Calculus (II) Problem Set 09 Date: 2025/04/24

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
1. Find and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑦
(a) (Textbook 13.3: Exercise 12) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = tan−1 ( )
𝑥

(b) (Textbook 13.3: Exercise 20) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = log𝑦 𝑥

𝑦
(c) (Textbook 13.3: Exercise 21) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑥

Solution:

𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕 𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕 𝑦 𝑥
(a) = 2
⋅ ( )=− 2 , = ⋅ ( )= 2 .
𝜕𝑥 1 + (𝑦/𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝜕𝑦 1 + (𝑦/𝑥) 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2
ln 𝑥 𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕𝑓 ln 𝑥
(b) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = log𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹ = , =− .
ln 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑦(ln 𝑦)2
𝜕 𝑦 𝜕 𝑦
(c) ∫ 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑔(𝑦) ⋅ 0 − 𝑔(𝑥) ⋅ 1 = −𝑔(𝑥), ∫ 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑔(𝑦) ⋅ 1 − 𝑔(𝑥) ⋅ 0 = 𝑔(𝑦).
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥

2. (Textbook 13.3: Exercise 54) Find all the second-order partial derivatives of the function
𝑥
2
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦

Solution:

• Find the first-order partial derivatives for the given function.

𝜕𝑓 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
2
= 2𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑓 2𝑥2 𝑥2
= − 3 𝑒𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝑦

Therefore, one can easily find all the second-order partial derivatives of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) are

𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕 𝑥 𝑦𝑥2 𝑥
𝑦2
𝑥 𝑦𝑥2 2 𝑦𝑥2
= ( 𝑒 + 𝑒 ) = 𝑒 + 𝑒
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥 𝑦2 𝑦4 𝑦2
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕 2𝑥2 𝑥2 6𝑥2 𝑥2 4𝑥3 𝑥2
2
= (− 3 𝑒 𝑦 ) = 4 𝑒 𝑦 + 6 𝑒 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕 2𝑥2 𝑥2 4𝑥 𝑥2 2𝑥2 𝑥2
= (− 3 𝑒 𝑦 ) = − 3 𝑒 𝑦 − 5 𝑒 𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
2 4𝑥 𝑥2 2𝑥2 𝑥2
= ( 2𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒𝑦 ) = − 3 𝑒𝑦 − 5 𝑒𝑦
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Calculus (II) Problem Set 09 2025/04/24

3. One dimensional wave equation If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are twice differentiable functions of a single variable, show that the function
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡) satisfies the following equation

𝜕2 𝑢 2
2𝜕 𝑢
= 𝑎
𝜕𝑡2 𝜕𝑥2

This equation is named as Wave Equation. It can describe the behaviour of waves including electromagnetic waves,
seismic waves, or water waves.

Solution:

• Let 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 and 𝑤 = 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡, then 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑓 (𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡)) + 𝑔(𝑤(𝑥, 𝑡)). By Chain Rule,

𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑓 𝜕𝑣 𝑑𝑔 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
= + = ⋅1+ ⋅1
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑓 𝜕𝑣 𝑑𝑔 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
= + = ⋅𝑎− ⋅ 𝑎.
𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
Therefore, one can easily find that

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔 𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝜕𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑔 𝜕𝑤 𝑑2 𝑓 𝑑2 𝑔
= ( + ) = ( ) + ( ) = +
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑣2 𝑑𝑤2
2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔 𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝜕𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑔 𝜕𝑤 2 2 2
= (𝑎 ⋅ − 𝑎 ⋅ ) = 𝑎 ⋅ [ ( ) − ( ) ] = 𝑎 2 ⋅ [ 𝑑 𝑓 + 𝑑 𝑔 ] = 𝑎2 ⋅ 𝜕 𝑢
𝜕𝑡2 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑣2 𝑑𝑤2 𝜕𝑥2
Calculus (II) Problem Set 09 2025/04/24

4. (Textbook 13.4: Exercise 12) If 𝑢 = 𝑒𝑞𝑟 sin−1 𝑝 and 𝑝 = sin 𝑥, 𝑞 = 𝑧2 ln 𝑦, 𝑟 = 1/𝑧, then:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
(a) Express , , and as functions of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 both by using the Chain Rule and by expressing 𝑢 directly in
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
terms of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 before differentiating.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜋 1 1
(b) Evaluate , , and at the given point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ( , , − ).
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 4 2 2

Solution:

(a) 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟) = 𝑒𝑞𝑟 sin−1 𝑝. Use the Chain Rule:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑟 cos 𝑥

= + + = ⋅ cos 𝑥 + (𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑟 sin−1 𝑝) ⋅ 0 + (𝑞𝑒𝑞𝑟 sin−1 𝑝) ⋅ 0 = = 𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 √1 − 𝑝2 √1 − 𝑝 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑟 𝑧2 𝑧2
= + + = ⋅ 0 + (𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑟 sin−1 𝑝) ⋅ + (𝑞𝑒𝑞𝑟 sin−1 𝑝) ⋅ 0 = 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑟 sin−1 𝑝 = 𝑥𝑧𝑦𝑧−1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 √1 − 𝑝2 𝑦 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑟 −1
= + + = ⋅ 0 + (𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑟 sin−1 𝑝) ⋅ 2𝑧 ln 𝑦 + (𝑞𝑒𝑞𝑟 sin−1 𝑝) ⋅ 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 √1 − 𝑝2 𝑧
𝑞𝑒𝑞𝑟
= 2𝑧𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑟 (ln 𝑦) sin−1 𝑝 − sin−1 𝑝 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ln 𝑦
𝑧2
Use 𝑝 = sin 𝑥, 𝑞 = 𝑧2 ln 𝑦, 𝑟 = 1/𝑧 to express 𝑢 first. One can find that
2 ln 𝑦⋅ 1𝑧 𝑧
𝑢 = 𝑒𝑞𝑟 sin−1 𝑝 = 𝑒𝑧 sin−1 (sin 𝑥) = 𝑒𝑧 ln 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒ln 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 .

Do partial differentiation directly. One can easily find that

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑦𝑧 , = 𝑥𝑧𝑦𝑧−1 , = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ln 𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜋 1 1
(b) When (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ( , , − ),
4 2 2
− 12
𝜕𝑢 1
=( ) = √2
𝜕𝑥 2
− 32
𝜕𝑢 𝜋 1 1 𝜋 √2
= (− ) ( ) =−
𝜕𝑦 4 2 2 4
− 12
𝜕𝑢 𝜋 1 1 𝜋 √2 ln 2
= ( ) ln =−
𝜕𝑧 4 2 2 4
Calculus (II) Problem Set 09 2025/04/24

𝑑𝑦
5. (Textbook 13.4: Exercise 26) Find at (−1, 1) if 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 − 3𝑥 − 3 = 0.
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝜕𝐹
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦−3 𝑑𝑦
Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 − 3𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⟹ = 𝑦 − 3, = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ⟹ = − 𝜕𝐹 =− ⟹ ∣ =2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (−1,1)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
6. (Textbook 13.4: Exercise 33) Find and at (𝜋, 𝜋, 𝜋) if sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin(𝑦 + 𝑧) + sin(𝑧 + 𝑥) = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Solution:
Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin(𝑦 + 𝑧) + sin(𝑧 + 𝑥) = 0
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
⟹ = cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + cos(𝑧 + 𝑥), = cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + cos(𝑦 + 𝑧), = cos(𝑦 + 𝑧) + cos(𝑧 + 𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐹
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + cos(𝑧 + 𝑥) 𝜕𝑧
= − 𝜕𝐹 =− ⟹ ∣ = −1
𝜕𝑥 cos(𝑦 + 𝑧) + cos(𝑧 + 𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 (𝜋,𝜋,𝜋)
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐹
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + cos(𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝜕𝑧
=− 𝜕𝐹
=− ⟹ ∣ = −1
𝜕𝑦 cos(𝑦 + 𝑧) + cos(𝑧 + 𝑥) 𝜕𝑦 (𝜋,𝜋,𝜋)
𝜕𝑧

𝑑𝑧
7. (Textbook 13.4: Exercise 44) Find ∣ if
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=3
2
𝑧 = (𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)) , 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡), 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡)

and

𝑓𝑥 (1, 0) = −1, 𝑓𝑦 (1, 0) = 1, 𝑓 (1, 0) = 2, 𝑔(3) = 1, ℎ(3) = 0, 𝑔′ (3) = −3, ℎ′ (3) = 4.

Solution:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) ( + )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
When 𝑡 = 3, 𝑥 = 𝑔(3) = 1, 𝑦 = ℎ(3) = 0, 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 (1, 0) = 2. ∣ = 𝑔′ (3) = −3, ∣ = ℎ′ (3) = 4
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=3 𝑑𝑡 𝑡=3
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
∣ = 𝑓𝑥 (1, 0) = −1, ∣ = 𝑓𝑦 (1, 0) = 1
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥,𝑦)=(1,0) 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥,𝑦)=(1,0)
𝑑𝑧
Therefore, ∣ = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ [(−1) ⋅ (−3) + 1 ⋅ 4] = 28
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=3
Calculus (II) Problem Set 09 2025/04/24

8. (Textbook 13.4: Exercise 50) Suppose that we substitute polar coordinates 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 in a differentiable
function 𝑤 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦).
(a) Show that

𝜕𝑤
= 𝑓𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑓𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝜕𝑟
and
1 𝜕𝑤
= −𝑓𝑥 sin 𝜃 + 𝑓𝑦 cos 𝜃
𝑟 𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
(b) Solve the equation in (a) to express 𝑓𝑥 and 𝑓𝑦 in terms of and
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
(c) Show that
2 2
2 2 𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑤
(𝑓𝑥 ) + (𝑓𝑦 ) = ( ) + 2( )
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

Solution:

(a) For the first equation,

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑓𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑓𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑓𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
For the second equation,

𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑤
= 𝑓𝑥 ⋅ (−𝑟 sin 𝜃) + 𝑓𝑦 ⋅ (𝑟 cos 𝜃) ⇒ = −𝑓𝑥 sin 𝜃 + 𝑓𝑦 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

(b) From (a)

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
= 𝑓𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑓𝑦 sin 𝜃 ⇒ sin 𝜃 = 𝑓𝑥 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑓𝑦 sin2 𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕𝑤 cos 𝜃 𝜕𝑤
= −𝑓𝑥 sin 𝜃 + 𝑓𝑦 cos 𝜃 ⇒ ( ) = −𝑓𝑥 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑓𝑦 cos2 𝜃
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

Therefore,
𝜕𝑤 cos 𝜃 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 cos 𝜃 𝜕𝑤
𝑓𝑦 = (sin 𝜃) +( ) ⇒ = 𝑓𝑥 cos 𝜃 + [(sin 𝜃) +( ) ] (sin 𝜃)
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜕𝑤
𝑓𝑥 cos 𝜃 = − (sin2 𝜃) −( ) = (1 − sin2 𝜃) −( )
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑤 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝑤
𝑓𝑥 = (cos 𝜃) −( )
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

(c) From (b)

2 2
𝜕𝑤 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 sin2 𝜃 ⎞ 𝜕𝑤
(𝑓𝑥 )2 = (cos2 𝜃) ( ) −( )( )+⎛
⎜
2
⎟( )
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 ⎝ 𝑟 ⎠ 𝜕𝜃
2 2 2 2
𝜕𝑤 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 cos2 𝜃 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑤
(𝑓𝑦 )2 = (sin2 𝜃) ( ) +( )( ) + ( 2 )( ) ⇒ (𝑓𝑥 )2 + (𝑓𝑦 )2 = ( ) + 2( )
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
Calculus (II) Problem Set 09 2025/04/24

9. In the following exercises, find the gradient of the function at the given point.
√𝑥
(a) (Textbook 13.5: Exercise 6) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = tan−1 at (4, −2).
𝑦

(b) (Textbook 13.5: Exercise 9) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 )−1/2 + ln(𝑥𝑦𝑧) at (−1, 2, −2).

Solution:

(a) The gradient vector is

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑦 √𝑥 1 1
∇𝑓 = î + ĵ = 2 3/2
î − 2 j ̂ ⟹ ∇𝑓 ∣(4,−2) = − i ̂ − j ̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 √
2𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2𝑦 + 𝑥 16 4

(b) The gradient vector is

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
∇𝑓 = î + j ̂ + k̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 1 𝑦 1 𝑧 1
= (− 2 2 2 3/2
+ ) i ̂ + (− 2 2 2 3/2
+ ) j ̂ + (− 2 2 2 3/2
+ ) k̂
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝑧

Therefore,
26 23 23
∇𝑓 ∣(−1,2,−2) = − i ̂ + j ̂ − k̂
27 54 54

10. Find the derivative of the function at 𝑃0 in the direction of 𝑢.

⃗⃗⃗⃗
(a) (Textbook 13.5: Exercise 12) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥2 + 𝑦2 , 𝑃0 (−1, 1), ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3i ̂ − 4j ̂
𝑢

(b) (Textbook 13.5: Exercise 14) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = tan−1 (𝑦/𝑥) + √3 sin−1 (𝑥𝑦/2), 𝑃0 (1, 1), ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3i ̂ − 2j ̂
𝑢

(c) (Textbook 13.3: Exercise 17) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 3𝑒𝑥 cos(𝑦𝑧), 𝑃0 (0, 0, 0), ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2i ̂ + j ̂ − 2k̂
𝑢

Solution:

𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 3 4 3 4
(a) û = = i ̂ − j,̂ ∇𝑓 ∣(−1,1) = −4i ̂ + 2j ̂ ⟹ 𝐷û 𝑓 (−1, 1) = ⋅ (−4) + (− ) ⋅ 2 = −4
|⃗⃗𝑢|
⃗⃗ 5 5 5 5
𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 3 2 1 3 3 1 2 3 3
(b) û = = î − j,̂ ∇ℎ∣(1,1) = i ̂ + j ̂ ⟹ 𝐷û ℎ(1, 1) = ⋅ + (− )⋅ =−
|⃗⃗𝑢|
⃗⃗ √13 √13 2 2 √13 2 √13 2 2√13
𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2 1 2 2 1 2
(c) û = = i ̂ + j ̂ − k,̂ ∇𝑔∣(0,0,0) = 3i ̂ ⟹ 𝐷û 𝑔(0, 0, 0) = ⋅ 3 + ⋅ 0 + (− ) ⋅ 0 = 2
|⃗⃗𝑢|
⃗⃗ 3 3 3 3 3 3
Calculus (II) Problem Set 09 2025/04/24

11. (Textbook 13.5: Exercise 29) Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦. Find the direction 𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗ and the value of 𝐷𝑢⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑓 (1, −1) for which
(a) 𝐷𝑢⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑓 (1, −1) is the largest.

(b) 𝐷𝑢⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑓 (1, −1) is the smallest.

(c) 𝐷𝑢⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑓 (1, −1) = 0

(d) 𝐷𝑢⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑓 (1, −1) = 4

(e) 𝐷𝑢⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑓 (1, −1) = −3

Solution:

• ∇𝑓 = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)i ̂ + (−𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1)j ̂

3 4
(a) ∇𝑓 ∣(1,−1) = 3i ̂ − 4j ̂ ⇒ ∣∇𝑓 ∣ = 5 ⇒ 𝐷𝑢⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑓 (1, −1) = 5 is the largest in the direction of û = i ̂ − j.̂
5 5
3 4
(b) ∇𝑓 ∣(1,−1) = 3i ̂ − 4j ̂ ⇒ ∣∇𝑓 ∣ = 5 ⇒ 𝐷𝑢⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑓 (1, −1) = −5 is the smallest in the direction of û = − i ̂ + j.̂
5 5
4 3 4 3
(c) 𝐷𝑢⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑓 (1, −1) = 0 in the direction of û = i ̂ + j ̂ or û = − i ̂ − j.̂
5 5 5 5

(d) Let û = 𝑢1 i ̂ + 𝑢2 j ̂ and √𝑢21 + 𝑢22 = 1 ⇒ 𝑢21 + 𝑢22 = 1.

3
𝐷𝑢⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑓 (1, −1) = (3i ̂ − 4j)̂ ⋅ (𝑢1 i ̂ + 𝑢2 j)̂ = 3𝑢1 − 4𝑢2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑢2 = 𝑢 −1
4 1
Thus,
2
3 25 2 3 24
𝑢21 + ( 𝑢1 − 1) = 1 ⇒ 𝑢1 − 𝑢1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑢1 = 0 or 𝑢1 = .
4 16 2 25

When 𝑢1 = 0, 𝑢2 = −1. The corresponding direction is û = −j ̂

24 7 24 7
When 𝑢1 = , 𝑢2 = − . The corresponding direction is û = i ̂ − j.̂
25 25 25 25

(e) Let û = 𝑢1 i ̂ + 𝑢2 j ̂ and √𝑢21 + 𝑢22 = 1 ⇒ 𝑢21 + 𝑢22 = 1.

4
𝐷𝑢⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑓 (1, −1) = (3i ̂ − 4j)̂ ⋅ (𝑢1 i ̂ + 𝑢2 j)̂ = 3𝑢1 − 4𝑢2 = −3 ⇒ 𝑢1 = 𝑢 −1
3 2
Thus,
2
4 25 2 8 24
( 𝑢2 − 1) + 𝑢22 = 1 ⇒ 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑢2 = 0 or 𝑢2 = .
3 9 3 25

When 𝑢2 = 0, 𝑢1 = −1. The corresponding direction is û = −i ̂

24 7 7 24
When 𝑢2 = , 𝑢1 = . The corresponding direction is û = i ̂ + j.̂
25 25 25 25