Midway Report: Alternate Semester

on
Transformer Protection System

Submitted by
Ankush Thakur
102104007
(B.E., Electrical Engineering)

Under the Guidance of

Faculty Supervisor
Dr. Surya Prakash
Associate Professor
EIED, TIET, Patiala

2025

Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering

Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala
(Declared as Deemed-to-be-University u/s 3 of the UGC Act., 1956)
Post Bag No. 32, Patiala – 147004
Punjab (India)
 Declaration

I hereby declare that the midway report titled, “Transformer Protection System”, submitted
as a partial requirement for the Alternate Semester Design Project (UEE895) course towards
the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical Engineering at Thapar Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Patiala, is an accurate representation of the work I undertook.
This work was carried out under the guidance and supervision of Dr. Surya Prakash,
Associate Professor at the Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, TIET,
Patiala, India.

Place: Patiala Ankush

Thakur
Date: 29/04/2025 102104007

It is certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.

Faculty Supervisor
Dr. Surya Prakash
Associate Professor
EIED, TIET, Patiala

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 Acknowledgement

My sincere gratitude goes out to everyone who made it possible for me to do this assignment
with their help. But without the kind support and help from multiple people and
organizations, it would not be possible. I sincerely appreciate each and every one of them. I
owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Surya Prakash for giving me the information I needed about
what I do. Their unwavering assistance was crucial to finishing this Project report. The
assistance and encouragement I received from my friends enabled me to do this assignment,
and for that I am grateful.

Ankush Thakur

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 Abstract
Transformer play a crucial role in electrical systems by regulating voltage and transferring
power efficiently. However, they are susceptible to faults like overcurrent, overheating, and
short circuits, which can lead to significant damage if not addressed quickly. While there are
advanced protection systems available, they tend to be complex and expensive, making them
less feasible for smaller, low-voltage transformers. Overcurrent protection is one of the most
significant safety features for any electrical system. By quickly isolating the transformer
during fault conditions, this system helps in preventing potential hazards such as fires,
electrical shocks, or equipment damage, ensuring that the transformer operates within safe
limits.

This project aims to design a simple and cost-effective protection circuit that can reliably
detect faults and isolate transformers when needed, all without relying on programmable
controllers, communication systems, or circuit breakers. The system uses basic components
such as a transformer, relay, rectifier, load, battery, and a manual on/off switch. The relay
serves as the primary fault-detection and isolation device, cutting off the transformer during
abnormal conditions, such as overcurrent, to prevent damage, the relay disconnects the
transformer from the load, preventing further damage and safeguarding both the transformer
and the electrical circuit. The rectifier ensures the proper operation of the system's control
components, while the battery serves as a backup power source in case of outages.

The goal is to create a practical solution that is both affordable and effective, offering basic
protection for small-scale applications such as in educational settings, small industries, and
backup power systems. This project proves that even a minimalist design can meet essential
protection needs while ensuring safety and reliability.

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 Table of Contents

Declaration i
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
List of Figures iv
List of Tables v
List of Abbreviations vi

1. Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Types of Transformers 1
1.2.1 Power Transformer 2
1.2.2 Distribution Transformer 2
1.2.3 Instrument Transformer 3
1.2.4 Auto Transformer 3

2. Literature Review 4
2.1 Literature Review 4
2.2 Statement of Problem-Based on Identified Research Gaps 5

3. Various Topologies of Transformer Protection Techniques 6

3.1 Different Transformer Protection Techniques 6
3.1.1 Overcurrent Protection 6
3.1.2 Thermal Protection 6
3.1.3 Manual Isolation Using Relay and Switch 7
3.2 Working Principle 7
3.3 Key Components Used in Protection 8

4. Results and Discussion 9

4.1 System Setup 9
4.2 Operation Under Normal Condition 9
4.3 Operation Under Fault Condition 9

5. Conclusions and Future Work 11

5.1 Conclusions 11
5.2 Future Work 11

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References 12

List of Figures
1.1 Transformer Used in the Project 2
3.1 Different Transformer Protection Techniques 6
3.2 Circuit Diagram of the Protection System 8
4.1 Working of the Relay and its Contacts 10

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 List of Tables
3.1 Various Components Used in the Protection System 8
4.1 Components Specification 9

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 List of Abbreviations

IoT Internet of Things

AC Alternate Current
DC Direct Current
CT Current Transformer
PT Potential Transformer
ANN Artificial Neural Networks
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
LED Light Emitting Diode
NO Normally Open
NC Normally Closed

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 Chapter 1
Introduction

Chapter Outline

This chapter provides a general introduction to transformer protection circuits and explains
why transformer safety is crucial in electrical systems. It covers the basic need for protection
devices, the types of faults that can occur, and the role of components like relays, rectifiers,
and switches in safeguarding the transformer.

1.1. Introduction

Transformers are a backbone of modern electrical systems, helping to transfer power

efficiently between circuits operating at different voltage levels. Because they are so
important, protecting them from faults like over currents, short circuits, and overheating is
critical. Without proper protection, even a small issue can lead to major damage, costly
repairs, or unsafe situations.

In larger systems, transformer protection is usually handled by complex equipment like

circuit breakers, communication devices, or programmable controllers. But for smaller setups
or where cost and simplicity are important a basic, reliable protection circuit is more than
enough. This project focuses on building a simple transformer protection device using just a
few core components: a transformer, relay, rectifier, battery, load, and a manual on/off switch.
No communication modules, no microcontrollers just straightforward, practical protection.

The goal is to design a system that can quickly detect problems like an overcurrent and
immediately disconnect the transformer to avoid damage. Along the way, this project also
offers hands-on experience with real-world electrical protection techniques covering
everything from relay operation to fault detection and safe system shutdown.

By the end, the project aims to deliver a low-cost, easy-to-build solution that could be used in
educational labs, small industrial applications, or simple backup systems, while deepening
understanding of key electrical engineering principles.

1.2. Types of Transformers:

Transformer come in various types, each designed to suit specific electrical needs and
applications. Here are main types of transformers with their applications.

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 Fig 1.1. Transformer Used in the Project

1.2.1. Power Transformer

Power transformers are used mainly in transmission networks to transfer large amounts of
electrical energy at high voltages over long distances. They are designed for maximum
efficiency at full load and operate mostly during peak hours. Their robust design allows them
to handle high voltage and current ratings without overheating. Power transformers are
crucial in stepping up voltages at generating stations for transmission and stepping them
down at substations for distribution.

Advantages: They offer high efficiency, reliable long-distance transmission, and help in
minimizing transmission losses.

Applications: Power stations, large substations, and heavy industrial plants.

1.2.2. Distribution Transformer

Distribution transformers are positioned near residential and commercial areas to reduce
transmission voltages to levels that are safe and usable for homes and small businesses.
Unlike power transformers, they are designed to operate efficiently under varying load
conditions throughout the day. Distribution transformers are smaller in size and are often
mounted on poles or placed in ground-level enclosures.

Advantages: They provide continuous service with minimal maintenance and are energy-
efficient under light load conditions.

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Applications: Residential colonies, shopping complexes, small factories, and farm power
supply.

1.2.3. Instrument Transformer

Instrument transformers include Current Transformers (CTs) and Potential Transformers

(PTs), primarily used to scale down high currents and voltages to lower, measurable values
suitable for instruments and protective relays. These transformers enable safe and accurate
monitoring and control of electrical systems without exposing measurement devices to high
voltage directly.

Advantages: They improve the safety of measurement systems, provide electrical isolation,
and allow for accurate monitoring and protection.

Applications: Protection and control in substations, energy metering, fault detection systems
in industries.

1.2.4. Auto Transformer

Autotransformers use a single, continuous winding that acts as both the primary and
secondary winding, resulting in reduced size, cost, and energy loss. They are typically used
where voltage needs to be slightly increased or decreased without complete electrical
isolation between circuits. While they are highly efficient and compact, autotransformers are
not suitable where full electrical isolation is required.

Advantages: They offer better voltage regulation, lower cost, smaller size, and higher
efficiency compared to traditional two-winding transformers.

Applications: Voltage regulation in transmission systems, starting of induction motors,

railway traction systems, and audio systems.

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 Chapter 2
Literature Review

Chapter Outline

This chapter presents the literature review related to transformer protection system. It
discusses various traditional and modern methods used to protect transformers from faults
such as overcurrent, short circuits, and overheating. The chapter also reviews different types
of protection devices like relays and sensing circuits that are commonly employed in
electrical networks.

2.1. Literature Review

The field of transformer protection has grown and changed significantly over the years.
Starting with basic mechanical methods, the technology has evolved into advanced,
intelligent systems that not only detect faults but can predict and prevent failures before they
occur. This chapter highlights key milestones in transformer protection research over time
and shows how innovation has made transformers safer and more reliable.

In the early 1920s, transformer protection relied mainly on basic electromechanical

overcurrent relays. These devices were designed to disconnect transformers when the current
crossed a safe limit, providing essential but limited protection for early power networks [1].

A major breakthrough came in 1941 with the invention of the Buchholz relay, specially
designed for oil-filled transformers. It could detect internal faults by sensing gas buildup
inside the transformer tank, offering a valuable early warning before serious damage occurred
[2].

In the 1960s, researchers focused on differential protection techniques, which compare the
current entering and leaving the transformer. Work by Anderson (1966) laid a strong
foundation for modern protection systems by improving the ability to detect internal faults
quickly and accurately [3].

The 1980s marked the shift toward microprocessor-based relays. Digital relays brought
significant improvements over their mechanical predecessors, offering faster response times,
better fault analysis, and easier adaptability to different protection settings, as detailed by
Horowitz and Phadke (1981) [4].

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In 1995, Xu and Sekar introduced wavelet-based protection techniques, allowing engineers to
detect and classify faults more precisely by analyzing transient signal patterns. This approach
opened the door to smarter and faster fault detection systems [5].

During the early 2000s, researchers like Bakar et al. proposed adaptive protection systems.
These systems could automatically adjust their relay settings based on real-time network
conditions, offering more flexible and reliable transformer protection [6].

In 2010, Bhatt and Singh explored the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in
transformer protection. Their work showed how machine learning could recognize complex
fault conditions faster and more accurately than traditional methods [7].

More recently, in 2018, Alwakeel et al. explored IoT-based real-time transformer monitoring,
enabling predictive maintenance through constant analysis of key health indicators like
temperature, oil quality, and load cycles [8].

2.2. Statement of Problem-Based on Identified Research Gaps

Even though many advanced transformer protection systems exist today, there is still a clear
gap when it comes to simple, affordable solutions for small, low-voltage transformers. Most
available options are either too complex or too expensive for smaller setups. This project
focuses on bridging that gap by designing an easy-to-build protection circuit that can detect
faults like overcurrent and safely disconnect the transformer using just a relay and a manual
switch without relying on programmable controllers, communication systems, or expensive
circuit breakers.

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 Chapter 3

Various Topologies of Transformer Protection Techniques

Chapter Outline

This chapter explores various methods for protecting transformers, with an emphasis on
simple and affordable solutions tailored for low-voltage and small-scale applications. It
compares different techniques based on their efficiency, complexity, and how well they fit
standalone transformer protection setups.

3.1. Different Transformer Protection Techniques

Overcurrent Protection

Transformer Protection Techniques Thermal Protection

Manual Isolation using relay and

switch

Fig. 3.1. Different Transformer Protection Techniques

3.1.1. Overcurrent Protection

Overcurrent protection is a fundamental and crucial method for safeguarding transformers. It
works by detecting the amount of current passing through the transformer and disconnecting
it if the current surpasses safe thresholds.
In this project, a relay is employed to continuously monitor the current and disconnect the
transformer during an overcurrent situation. A current sensing element, such as a shunt
resistor or a basic current transformer, activates the relay whenever it detects abnormal
current levels.
3.1.2. Thermal Protection

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Thermal protection focuses on monitoring the temperature of the transformer to prevent
overheating. Overheating can degrade insulation, leading to transformer failure.
In basic systems, a temperature sensor could trip a relay once the set temperature threshold is
crossed. However, in a minimal or more common designs, thermal protection can be optional
and can be added in advanced versions.
3.1.3. Manual Isolation using relay and switch
In this system, the relay combined with a manual on/off switch forms the main protective
mechanism. During normal operation, the relay remains engaged to allow power flow. If a
fault is sensed (like overcurrent), the relay immediately de-energizes, isolating the
transformer. The manual switch provides an extra layer of control, allowing human
intervention when required for maintenance or emergency disconnection.

3.2. Working Principle

 The transformer protection system operates by continuously monitoring the
current flowing through the transformer to detect any abnormal conditions, such
as overcurrent.
 Under normal circumstances, the transformer supplies power to the connected
load through a relay, which remains energized to keep the circuit closed. A simple
current sensing mechanism, such as a shunt resistor, is used to detect the amount
of current flowing in the circuit.
 If the current exceeds a predefined safe limit, the sensing circuit immediately
triggers the relay to de-energize, opening the contacts and disconnecting the
transformer from the load to prevent damage.
 The rectified DC output powers both the relay control circuit and the connected
LED load. During normal conditions, the relay remains energized, allowing DC
power to flow uninterrupted to the LEDs. When an overcurrent condition is
detected, the sensing circuit triggers the relay to disconnect the DC supply to the
load, preventing damage.
 This design ensures quick fault isolation, enhances the reliability of the
transformer, and minimizes the risk of severe failures, all while keeping the
system simple, cost-effective, and easy to operate.

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 Fig 3.2. Circuit Diagram of the Protection System

3.3. Key Components Used for Protection

Table 3.1. Various Components Used in the Protection System

S.no. Component Function Remarks

1 Transformer Supplies AC Low voltage,
power to the load Single phase
2 Relay Fault Detection Electromechanical
and isolation type
3 Rectifier Converts AC into Bridge rectifier
DC for relay
4 Battery Powers the control 9V
circuit
5 Switch Manual isolation Installed with
Load
6 Current sensor Monitors Current Shunt resistor
flow

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 Chapter 4
Results and Discussion

Chapter Outline:

This chapter presents the implementation results of the transformer protection system,
explains its operation under normal and fault conditions and discusses the system
performance based on observations.

1.1. System Setup

Table 4.1. Components Specification

S.no Components Specification

.
1 Transformer 230V/9V, 500mA
2 Resistor 10kὨ
3 Relay 5V
4 Capacitor 2200µF
5 LED 1.5V

The Protection system is assembled using the following components. The AC supply from the
transformer is rectified to power the load, The relay coil energized under normal conditions.
The load is connected through the relay's normally open (NO) contacts.
1.2. Operation under normal condition:
During normal condition:
 The transformer supplies power to the load without interruption.
 The relay remains energized, keeping the circuit closed.
 The current flowing through the system remains within safe limits, and no
isolation occurs.
1.3. Operation under Fault condition:
 The current sensing resistor detected the abnormal rise in current.
 The control circuit triggered the relay coil to de-energize.

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  As a result, the relay contacts open immediately, disconnecting the transformer
from the load.
 The isolation time can be observed to be very quick (nearly instant, depending on
relay actuation speed).

Fig. 4.1. Working of the relay and its contacts

The relay coil is responsible for controlling the switching operation. When a voltage is
applied to the coil, it generates a magnetic field that pulls the internal contact away from the
NC terminal and connects it to the NO terminal.

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 Chapter 5
Conclusion and Future Work

5.1. Conclusion
This project successfully shows how a simple and affordable transformer protection system
can be designed using basic components like a transformer, relay, rectifier, battery, load, and
a manual switch. The system focuses mainly on detecting overcurrent faults and
disconnecting the transformer quickly to avoid any serious damage, without needing complex
controllers or expensive circuit breakers. The relay plays a crucial role by automatically
isolating the transformer whenever unsafe conditions arise.

By keeping the design straightforward and using easily available parts, the system proves to
be a practical solution for low-voltage and small-scale applications, such as in educational
labs, small industries, and backup power setups. It highlights that even without advanced
technology, essential protection like ensuring safety, reliability, and easy maintenance can
still be achieved. This project overall demonstrates that with smart planning and simple
techniques, important transformer protection can be made both effective and accessible.

5.2. Future Work

Although the current transformer protection system successfully isolates the transformer
during overcurrent conditions, there is significant scope for further development. In the
future, the system could be enhanced by integrating thermal protection to safeguard against
overheating, using simple temperature sensors. An automatic reset mechanism could also
replace manual resetting to restore normal operation once fault conditions clear. Expanding
the system to detect other faults, such as short circuits or ground faults, would improve its
overall reliability. Adding a small digital display to show real-time voltage, current, or fault
status could make monitoring easier. To increase fault detection accuracy, advanced current
sensing methods like current transformers or Hall Effect sensors could be introduced.
Additionally, with slight modifications, this protection concept could be scaled for larger

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transformers used in small industries or commercial applications, making the system even
more versatile and impactful.

References

[1] H. J. Berg, "Historical Development of Protective Relays," IEEE Transactions on

Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-100, no. 5, 1981.
[2] ABB, "Buchholz Relay Principle — ABB Protection Handbook," ABB Technical
Publication, 2020.
[3] P. M. Anderson, "Power System Protection," Wiley-IEEE Press, 1966.
[4] S. H. Horowitz and A. G. Phadke, "Protective relaying: A practical application," IEEE
Press, 1981.
[5] Y. Xu and V. Sekar, "Wavelet transform-based transformer differential protection,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 11, no. 4, 1995.
[6] A. H. Bakar, "Adaptive Protection for Power System," International Journal of
Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2002.
[7] R. Bhatt and B. Singh, "Artificial neural network-based protection scheme for power
transformer," IET Electric Power Applications, 2010.
[8] Alwakeel, M. I., "Real-time transformer monitoring using IoT technology," 2018
IEEE SmartGridComm.

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