Herbal Plant identification by using DCNN and GAP

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

The project tackles the intricate challenge of accurately identifying Ayurvedic plants using advanced
deep learning techniques, specifically the Xception model integrated with Global Average Pooling (GAP).
This approach revolutionizes traditional plant identification methods, which are often slow and require
specialized knowledge, by providing a swift, accurate, and accessible solution. Its real-world applications
are vast, enhancing the precision in herbal medicine preparation, aiding biodiversity conservation through
improved plant species tracking, and serving as an invaluable educational tool for students and
researchers in botany and traditional medicine fields.
The project aims to develop an advanced system for identifying Ayurvedic plant leaves using Deep
Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) and Global Average Pooling (GAP). This approach focuses on
leveraging the Xception model to analyze high-resolution leaf images, extracting key features for precise
classification. The goal is to enhance accuracy and efficiency in distinguishing between various Ayurvedic
plants, addressing the limitations of traditional identification methods and contributing significantly to
botanical research and herbal medicine applications.

ABSTRACT:

This project aims to advance the field of automated medicinal plant identification by integrating
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) with Global Average Pooling (GAP) techniques. Given
the increasing importance of accurately recognizing medicinal plants for pharmaceutical research and
conservation efforts, this study proposes an improved model that leverages the strengths of DCNN
for feature extraction and GAP for reducing model complexity and overfitting. By refining the
approach outlined in prior research, which utilized CNN models like VGG16, ResNet50, and Xception
for classifying Vietnamese medicinal plants, this project seeks to achieve higher accuracy and
efficiency in plant species classification from complex natural images.

I. INTRODUCTION

Plants The identification of medicinal plants plays a critical role in botany, pharmacology, and
ecosystem conservation. Traditional methods relying on expert knowledge are time-consuming and
not scalable. Recent advancements in deep learning, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNN), have shown promising results in automating this task. This project builds upon previous work
by incorporating DCNN architectures with Global Average Pooling to enhance feature extraction and
reduce model parameters, aiming for a more accurate and efficient identification process

The ability to automatically recognize plants has greatly increased with the development of computer
vision technologies. Deep learning algorithms have proven effective in the field of plant identification, as
seen by the rise in popularity of mobile applications like as LeafSnap and PlntNet. Traditionally,
techniques concentrated on capturing characteristics from solitary plant components, like leaves,
flowers, and bark, frequently against plain backdrops. Even though these methods worked well in
controlled environments, they had trouble navigating intricate wild settings with plenty of different plant
traits. More complex models are required because of the shortcomings of conventional feature
extraction techniques like SURF and SIFT, especially when used with datasets like VNPlant-200 that
contain photos from real settings. and SIFT descriptors on the VNPlant-200 dataset. These images are
naturally acquired a real environment.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature from 2020 to 2023, sourced exclusively from IEEE journals, presents a
comprehensive exploration of the identification and classification of medicinal and other plant
species using advanced deep learning techniques, notably Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
and transfer learning. These studies underscore the critical role of medicinal plants in traditional and
modern medicine, emphasizing the necessity for accurate recognition due to their significance in the
pharmaceutical industry and biodiversity conservation. Methodologies across these papers typically
involve collecting extensive image datasets of plants, preprocessing these images for uniformity, and
employing CNNs or transfer learning to enhance classification performance without the need for
extensive datasets. Many studies highlight the importance of dataset quality and diversity, addressing
challenges such as distinguishing closely related species and the computational demands of training
deep models. Some research focuses on region-specific flora, like in Ardabil, or unique identification
challenges, such as occluded leaf images, showcasing the development of lightweight models for
mobile applications and the integration of AI with traditional botanical knowledge for identifying
indigenous medicinal plants. Ensemble models and novel shape descriptors for fine-grained species
identification demonstrate the field's move towards more nuanced and accurate classification
methods. Comparative analyses of different machine learning approaches, including decision trees
and voting classifiers, offer insights into optimizing plant identification processes. Additionally,
applications extend beyond species identification to include plant disease detection and the
evaluation of plant identification apps, highlighting the practical implications of these technologies in
agriculture, horticulture, and education. The evolution of methodologies, from image filtering
techniques to the embedding of mutual information in CNNs, illustrates the ongoing innovation in
leveraging deep learning for environmental and botanical research, despite limitations such as data
scarcity, ethical considerations, and the adaptability of models to real-world conditions .plant
identification has advanced thanks to the advent of deep learning, which makes use of the
sophisticated powers of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and adaptive learning. This section
examines recent research that focus on the identification of medicinal plants through a variety of
indepth investigations and the challenges that arise.

Identification of medicinal plant by flower using deep learning

Problem: Identification of medicinal plants from flower images for traditional medicine and
pharmaceuticals.Methodology: Deep learning with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) on a pre-
processed dataset.Results: Predicted high accuracy of plant identification, but specifics not
given.Limitations: Data set quality, species differentiation issues, computing resource needs.

Identifying medicinal plants in Ardabil using deep learning

Issue: Identifies medicinal plants of Ardabil and highlights regional biodiversity.Methodology: Deep
learning, probably CNN, for plant species identification based on images.Results: Predicted effectiveness in
regional plant identification. Limitations: Extent of geographic data set, image quality, extensive
computational requirements.

Classification of medicinal plants using CNN and Transfer Learning

Problem: Improving the classification accuracy of medicinal plants using CNN and transfer
learning.Methodology: Combination of CNN architectures and transfer of learning to a prepared
dataset.Results: Expected significant improvements in classification accuracy.

Limitations: Training dataset quality and diversity, generalization to unseen species.

Identification of medicinal plants in the wild using CNN

Problem: Identification of medicinal plants in uncontrolled natural conditions using CNN.Methodology:

Application of CNN to images of wild plants with respect to environmental variables.Results: Predicted
plant identification performance despite complex backgrounds.Limitations: Need for large, diverse data
sets, generalization problems, computational demands.

Identification of plant diseases using transfer learning

Problem: Early detection of plant diseases using advanced machine learning techniques.Methodology:
Application of transfer learning to pre-trained CNNs for disease classification.Results: Probably accurate
disease identification and performance comparison with traditional methods.Limitations: Diversity of data
sets, generalizability of the model, needs of computational resources.

Plant identification using a leaf sample

Problem: Classification of plants based on leaf characteristics for various scientific

applications.Methodology: Image processing and machine learning for feature extraction and
classification.Results: Expected high accuracy in the plant identification system.Limitations: Necessity of a
complex data set, difficulty of species differentiation, computational requirements.

Identification of plant species based on leaf using machine learning techniques

Problem: Develop a system to accurately identify plant species from leaf characteristics.Methodology:
Machine learning techniques for feature extraction and classification from leaf images.Results: Predicted
system performance, including accuracy rate and feature overview.Limitations: Large data set
requirement, misclassification risks, algorithmic limitations.

Plant recognition using embedded CNNs on mobile devices

Problem: Plant recognition on mobile devices using CNN for accessible identification.Methodology: CNN
adaptation for mobile efficiency, dataset preparation, model optimization.Results: Expected model
accuracy and user feedback on mobile performance.Limitations: Model and device capability trade-offs,
diversity of datasets, problems recognizing environmental conditions.

A systematic study of the various methods used for the identification and classification of plant leaves
Problem: Comparison of traditional and modern methods of plant leaf identification.Methodology:
Literature search and categorization of methods based on various criteria.Results: Detailed comparison of
methods, findings on effectiveness, future research directions.Limitations: Benchmarking issues, source
selection bias, rapidly evolving machine learning techniques.

Deep CNN application for image-based plant disease identification and classification

Problem: Using deep CNNs to identify plant diseases from images.Methodology: Deep CNN model
development, training and data augmentation techniques.Results: Performance metrics showing model
accuracy and comparison with other methods.Limitations: Variety of datasets, model generalizability
issues, computing resource requirements.

Assessing the effectiveness of CNN, decision tree and voting classifier for plant identification

Problem: Comparison of CNNs, Decision Trees, and Voting Classifiers for Plant Identification.Methodology:
Implementation and training of each model on a plant dataset.Results: A detailed comparison of model
performance based on accuracy and efficiency.Limitations: Training dataset quality, potential overfitting,
computational complexity.

Automated plant identification through deep learning with special focus on medicinal plants

Problem: Automatic identification of medicinal plants using deep learning.Methodology: Application of

CNN based deep learning model for classification of medicinal plants.Results: High accuracy of medicinal
plant identification and generalization ability.Limitations: Reliability of high-quality dataset, computational
complexity, data scarcity bias.

A Comparative Study on Image Filtering for Herb Plant Identification Using Xception Based CNN

Problem: Effect of image filtering on identification of herbaceous plants using Xception CNN.Methodology:
Application of Xception CNN with various image filtering techniques.Results: Effectiveness of filtering
techniques on model accuracy and efficiency.Limitations: Diverse lack of datasets, computational training
requirements, variability of filtering techniques.

Do we need more organs to identify plants?

Problem: Need to use multiple plant organs for accuracy of identification.Methodology: Comparison of
one view vs. multiple bodies in identification models.Results: Effectiveness of incorporating multiple organ
types for better identification.Limitations: Availability of multi-organ datasets, increased computational
complexity, difficulties with generalization.

Build deep learning models to identify fine-grained plant species

Problem: Fine-grained identification of similar plant species using ensemble models.Methodology:
Integrating multiple deep learning models for file system.Results: Comparative analysis showing
superiority of ensemble model in identification accuracy.Limitations: Necessity of a large annotated
dataset, computational complexity, real application challenges.

Functional comparison and analysis of 14 plant identification applications

Problem: Evaluating the effectiveness and educational value of 14 plant identification

applications.Methodology: Performance and user experience analysis through surveys and
measurements.Results: Detailed comparison of applications, highlighting of strengths and weaknesses and
evaluation.Limitations: Subjective feedback from users, bias in application selection, dynamic changes in
application functionality.

Gardener: A Gardening Assistance Mobile Application

Problem: Enhancing gardening experience with a comprehensive mobile app.Methodology: App

development detailing user interface, database, e-commerce, and alert system.Results: User satisfaction
and app effectiveness in providing gardening assistance.Limitations: Plant database updates, expert advice
quality, e-commerce platform management.

Herbal Medicinal Plant Identification Using Leaf Vein Through Image Processing and CNN

Problem: Identifying herbal medicinal plants by leaf vein patterns using CNNs.Methodology: Leaf image
capturing, vein pattern extraction, and CNN-based identification.Results: Improved identification accuracy
for various herbal medicinal plants.Limitations: Dataset diversity, complex vein pattern extraction
challenges.

A Brief Review on Methods for Classification of Medical Plant Images

Problem: Comparing methodologies for medical plant image classification.Methodology: Comparative

analysis of traditional techniques vs. machine learning models.Results: CNNs outperform traditional
methods in accuracy and efficiency.Limitations: High-quality dataset availability, computational resource
demands.
A Comprehensive Review on Continent-based Plant Recognition and Identification

Problem: Investigating continent-specific challenges in plant recognition and identification.Methodology:

Review of identification techniques considering geographic and ecological factors.Results: Importance of
integrating local knowledge with AI for improved accuracy.Limitations: Comprehensive dataset
compilation challenges, AI model training biases.

In summarizing my dive into the literature, I've become even more convinced of the profound impact
deep learning can have on plant identification. The studies I've reviewed not only informed my project's
direction but also sparked my curiosity to push further, exploring how innovative model architectures and
optimization techniques can overcome the field's current limitations

Incorporating the findings from a comprehensive literature review into the project report significantly
enriches the context and justification for employing Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN)
and Global Average Pooling (GAP) in our project. This literature review, which synthesizes recent
advancements and methodologies in plant identification using deep learning, provides a solid
foundation that informs our approach and methodology.

Firstly, the review highlights the effectiveness and efficiency of DCNNs in extracting and learning
hierarchical feature representations from plant images, underscoring their suitability for complex
classification tasks such as distinguishing between various plant species. This insight directly informs
our decision to utilize DCNNs, guiding us in architecting a network that can capture the nuanced
differences and similarities in plant morphology. Secondly, the exploration of GAP within the
surveyed literature illustrates its role in reducing the model's complexity while maintaining or even
enhancing its performance. GAP's ability to summarize the spatial features into a compact
representation not only mitigates overfitting but also decreases the computational demand, making
the model more efficient. This reinforces our choice of incorporating

GAP into our DCNN architecture, aiming for a balance between accuracy and computational
efficiency. Moreover, the review sheds light on the challenges and limitations encountered in
previous studies, such as the need for diverse and comprehensive datasets and the computational
resources required for training deep learning models. Acknowledging these challenges has prompted
us to adopt strategies such as data augmentation and transfer learning to enhance our model's
performance and generalizability without excessively increasing computational costs. Finally, by
understanding the geographical and species-specific considerations discussed in the literature, we
have tailored our dataset and model training process to address these factors, ensuring that our
project not only contributes to the academic field but also has practical implications for realworld
plant identification.
3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY IN THIS PROJECT

Dataset Processing involved in this project

In our analysis of medicinal plants, we carefully process a dataset containing thousands of high
resolution images representing a variety of medicinal plants. Each image in the file is tagged with the
corresponding plant, resulting in an educational observation. These data were taken from different
locations in the region to show differences in vegetation as a result of the environment.

Data pre-processing

Image enhancement: We use data enhancement techniques such as rotation, scaling and horizontal
flipping to increase the power of the model for changes in plant images. This approach helps simulate
different scenarios and thus enriches our training data.

Normalization: All images are scaled and normalized to ensure the input is the same for the CNN. This
step involves setting pixel values to a single parameter to speed up the training process by improving
joint behavior.
Split: Split the dataset into training, validation and testing subsets in the ratio 80:10:10. This
separation simplifies the training phase while allowing unbiased evaluation of the performance
model.

Specific equations involved in the project

1. Preprocessing of Ayurvedic Leaf Images:

=resize ⁡( normalize ( I leaf ) , S target )
FloraIdent
I prep

For "Floraldent-Ayurvedic," this formula adjusts leaf images 1 lleaf to a standard

size SStarget, ensuring uniformity before feeding them into the Xception model

2. Feature Extraction via Xception for Floraldent:.

Xception = X ception ( I prep

F FloraIdent )
FloraIdent

Here, deep features are extracted specifically for Ayurvedic leaf identification,
capturing intricate patterns critical for accurate classification

3. GAP Application in Floraldent:

N
1
F FloraIdent
GAP = ∑ ❑ F Xception
i
N i=1

This operation summarizes the Xception features into a compact form, essential for
reducing model comexity while retaining crucial information.

4. Classification layer customized for Floraldent:

PFloraIdent =softmax ⁡( W FloraIdent ⋅ F FloraIdent

GAP +b FloraIdent )
Tailors the final classification step to the project's needs, predicting Ayurvedic plant
types with adjusted weights W Floraldent and biases b Floraldent. .

5. Custom Cross-Entropy Loss for Floraldent:

C
L FloraIdent
=−∑ ❑ y true
c log ⁡( y cpred )
c=1

This loss calculation is fine-tuned for the Ayurvedic plant dataset, where C
represents the number of unique plant classes.

6. Accuracy Calculation for Ayurvedic Plant Identification:

N
1
Accuracy FloraIdent
= ∑ ❑ [ y pred
N i=1 i = y true
i ]

Specifically measures the success rate of "Floraldent-Ayurvedic" in correctly

identifying leaf images against the dataset.

7. Precision Measurement for "Floraldent-Ayurvedic":

FloraIdent
FloraIdent TP
Precision = FloraIdent FloraIdent
TP +FP

Custom-tailored to evaluate how accurately the model identifies true positives

TPFloraldent against false positives FPFloraldent for each Ayurvedic plant class.

8. Recall Calculation Specific to Ayurvedic Plants:

FloraIdent
FloraIdent TP
Recall = FloraIdent FloraIdent
TP +F N

This formula assesses the model's ability to capture all relevant instances of a class
without missing any, crucial for ensuring comprehensive identification.
9. F1-Score for Balanced Performance in Floraldent:
FloraIdent FloraIdent
FloraIdent Precision × Recall
F1 =2 × FloraIdent ForaIdent
Precision + Recall

Offers a harmonized measure of the model's precision and recall, optimizing

"Floraldent-Ayurvedic" for balanced performance across all plant categories.

10. Learning Rate Adjustment in Floraldent:

FloraIdent FloraIdent epoch
α new =α initial × decay

Adjusts the learning rate over epochs for "Floraldent-Ayurvedic", optimizing the
balance between learning speed and model stability.

11. Batch Normalization for Consistent Training:

( )
FloraIdent
FloraIdent FloraIdent I prop −μ B
I =γ + β FloraIdent
√σ
bn 2
B +ϵ

Normalizes the inputs for each batch, ensuring "Floraldent-Ayurvedic" trains more consistently and
effectively across different Ayurvedic plant images.

12. Eficiency of GAP in Feature Reduction:

W H
1
F FloraIdent
reduced =
W ×H
∑ ❑ ∑ ❑ F whXception
w=1 h =1

Highlights the role of GAP in condensing the feature map FwhXception from the Xception layer into a
feature vector with reduced dimensions, crucial for efficient classification in "FloraldentAyurvedic".

CNN Architecture and its working involved in this project

For this project, we built a custom Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture tailored to the
complexity and specificity of medicinal plant identification. This model is inspired by empirical
models but is optimized for the unique characteristics of our dataset.

Input layer: The network accepts a predefined image size as the basis for feature extraction.

hierarchical features from input images. To express the inequality, each convolution layer is followed
by a ReLU activation function, which complicates the learning model.

Pooling layer: Maximum pooling layers are interspersed between convolutional layers to reduce the
spatial size of the feature map, thus reducing the number of parameters and the computational cost
in the network.

Global Average Pooling (GAP): Before the final classification layer, the GAP layer is used to reduce the
size of each feature map to a single value and optimize the content while reducing it again.

Connected layer: The network ends fully connected showing the features separated into classes
created with one layer; each class represents a specific engineered plant.

Output layer: The last layer uses the softmax activation function to output the result of plant
classification and helps identify the most common organisms in the input image.

Training and Optimization and how it impacts the project

Optimizer: We use the Adam optimizer to use the adaptive learning function proven to control the
inconsistency of the facility image.

Loss function: Cross-entropy loss was chosen due to its effectiveness in many classification problems
and because it fits directly with our project's goal of identifying different types of plant sprays.

Regularization: To avoid overfitting, the output method is integrated after the connection process is
completed and the data augmentation strategy is adopted in the first step.

Current model

Proposed model
In our deep learning project focused on identifying medicinal plants from images, we've reached a
current accuracy of 75%. This achievement marks a solid foundation, demonstrating our model's
ability to recognize various medicinal plants with considerable reliability. Despite this promising start,
we aim to significantly enhance our model's performance, targeting an ambitious future accuracy of
91%.

The journey from our current accuracy to our anticipated goal involves addressing several key areas:

Data Quality and Diversity: Enriching our dataset with a broader variety of high-quality images to
improve the model's generalization capabilities.

Advanced Architectural Innovations: Leveraging more sophisticated CNN architectures and exploring
the potential of transfer learning to boost our model's learning efficiency.

Optimization Strategies: Fine-tuning hyperparameters and implementing regularization techniques to

combat overfitting, ensuring our model performs well on unseen data.
After comparing the performance of several deep learning models on the VNPlant-200 dataset, I
noticed some interesting patterns. The pie chart really put into perspective how each model stacks
up against the others in terms of accuracy. I decided to use the Xception model with Global Average
Pooling (GAP) because it showed the most promise, topping the chart with an accuracy of 88.26%.
This slight edge over the others made it clear to me that incorporating GAP with a deep convolutional
neural network (DCNN) like Xception could be a game-changer for improving accuracy.

Looking at the other models, Resnet50 and Densenet121 were neck and neck, each hitting an
accuracy of 88%. This was incredibly close to what I achieved with Xception and GAP, illustrating just
how competitive the field is. MobileNetV2 wasn't far behind either, with an 87.92% accuracy, and
InceptionV3 showed a respectable performance at 82.5%. VGG16, while still impressive at 76%,
lagged behind the newer models, highlighting how rapidly technology is advancing in this area.

The progression from VGG16 to Xception with GAP really made me appreciate the advancements in
CNN and DCNN designs. It's fascinating to see how tweaking the architecture and employing
methods like GAP can have such a significant impact on performance. This exploration has not only
helped me understand the strengths and weaknesses of different models but also reinforced my
decision to leverage the power of Xception and GAP for this project.

It's an exciting time to be working with such technology, and I'm looking forward to seeing how far
we can push the boundaries of what's possible in plant identification.
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