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SQLNotes

The document provides an overview of SQL, detailing its evolution from its original development to its current standards. It covers various SQL commands for database creation, manipulation, and querying, including syntax for creating databases and tables, inserting, updating, and deleting data, as well as selecting and filtering records. Additionally, it discusses data integrity checks and transaction control within SQL operations.

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volta172126
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10 views17 pages

SQLNotes

The document provides an overview of SQL, detailing its evolution from its original development to its current standards. It covers various SQL commands for database creation, manipulation, and querying, including syntax for creating databases and tables, inserting, updating, and deleting data, as well as selecting and filtering records. Additionally, it discusses data integrity checks and transaction control within SQL operations.

Uploaded by

volta172126
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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= Kinds of Computes entibrowment. The Sol tan pan tobe a {thandaxd bangesnge. as it oblows 1sex3 te Lean pene ss ae and use it fo Coceate, sobscieve ond transfere infermadi re sagas leas ¢ whebhosr they Oe wooatng 67 @ fC, Q works \on, 2 mini," Ot a natn fora rne issn one numerous yertions ef SOL. “Tae oniginah Sree ducloped ot 16M San Jose eagensch. (ow the AlLmanden peseaxch cores) . This_Lavguaze, originally cabled Seayol , 208 incplemerte Tn Sequel Language has evolved Since then, and its nae as charged. fo SOL. In 1986, the American __ pation) Shendoxds Trati tute (ANSI) pebdished an SOL _ Stondantd the? _use3_ a ae Buocessing Capabilities of SQL. je OL has pocoued to bea ata. Definition language t The SOL DDL_paseutitns commands fox afin 9 ‘on | 2teha#io7 creating indexes and rmuadifeing as | schemas. = pe sect ne Manipulation Language? The SOL. Orne 4, View Definition : The Sil DbL abso includes commands —— _ fer def intng véew | ——_{ Shivalal os Adluoretaationt The SOL DDL inchedes Commands fos Specifying access scights tp prelations and views. 6 Tobegecity? Te. SOL preoutdes (Limited) forms of | | rar checking, Exchre pocoducts and Standards Q es fox inkegecity checking. ¢- Frantaction Candob ? SA. induces temnands fer — 4 pecifping the beginning and endhé, transactions abens uaéth senna ands to baw 2 Contyol vex. praowsoction pacoorssing. # | DATABASES Iw __MY; That is deop a database namely students, we'll be waiting 2 || PROP DATABASE Student } . | | — —___# CREATING TABLES Lé- z CREATE TABLE Comm. Thaker table £3 contated + its —calsans ase named datatypes ard Sizes ave ~~ Column. Fach table mush haue at poard one colurm + fife long & CREATE TOBLE ommend, ake asta Hal Es —Peient database has beor opened wig _ USE < chetabade name>. > - Command gt The syntax of CREATE TABLE SYNTAX = CREATE TABLE ( < date type >U(< Size?) »»-]) 5 2 Create Comps. table whose scheme is a5 follows: __ | CompSc (%nthmo, St mame, Section, Marky) ; The S@L_Command uriee bet ‘| CREATE THBLE Sc C seolino integer Af mame cha (20) Section chase (4) H LAI. dateger * || When we create a table ints the vals that can be extexed into its field. Tf this _is_specified , Sol. will safest ong vabiees | Cerkered | cha-ged thsepugh. INSERT [UPDATE Command | that violate the Cxitexta Wwe define. # | Viewing @ fable Streectxe 2 i z We want bi —— DESC CRIBE) command. The _ Syntax of this Commend | 43 28 follows? a NTA X DESCCRIBE] < tablename > 3 [om 7 rm OD spaced ; | gs Fox example, if we _wsdte, _ rt: DESC CompSe ; (et DESCRIBE CompSe ; & i we (te ta ble’s —_aaariet inthe dladesbate, (a check what abe tables axe theses $n debabase , Simply wovite + ’ SHOW) TABLES 3 it woh. lez in 4 Bsercting pata. into Tle? @. INSERT_ENJO Command |The _suous ( turpis) art added fo seelations ueing INSERT Command op SOL. SYNTAX = INSERT INIo
[< tobemn List >] VALVES (, o--) % eh te co _jnko 2. = INSERT ZINTo CompSe — VALUES (1001 ,‘ARguN”, ‘A’, BS)? G wslumms 9 phe CREATE TABLE Commard of CompSc. The Sane can be deme. —~wlitn an albeenate tommand @3 Shown below : — INSERT xpyro Comp Sc. (wlhne, Sb name, Sectior “VALUES (4oo1, ‘ARIOM’, ‘A’ Os )3 @. tL Teserbing Nu vobeeos |e inser value nui ina specific column, we can type || out wal thot quotes and NOL with be _insected in pat \coleunn. i: : ‘| INSERT INTO ConepSe (soll mo, shame, Section, masts) VALVES (1002 ,‘AVNI’, NOLL, WoLL); See, fer Serie and masks colunns, NOLL Yates | faue beon Insesched- © |Tnscocking Dates " 2 in _* - DY Le, fisak fous digits depicting yeas, folued ya ba hy wed 2 digits mo foe 2 dé 2 ALL this is — ©. rset from Pmathet Table INSERT command can algo be used to take ast descive 7 vo bee03 foseon. exe table and place then 4n_erothen || eB ole this sceplace tre Values cChause with an apppse petite, Quory | — a3 Shown in the fi Iloursong eat male 2 _ aa INSERT INTO Compe | Select * FRom__Pem _ — WHERE —mard3s 7 BO 5 a Ee_wit extort all pros sows from PCM phat howe raat more phan 80 aed Ensexck this powduced A _sekuth into te table cong _ | 4 Modifying natn wth veDAtE lemmand ometimes, we neod te charge Some. po all of fs valued nan cclating wow. Tile can be dene usiog tne UPDATE _ command of SOL. The PDATE Command Speckfies the sows to be changed using pre _ WHERE Clause, and tre bw data using tre SET Koyword. The neve data can be aw specified centtart, an eipxe3dion 0x data fourm oben tables. | x exarephe , “to change pre maods, of all Studer to 95 we weed watte UPDATE CompSc SET masts = 9S ; 2 Of we wart te charge mass fo 10 only fase these BEES : _thad howe msds 03 bss than 40 melas eee - : UPDATE Compse. = ! SET mast? = 90 _— WHERE anak < 70; + Dent fe_i3sgue Commst ; i, ap-tere ama.ting changes yo tab L Ht Debeding Date with DELETE Commands ~The DELETE tommand semours rows fom a table — Pb Tks premmoueg the enhiso sows, not indiud dual ) —___field values , $0 nu field asegument 43 . Tr_debehe_S: ptax_ig: DELETE FROM < table name> HH RE x preedbionte 7] i | | just as we te for gusxtios |The. DROP TABLE Command DRo; Lu Jy Xx = I That is, to_dewp a table CompSc., we need fo wsite * oO | DROP TABLE Comp cs + | ones HU8_permmard 4s gin, the table name is ro llorger scecog nized and ene commands Can be ] | | giten on tat object. v ear z _ fete teble (Simple Queses, ee ~# The SELECT Command — ad | 7 = _colecenns fren en5e 0% yume tables {ekors ii_the Keyword in SOL, which tate pte _—_-in_cuey SELECT Glsery . '___Syntan? SELECT vc caus name 7 Cxtotumn namers+--) | FROM < table Name 2 3 | ewe guy a8 | ELECT si mame, soebien FROM ConmpSe 3 +] : pees arrears [ep a tabi jue | probusrans. Tic aidochk (#) con be ubstituled foo a t pamper Disk of colwnrnt 0s fobbouas ¢ ELECT _* FROM Comp ses { “Selecting Specific Rows — WHERE clause | Tie lait classe in SELECT Statement specifies the —lesed host olocBien nat tenelactted. a —~- _ [me 7 / howe [2 Shiver SELECT [, FROM < table mame WHERE < condition Gl WHERE -mascks 7 #5 2 T end ita Based 7 Range he 8 opexatos Sofinos The sane inchede boty Lowen Valeo and eo eee [Fax example t To Dist tre $8 name whos sol ne faves a | hebweon 1020 to 1035( both incushe), the command ist i SELECT éeorte 32 mame I! EROM Compe | WHERE soll.me BETWEEN 1020 AND 1035 ¢ __* The opomaton [Or BETWEEN is seovescge of BETWEEN ———pepenaden.» tak is, the 20s nat Satisfying te {BETWEEN condition ase sphoteued. Condition based paeaeeee ~——To_specify a Lish of values, Iw operate is sed. Pe IW ‘ae - WHERE So tien IN (‘A’) ¢ mph _rmatd) Lowexcage character , 0% seco -vex32- L —ilé Lidge ho! & bataira. fox txarnpale: ‘fidge’ ‘Beet, “ 7 "makoies any Lbcinp of exactly 4 chaxcetes. ee! atlas ay _thning of ob Dash 3 chanacted (rami | { Shivatat | * The LIKE Kegunsd is used to solocd swows tortabeing ——urlumns thaP match a wttd casd _pabteser. ie c b z table sating IO NUL in the WHERE Claw. * ati; ike =, <>, et 1 = swith (NULL) I Eeampse + To Ligt dolnits of aL storame where marks | cordain Nui 1 (3-e-, ren -vobse0 ) ue Lege the command 2 —> SELECT sh mame FROM _CompSe. WHERE anascks Ie NOLL: *~Nen - Nubh values in a table coy be Listed using ZS 1 NOT NULL. | Strbing Pesutt = ORDER BY clause I a EC} exe & SELECT < colemm name Gc tokeinm name> s+] FROM < table mame [WHERE < prwoticate >] CORDER BY < Column name ou bye thotr nares. 4 Elect * FROM ConpSc ORDER BY mask? DESC, SA mame ASC? ot) | Ce 16. iat Qa ghven colunm 07 exps03sibn. I 2 DISTING | Asgument type t c I Aotusrm value 2 Numerric Syntax AVG ( COLS TINCT ALJ) AUGL)? This function computer re aussage ef ghuse dafa ‘D | x is if aint: value a_giuen colin 0x expses3ion. fe : C) __Y)) mpxuU: aa faacbnet_tucdinot the Dadi sal fam a gluen _colteny 9% _expoeSAebn_______ — a “Shivitad : Syntax? Max (COISTINCT [ALL eepx) | s 3. — S || 5 lke fon. COUNT (£* Cosstiner J ALL] expx}) + Tf we Specify i 0s urhere cape, got yutl), We C27 Chunk ef hore Wh ws Ould disifack values of capi - “i é fe nell.

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