcut menu and then click Query to start the TableAdapter QueryConfiguration
Wizard. (If Add does not appear on the shortcut menu, click AddQuery instead.)
Verify that the Use SQL statements radio button is selected. Click the Next button to
display the Choose a Query Type screen. Verify that the “SELECT which returns rows”
radio button is selected. Click the Next button to display the Specify a SQL SELECT
statement screen. The “What data should the table load?” box contains the default
query, which selects all of the fields and records in the table.

Click the Query Builder button to open the Query Builder dialog
box. You will create a parameter query that
allows the user to display the record for specific author.

Write the following SQL statement in the SQL Pane, then click Ok.

SELECT ID, authorname, title

FROM authors
WHERE (authorname = ?)

Click the Next button to display the Choose Methods to Generate

screen. If necessary, select the Fill a DataTable and Return a
DataTable check boxes. Change the Fill a DataTable method’s name
from FillBy to FillByname. Change the Return a DataTable method’s
name from GetDataBy to GetDataByname.
Finally click Next , then click Finish.

Now you will see Method names included in the DataSet Designer window

retrieves all of the

records

retrieves only the record

for the author name
Figure 9.17 entered by the user

Invoking a Query from Code

Now you will invoke the two methods built earlier by the code window.
 Example 33: draw the following interface to make user take choice for retrieving
either all records(radio button1=ALL) in author table or just record(s) match some
author name (radio2=Fill By Name).

Figure 9.18

Write the following code in Display command button:

If RadioButton1.Checked Then
AuthorsTableAdapter.Fill(DbauthorDataSet.authors)
Else
If TextBox1.Text.Trim = String.Empty Then
MsgBox("please enter the author name")
Else
AuthorsTableAdapter.FillByname(DbauthorDataSet.authors,
TextBox1.Text)

End If
End If

Programming with ADO.NET

it builds on the older ADO (Active Data Objects) technology. The main goal of
ADO.NET was to enable developers to easily create distributed, data - sharing
applications in the .NET Framework.
ADO.NET provides DataSet and DataTable objects that are optimized for moving
disconnected sets of data across the Internet and intranets, including through firewalls.
 At the same time, ADO.NET includes the traditional connection, command, and
DataAdapter objects, as well as an object called a DataReader .Together, these
objects provide the best performance and throughput for retrieving data from a
database.

The basic cycle of data driven applications is (retrieve data from DB , present it to the
user, allow user to edit data, submit changes to DB).

NOTE: All the ADO.NET objects, except the DataTable, are part of the System.Data
namespace. The DataTable is part of System.Xml.
NOTE: for any VB.Net project to add references to any namespaces so that you can
use the namespaces without having to type the full namespace qualifier:right click
Project name, choose Properties to display the Project Properties. Click the References
tab to display the active references for the project, then from the upper list choose any
namespace you want to add to your project then click Add button.

Classes of ADO.NET

To summarize, ADO.NET provides three core classes for accessing databases: the
Connection, Command, and DataReader classes.
Connection class has three derived calasses (SqlConnection, OracleConnection, and
OleDbConnection.)
the Command class has three derived classes: SqlCommand, OracleCommand, and
OleDbCommand.
The OleDbConnection and OleDbCommand classes belong to the OleDb namespace,
which
you must import into your project via the following statement:

Imports System.Data.OleDb

Datareader reading the results of the query returned from database to your
application in a forward-only manner(read rows returned by the query, then close
connection), read-only (you can’t use it to update the underlying rows)

Connecting to a Database
To access data in a database, you must first establish a connection, using an
ADO.NET connection object.

1- To make connection with OLEDB (Microsoft Access database), the

OleDbConnection object is used

2 - for optimized access to Microsoft SQL Server, the SqlConnection object is

used
 Before using this connection, you must specify the data source(database name) to which
you want to connect. This is done through the ConnectionString property of the
ADO.NET connection object.below is the parameters of ConnectionString property:

Table 9.4
Parameter Description
Provider The name of the data provider (Jet, SQL,and so on) to use.
Data Source The name of the data source to connect to.
User ID A valid username to use when connecting to the data source.
Password A password to use when connecting to the data source.

NOTE: username and password of an account configured by the database

administrator for more secured database.

Connection class

*method of initializing a Connection object in your code is the following (assuming

you have the SQL server database and VB application in the same computer
machine.):
Dim CN As New SqlConnection("Data Source = localhost;" &
"Initial Catalog = Northwind; uid = user_name;" &
"password = user_password")
localhost is a universal name for the local machine, Northwind is the name of the
database, and user_name and user_password are the username and password of an
account

*If SQL Server resides on a different computer in the network,

use the server computer’s name in place of the localhost name

* If the database is running on a remote machine, use the remote machine’s IP

address. If
you’re working from home, for example, you can establish a connection to your
company’s server with a connection string like the following:

Data Source = "213.16.178.100; Initial Catalog = BooksDB; uid = xxx; password

= xxx"
NOTE: If you’re using an IP address to specify the database server, you may also
have to include SQL Server’s port by specifying an address such as 213.16.178.100,
1433. The default port for SQL Server is 1433, and you can omit it.
 If the administrator has changed the default port or has hidden the server’s IP address
behind another IP address for security purposes, you should contact the administrator
to get the server’s address.
NOTE: If you’re connecting over a local network, you shouldn’t have to use an IP
address.
If you want to connect to the company server remotely, you will probably have to
request the server’s IP address and the proper credentials from the server’s
administrator.
NOTE: If you want to connect to the database by using each user’s Windows
credentials, you should omit the uid and password keys and instead use the Integrated
Security key.
Example 34: Dim CN As New SqlConnection
CN.ConnectionString =
"Data Source = localhost; Initial Catalog = Northwind; " &
"Integrated Security = True"

Example 35: to open connection to Microsoft access database 2007(OLEDB.12.0)

Imports the following namespace, writing in general declaration window

Imports System.Data.OleDb

In the class section of the form write:

Dim myConnection As OleDbConnection = New OleDbConnection

Then, Write the following code in the form-load section to setting the
connectionstring property

myConnection.ConnectionString = "Provider= Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0;" & _

"DataSource =C:\Users\Computer\Documents\dbauthor.accdb"

myConnection.Open()

Important NOTE: if you using office 2003 , then using (OLEDB.11.0) instead of
12.

The Command Class

the Command class, which allows you to execute SQL statements against the
database.
 The constructor for an OleDbCommand optionally takes the command to execute
SQL statementst, as well as a connection specifying the datasource

Dim OleDbCommandAs New OleDbCommand([CommandText],[Connection])

Methods of Command Class

The ExecuteNonQuery: executes INSERT/DELETE/UPDATE statements that

do not return any rows, just an integer value, which is the number of rows affected by
the query.
The ExecuteScalar: returns a single value, which is usually the result of an
aggregate operation, such as the count of rows meeting some criteria, the sum or
average of a column over a number of rows, and so one or more tables.
ExecuteReader: is used with SELECT statements that return rows from one or more
tables.

The DataReader class

provides the Read method, which advances the current pointer to the next row in the
result set. To read the individual columns of the current row, you use the Itemproperty.

Example 36: the following example is to read the record of specific author, and know
the number of the records in the authors recordset(table).

Figure 9.19

In general code window write the following

Imports System.Data.OleDb
in class form section write
Public myConnection As OleDbConnection = New OleDbConnection
Dim provider As String
 Dim dataFile As String

Dim connString As String

Public dr As OleDbDataReader
In form load section write
provider = "Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0;Data Source ="

dataFile = "C:\Users\Computer\Documents\dbauthors.accdb"
connString = provider & dataFile

myConnection.ConnectionString = connString
in Find button write
myConnection.Open()

TextBox2.Clear()
TextBox3.Clear()
TextBox4.Clear()

Dim str As String

str = "SELECT * FROM authors WHERE (authorname = '" & TextBox1.Text &
"')"

Dim cm As OleDbCommand = New OleDbCommand(str, myConnection)

dr = cm.ExecuteReader

While dr.Read()

TextBox2.Text = dr("ID").ToString

TextBox3.Text = dr("authorname").ToString

TextBox4.Text = dr("title").ToString

End While

myConnection.Close()

in num of records button write

Dim CMD As New OleDbCommand("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM authors",

myConnection)
Dim count As Integer
myConnection.Open()
count = CMD.ExecuteScalar
 MsgBox(count)
myConnection.Close()
in add new record button write the following code

Dim str As String

Dim ins As Integer
str = "insert into authors ([ID], [authorname], [title]) values (?, ?, ?)"

Dim cmd As OleDbCommand = New OleDbCommand(str, myConnection)

cmd.Parameters.Add(New OleDbParameter("ID", CType(TextBox2.Text,

String)))

cmd.Parameters.Add(NewOleDbParameter("authorname",
CType(TextBox3.Text, String)))

cmd.Parameters.Add(New OleDbParameter("title", CType(TextBox4.Text,

String)))

myConnection.Open()

ins = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery()
If ins = 1 Then
MsgBox("added")
End If
myConnection.Close()

in delet record button write the following

Dim str As String

Dim n As Integer

str = "Delete from authors Where authorname = '" & TextBox1.Text & "'"

Dim c As OleDbCommand = New OleDbCommand(str, myConnection)

myConnection.Open()

' c.ExecuteNonQuery()
n = c.ExecuteNonQuery
If n <> 0 Then
MsgBox("deleted")
End If

myConnection.Close()
Procedure

1- Write VB.NET program to connect VB project to office database (dbauthor),

and display the three fields of the authors table on the form below, Then execute
the same example with datagridview control.

2- Repeat previous the previous question with four buttons set their text property
to(First,Next,Last,Previous), and execute the four methods(movefirst,
movenext,….) of the bindingsource.

Discussion

Write vb.net program to implement LINQ aggregation functions on Books table of

the dbauthor database.
 Experiment No. (1o)
Tool Box Control

Object
Using Web Browser control to allow the user to surf the internet and open web enabled documents like
html help files.

WebBrowser Control
The VB.NET Windows.Forms.WebBrowser control can be used within applications to allow the user to
surf the internet and open web enabled documents like html help files, word documents etc.

WebBrowser Properties

URL property: Gets or sets the URL of the current Web page. Setting this property navigates the control
to the new URL.

AllowNavigation: Gets or sets a value indicating whether the control can

navigate to another page after its initial page has been loaded.

The control includes several navigation methods or functions as: Url

,Navigate ,GoBack ,GoForward ,GoHome, GoSearch.

Example 1:Now add a label, TextBox and a button.

 Figure 10.1

Code: Write below code in button click GO:

WebBrowser1.Navigate(TextBox1.Text) ‘'The Navigate method of browser control views a page in the
viewer.

Then run the program When you enter URL address in textbox and click
Go button then click event will fire and navigate method will open website
which URL address is given in TextBox.

Bachgroundworker

If we have an application that has some code that is very time consuming such as large text file parsing
and takes several minutes or longer, you may not want your users to wait till the process is finished.
We can execute this process in a separate thread also known as a worker or secondary thread.
A BackgroundWorker component executes code in a separate dedicated
secondary thread. The BackgroundWorker type in the VB.NET language
is useful for creating a background process, one which won't block the
 user interface if it takes a long time to run. In most programs, disk or network
accesses or database accesses and loading huge images are the slowest and
should be put on a background thread if possible.

Methods
BackgroundWorker has two methods, RunWorkerAsync and
CancelAsync. The RunWorkerAsync starts the thread and the
CancelAsync stops the thread.
Events
DoWork This event is fired when the RunWorkerAsync method is called. In this event hander, we
call our code that is being processed inthe background where our application is still doing some other
work. The DoWork event handler looks like this where we need to call our time- consuming method.

RunWorkerCompleted event occurs when the background operation has

completed. The BackgroundWorker component is defined in the
System.ComponentModel namespace. To use the BackgroundWorker,
you can add an Imports statement or use the namespace in the
declaration and initialization statement. Here is an example:

Dim worker as new System.ComponentModel.BackgroundWorker

Or write in the general declaration of the code window the namespace system.componentmodel

Imports system.componentmodel

And then just write

Dim anyvariable as backgroundworker

Example 2: While BackgroundWorker will be doing some background work, user can still type in the
RichTextBox.
 Figure 10.2

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs)

Handles Me.Load

' Start up the BackgroundWorker1.

BackgroundWorker1.RunWorkerAsync()

End Sub

Private Sub BackgroundWorker1_DoWork(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e

As System.ComponentModel.DoWorkEventArgs) Handles
BackgroundWorker1.DoWork

' Do some time-consuming work on this thread.

System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(20000)

MessageBox.Show("I was sleeping for 20 seconds")

End Sub

Private Sub BackgroundWorker1_RunWorkerCompleted(ByVal sender As Object,

ByVal e As System.ComponentModel.RunWorkerCompletedEventArgs) Handles
BackgroundWorker1.RunWorkerCompleted

' Called when the BackgroundWorker is completed.

MsgBox("the work is complete")

End Sub
Errorprovider

An error provider is a better alternative than displaying an error message in a message

box, because once a message box is dismissed, the error message is no longer visible.
TheErrorProvider component displays an error icon ( ) next to the relevant control,
such as a text box; when the user positions the mouse pointer over the error icon, a
ToolTip appears, showing the error message string

Example 3: input just numbers to the textbox, else the error provider icon will
appear
Private Sub TextBox1_TextChanged(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles TextBox1.TextChanged
If Not IsNumeric(TextBox1.Text) Then
ErrorProvider1.SetError(TextBox1, "Not a numeric value.")
Else
' Clear the error.
ErrorProvider1.SetError(TextBox1, "")
End If
End Sub
Filesystemwatcher

Another very useful class, FileSystemWatcher, acts as a watchdog for file system
changes and raises an event when a change occurs. You must specify a directory to be
monitored. The class can monitor changes to subdirectories and files within the
specified directory. If you have Windows 2000, you can even monitor a remote system
for changes. (Only remote machines running Windows NT or Windows 2000 are
supported at present.)

The option to monitor files with specific extensions can be set using the Filterproperty
of the FileSystemWatcher class. You can also fine-tune FileSystemWatcher to monitor
any change in file Attributes, LastAccess, LastWrite, Security, and Size data.

The FileSystemWatcher class raises the events described below.

Table 10.1 FileSystemWatcher events

Event
Use
Name
Changed Fired when a file or directory in the watched path is changed
Created Fired when a file or directory in the watched path is created
Deleted Fired when a file or directory in the watched path is deleted
Fired when the internal buffer overflows due to many changes
Error made over a short time, particularly when the buffer size is
small
 Renamed Fired when a file or directory in the watched path is renamed

Process

An external process can be launched by a VB.NET application. This starts a program

for the user. It runs a command-line program. We see several examples of the
Process.Start Function. This function is ideal for launching programs.

Note 1: Process.Start launches external programs, such as Word, Excel, a web

browser—EXE programs of any kind.

Note 2: It is found in System.Diagnostics.

Example 4:First, here is an example VB.NET program that uses Process.Start to open
the file manager on your C:\ drive. When you run this example the root directoryfolder
will open.
now create module name is module1, and write this code:
Module Module1
Sub Main()
Process.Start("C:\")
End Sub

End Module
Then call the subroutine main in the button click procedure:
Module1.Main()

Example 5: Program that launches web browser [VB.NET], You can tell Windows
to launch a web browser window with a specific URL
Write in the module
Module Module1
Sub openweb()
SearchGoogle("VB.NET awesome")
End Sub

''' <summary>
''' Open the user's default browser and search for the parameter.
''' </summary>
Private Sub SearchGoogle(ByVal t As String)
Process.Start("http://google.com/search?q=" & t)
End Sub
End Module
Write in the click button:
Module1.openweb()
 The result is the following window:

Figure 10.3

Serial port

A port, or interface, that can be used for serial communication, in which only 1 bit is
transmitted at a time asynchronously in or out the computer.

A serial port is a general-purpose interface that can be used for almost any type of
device, including modems, mice, and printers, bar code scanners,display prices, And
used in networking.

Operating systems usually use a symbolic

name to refer to the serial ports of a computer.
For example, the Microsoft MS-DOS and Windows environments refer to
serial ports as COM ports: COM1, COM2...etc.

Advantages of serial communications

is very cheaper than parallel port. And most of the times there are more chances
of corruption of data in parallel port as compared to the serial port. A serial port also
have the advantage that it requires very little supporting software from the host system.
Example 6: you’ll writing a simple Windows Application in VB.NET that enables
simple 2-way communication or data transfer via the serial communications port
(COM1). you've just succesfully written a Serial Communications program that utilizes
SerialPort class in VB.NET
Drag serialport component on the form
For now the PortName should be COM1. WriteTimeOut and ReadTimeOut at around
500ms.
Drage button name it (open port)

This code essentially open and closes the serial com port by clicking the button. It
will also change states as in the text on the button will match the current action
that will be allowed. It will also enable or disable the Send Button(added in the
next step) to avoid an illegal operation.

If Button1.Text Is "Open Port" Then

SerialPort1.Open()
Button1.Text = "Close Port"
Button2.Enabled = True

ElseIf Button1.Text Is "Close Port" Then

SerialPort1.Close()
Button1.Text = "Open Port"
Button2.Enabled = False
End If

This code snippet functions as the data sending portion of the application and it’ll
log to the ListBox that we will add later.

SerialPort1.WriteLine(TextBox1.Text)
ListBox1.Items.Add("Sent: " + TextBox1.Text)

12. Next, go back to the design view and we will drag and drop a ListBox into
the Form. Resize it as necessary to fit the Form.

13. Drag and drop a TextBox into the Form.

Lastly left click once on the SerialPort at the bottom. Then, go to the Properties
pane, click on the lightning symbol. You’ll see Misc, DataReceived,
ErrorReceived, PinChanged. Double click on DataReceived and fill the sub with
this code.

ListBox1.Items.Add("Received: " + SerialPort1.ReadLine())

This function will be called whenever there are data stored in the input buffer.
It is to display incoming data from the Serial Communication Port.
 15. You’ve completed the coding section. Now press Ctrl-F5 to Start Without
Debugging. The application should run. Test the application by clicking Open
Port, keying in some data in the TextBox and then click Send. Make sure the
Rs232 cable is connected between 2 computers

Service controller

A ServiceController component allows us to access and manage Windows

Services running on a machine. In this article, I will discuss how to a ServiceController
class to load all services and get information about them in a Windows Forms
application using Visual Studio 2010.

Adding System.ServiceProcess Reference

A ServiceController represents a Windows Service and defined in the
System.ServiceProcess namespace. Before this namespace can be imported, you must
add reference to the System.ServiceProcess assembly.
To add reference to an assembly, right click on the project name in Visual Studio and
select Add Reference menu item and then browse the assembly you need to add to your
application.

Figure 10.4
Getting all services installed on a machine
 ServiceController.GetServices static method returns list of all services running on a
machine. The following code snippet gets all the services and displays them in a
ListBox.

ServiceController Properties
ServiceName - Service name.
DisplayName - Friendly name of a service.
ServiceType - Type of a service such as device driver, process, or kernel.
Status - Status of a service such as running, stopped, or paused.
Example 7: The following code snippet uses some of these properties. Built the
subroutine then call it by the command
Private Sub GetAllServices()
For Each service As ServiceController In ServiceController.GetServices()
Dim serviceName As String = service.ServiceName
Dim serviceDisplayName As String = service.DisplayName
Dim serviceType As String = service.ServiceType.ToString()
Dim status As String = service.Status.ToString()
ListBox1.Items.Add(serviceName + “ “ + serviceDisplayName +
serviceType + “ “ + status)
Next
End Sub
Write in the command button (services):
Call GetAllServices()
After running the program you will get the following:

Figure 10.5
Timer

If you need to execute some code after certain interval of time continuously, you can
use a timer control., you can specify a subroutine to perform the maintenance or
updating code.
NOTE: A Timer control does not have a visual representation and works as a
component in the background.
Timer Properties
Enabled property of timer represents if the timer is running. We can set this property
to true to start a timer and false to stop a timer.
Interval property represents time on in milliseconds, before the Tick event is raised
relative to the last occurrence of the Tick event. One second equals to 1000
milliseconds. So if you want a timer event to be fired every 5 seconds, you need to set
Interval property to 5000.
Dim Timer1 As New Timer()
Timer1.Interval = 2000
Timer1.Enabled = True
Events
If you go to the Events window by clicking little lightning icon, you will see only one
Tick event. Double click on it will add the Tick event handler.
Example 8: if you have a ListBox control on a Form and you want to add some
items to it, like the current dates and times added every some interval
NOTE: set the interval property to 3000 and the enabled property enabled= true.
Private Sub Timer1_Tick(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) _
Handles Timer1.Tick
ListBox1.Items.Add(DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString()
+ "," + DateTime.Now.ToLongDateString())
End Sub

List View
The ListView control is used to display a list of items. Along with the TreeView control,
it allows you to create a Windows Explorer like interface.
The ListView control displays a list of items along with icons. The Item property of the
ListView control allows you to add and remove items from it. The SelectedItem
property contains a collection of the selected items. The MultiSelect property allows
you to set select more than one item in the list view. The CheckBoxes property allows
you to set check boxes next to the items.
Rich TextBox control

A RichTextBox control is an advanced text box that provides text editing and
advanced formatting features including loading rich text format (RTF) files.

Text and TextLength

Text property of a RichTextBox represents the current text of a RichTextBox control.

The TextLength property returns the length of a RichTextBox contents.

Maximum Length
 You can restrict number of characters in a RichTextBox control by setting MaxLength
property. The following code snippet sets the maximum length of a RichTextBox to
50 characters.

RichTextBox.MaxLength = 50

ReadOnly

You can make a RichTextBox control read-only (non-editable) by setting the

ReadOnly property to true. The following code snippet sets the ReadOnly property to
true.

RichTextBox.ReadOnly = True

Enabling and Disabling Shortcuts

ShortcutsEnabled property of the RichTextBox is used to enable or disable shortcuts.

By default, shortcuts are enabled.

ShortcutsEnabled property applies to the following shortcut key combinations:

 CTRL+Z
 CTRL+E
 CTRL+C
 CTRL+Y
 CTRL+X
 CTRL+BACKSPACE
 CTRL+V
 CTRL+DELETE
 CTRL+A
 SHIFT+DELETE
 CTRL+L
 SHIFT+INSERT
 CTRL+R

SelectAll and DeselectAll Methods

RichTextBox class provides SelectAll and DeselectAll methods to select and deselect
all text of a RichTextBox control.

Picture Box Control

PictureBox control is used to display images in Windows Forms. In this article, I will
discuss how to use a PictureBox control to display images in Windows Forms
applications.
Display an Image

Image property is used to set an image to be displayed in a PictureBox control. The

following code snippet creates a Bitmap from an image and sets the Image property of
PictureBox control.

SizeMode

SizeMode property is used to position an image within a PictureBox. It can be

Normal, StretchImage, AutoSize, CenterImage, and Zoom.

Example 10: uploade picture from any location in the computer by using open
dialogue box control and image property of the picture box.

Upload a picture to PictureBox

First Add a OpenFileDialog to the project

Add the following code to BROWSE button

Dim OpenFileDialog1 As New OpenFileDialog

With OpenFileDialog1
.CheckFileExists = True
.ShowReadOnly = False
.Filter = "All Files|*.*|Bitmap Files (*)|*.bmp;*.gif;*.jpg"
.FilterIndex = 2
If .ShowDialog = DialogResult.OK Then

PictureBox1.Image = Image.FromFile(.FileName)

End If
End With

Example 11:For this tutorial you need a picturebox, a textbox, and abutton.

Add atermark Button: water is embedded graphix or image into another

image used for more protection like currency and formal letters.

Button1_Click

Dim NF As New Font("Impact", 36, FontStyle.Italic)

 Dim NB As New SolidBrush(Color.FromArgb(64, 192, 255, 255))

NB.Color = Color.FromArgb(128, 0, 0, 0)

PictureBox1.CreateGraphics.DrawString(TextBox1.Text, NF, NB, 15, 135)

Figure 10.7

LinkLabel control

A LinkLabel control is a label control that can display a hyperlink. You can make link
to web page
System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("http://www.google.com")

to open some application like start the Solitaire game,

System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("sol.exe")

or open some picture in some location on the computer

System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("C:MyPicture.jpg")

You can use the LinkLabel almost like a button by simply putting any code you like
in the LinkClicked event instead of the Start method.

Procedure

1- Add multiple columns to listview control, then add content to one rowof the control
2- Repeate the previous example but by using textboxes to add items to
listview control.
Discussion

Implement web application to browsing webpages. Use methods of

webbrowser control

REFERENCES
1- Clearly Visual Basic, DIANE ZAK, Second Edition, 2010

2- PROGRAMMING WITH MICROSOFT VISUAL BASIC 2010,

DIANE ZAK, Fifth Edition, 2010

3- MASTERING, Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc.,

Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada

4- Sams teach yourself Visual Basic 2010 in 24 hours complete :starter kit /
James Foxall. Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data: Foxall,
James D.

5- Processing Text Files for Input, Processing Text Files for

Input.html

6- Visual Basic 2008 / 2010 Tutorials,

[email protected], 2012