CB/SB2 – Cells and control

Shed Loads
Name of Practice : __________________

Lesson RAG Lesson RAG

Neuro transmission
Mitosis
speeds
Growth in animals The brain

Growth in plants Brain and spinal cords

Stem cells The eye

The nervous system

Mitosis
 Why is mitosis important? Mr. C Billington
All Saints Catholic high School
 What happens in the different stages of mitosis?
 How do cancer tumours occur?
Write a definition for the following terms
1. Diploid 2. Haploid

3. Interphase 4. Replication

5. Mitosis 6. Daughter cells

7. Give the name of the phase of the cell cycle during which DNA replication takes place.

8. During prophase of mitosis, the

A cell elongates

B cell halves in size

C cytoplasm divides

D nuclear membrane breaks down

9. Describe the events that take place in a cell during interphase.

10. Describe what occurs during anaphase of mitosis.
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11. One complete cell cycle in an onion cell takes 24 hours. Mitosis takes up 30% of this time. The remainder
of the time is spent in interphase. Calculate the length of time, in minutes, an onion cell spends in
interphase.
(3)

interphase ........................................................... minutes

12. Cell division processes are used to produce body cells and gametes. Figure 9 shows the development of a
human embryo from a fertilised egg.

Explain how many cells are produced from one fertilised

egg, after two cell divisions by mitosis.
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13. Which process occurs causing the divided cells to become specialised?
(1)

A meiosis
 B cloning

C differentiation

D cytokinesis

14. Cloning involves cells that divide by mitosis. When a cell divides by mitosis it produces

A two cells that are genetically different

B two cells that are genetically identical

C four cells that are genetically different

D four cells that are genetically identical

15. Here are micrographs of some of the different stages of mitosis in the root tips of an onion. The stages are
not in the correct order.

Which order of micrographs shows the correct sequence of stages in mitosis?

(1)

A 2, 3, 1, 4

B 2, 3, 4, 1

C 2, 1, 4, 3

D 2, 4, 1, 3
16. Figure 11 shows four stages of mitosis, labelled P, Q, R and S.

Which is the correct order for these stages?

(1)
A Q→R→S→P
 B R→Q→S→P
C R→S→Q→P
D Q→S→R→P

17. Describe how the stages of mitosis result in the

formation of two diploid cells.

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18. Why does asexual reproduction rely on mitosis?

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19. Daughter cells produced by mitosis are said to be ‘genetically identical’ to the parent cell. Explain what
this means.

20. Why is mitosis important for reproduction in areas where there are fewer of the opposite sex?

21. What are tumors?

 22. (Higher) - Mitotic index is the ratio of cells in a tissue that are undergoing mitosis. What would a
higher than usual mitotic index indicate?

Growth in animals
 Which process in animals result in growth and development?
 How are percentile charts used to monitor growth in children?
 Why is cell differentiation important in animals?
1. What does the term growth refer to?

2.

3. Why would it not be correct to assume that when a persons mass increases when they eat a meal that
they have not grown?

4. Initial studies have shown that height can increase by up to 8 cm while in space. This is because there is
little gravity far from Earth. On Earth, the much greater gravitational force on a vertical backbone causes
the vertebrae to squash together a little. Can this increase in height be called ‘growth’?

5. What does the term differentiation mean?

 6. During the pupal stage the caterpillar actually digests itself and only
some cells remain. How does this metamorphosis show that cell
differentiation is also taking place alongside mitosis?

7.
Which girl is most likely to need to
be treated with human growth
hormone?
(1)

A a 7 year old who is 125 cm tall

B a 9 year old who is 135 cm tall

C a 10 year old who is 145 cm tall

D a 12 year old who is 128 cm tall

8. Describe how the height of

males changes from the age
of 2 to 20 years.
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9. Calculate the difference in height of an 11 year old male in the 95th percentile and an 11 year old male in
the 5th percentile.

10. Explain what is meant by the 95th percentile on the graph above.

11. Health professionals will monitor the growth of a child using percentile charts. When observing the
percentile charts the health professional may become concerned about the development. What might
give them cause for concern?

12. A parent of a child is concerned that their child is on the 95th percentile. Should they be concerned?

13. Describe a special feature of a fat cell.

 14. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) have to travel through very
narrow blood vessels called capillaries. How are they adapted to
transporting oxygen to respiring tissue?

Growth in plants
 How do plants grow?
 How are some specialised plants cells adapted to their function?
 Whyis cell differentiation important in plants?
Write the definition for the following terms
1. Meristem 2. Elongation

3. Differentiate 4. Xylem cells

5. Figure 7 shows the steps involved in making a slide to observe mitosis in plant tissue.

To observe mitosis, the plant tissue should be removed from the

(1)

A middle of the root

B centre of the stem

C middle of the leaf cell

D tip of the root

6. State why the stain is added to the plant tissue in step 3

7. Describe the importance of mitosis in the root tips of plants.

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8. The cells in Figure 7 were taken

from a rapidly growing part of a
plant.

Which part of a plant has rapidly

dividing cells?
(1)
A chloroplast
B epithelium
C meristem
D vacuole

9. Which stage of mitosis is shown in cell R?

(1)
A prophase
B metaphase
C anaphase
D telophase
10. Describe two genetic similarities of the new cells that would be produced by cell Q in Figure 7.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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11. Name region Y.

12. How are these xylem cells adapted to their function?

Thickened wall –

Tiny pores –

No cytoplasm –

Loss of cell walls -

13. Why do plants need both root hair cells and xylem cells?

14. In what ways can a person measure growth in a plant?

15. Percentage changes are often calculated using this

formula. If a person changed height from 100cm to 120cm
 in a year what was their percentage change in mass?

16. This plant was watered for 5 years and had an initial mass of 2.27kg. What was the
percentage increase in mass that the plant made?

17. A piece of potato has an initial mass of 2.3g. After being placed in salty water its mass changes to 2.1g
What is the percentage change in mass?

Stem cells
 Where are stem cells found?
 What is the function of stem cells?
 Whatare the advantages and diadvantages of using stem cells in medicine?
Write a definition for the following terms.
1. Stem cells 2. Embryonic stem 3. Adult stem cells.
cells

4. Complete the table to show where the different kinds of stem cell are found and what range of
specialised cell they can produce.

5. Give examples of diseases that can be treated using stem cells.

6. In 2012, two scientists were awarded the Nobel prize for their research on stem cells. They showed that
adult cells could be reprogrammed to become cells with the properties of embryonic stem cells. Describe
the possible benefits of this research.

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7. Macular degeneration is a defect of the eye that occurs when some cells of the retina begin to break
down. Embryonic stem cell therapy has been used to improve the vision of some patients with macular
degeneration.

Explain how embryonic stem cells could be used to treat macular degeneration.
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8. Some diseases can cause irreversible damage to the nervous system. Give reasons why stem cells could be
used to treat these neurological diseases.

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9. .Arthritis is a condition that affects the joints in humans. In arthritis, the cells in the joints break
down. Bones rub together causing pain. Stem cells can be used to treat arthritis. Explain the
advantages and disadvantages of using stem cells to treat arthritis.

10. For each statement, tick one box to show whether it is a benefit or a risk of using stem cells.
 11. What is the function of stem cells
in bone marrow?

12. Explain why blood stem cells only produce blood cells.

13. Explain how treatment with stem cells could cause cancer.

14. Explain how treatment with stem cells could cause rejection of the stem cells by the patients own immune
system.

The nervous system

 What is the nervous system?
 How does the nervous system allow the body to respond to stimuli?
 How is a sensory neurone adapted to its function?
Write a definition for the following terms

1. Spinal cord 2. Central nervous system

3. Impulse 4. Stimulus

5. Sense organs 6. Receptor cells

7. What is a neurone?

8. Name 5 sense organs in the body and where they are located.

9. Name the organs in the central nervous system

10. Fill in the missing labels.

What is the purpose of the following parts of a neurone?

11. Dendron 12. Dendrite

13. Axon 14. Axon terminal

15. Differene animals have different numbers of neurones in their brain. Calculate the difference between the
 number of neurones in the brain of a rat and a frog. Give your answer in standard form.

16. The axon carries information along a sensory neurone as

(1)

A chemical messages

B electrical impulses

C neurotransmitters

D hormonal responses

17. Describe the role of the myelin sheath surrounding the axon.

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18.

19.
 20. Explain what is meant by ‘response to a stimulus’.

Neurotransmission speeds
 How is a motor neurone adapted to its function
 How doneurotransmitters allow a connection between neurones?
 How does the structuure of a reflex arc allow faster reactions to stimuli?
Write the definition of the following words.
1. Effector 2. Motor neurones

3. Realy neurones 4. Synapse

5. Neurotransmitters are substances that are produced in the axon terminal and generate a new impulse in
the next neurone. How does the substance travel across the synapse?

6.
 7.

8. Name the structures labelled A, B and C.

(3)
A ..........................................................................

B .........................................................................

C .........................................................................

9. When the brain receives impulses from receptor cells it coordinates a response.

Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
Responses are carried out by
(1)
A alleles
B dendrons
C effectors
D senses

10. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that can trigger an electrical impulse in a neurone. What is the gap
between two neurones called?
(1)

A dendron

B synapse
 C membrane

D nucleus

11. Explain how impulses are transmitted at synapses.

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12. Which part of a motor neurone is surrounded by the myelin sheath?
(1)

A nucleus

B cell body

C axon

D receptor

13.

14. Most neurones in the brain are unmyelinated whereas motor neurones are myelinated. Explain why
myelination is needed on motor neurones but not on neurones in the brain.
15. Some myelinated motor neurones transmit
impulses at speeds of approximately 100 m/s.
Figure 7 shows the technique used to measure the
speed of nerve impulses in the lower leg of a
person.

Explain how the technique shown in Figure 7

could be used to calculate the speed of a nerve
impulse.

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16. Guillain-Barré syndrome is a disease that causes the body to break down the myelin sheaths on motor
neurones.
Explain why Guillain-Barré syndrome can cause reduced movement of the legs.

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17. Humans have reflexes. Describe the route of an impulse through a reflex arc.

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18. Why are there few synapses between a receptor and effector in a reflex arc?

19. What do motor neurons and relay neurons have in common?

Triple only
The brain
 What are the brain and spinal cord made of?
 What are the main parts of the brain?
 What do some of the different parts of the brain and spinal cord do?
Write a definition for the following terms
1. Medulla oblongata 2. Cerebral cortex

3. Cerebral hemishpere 4. Cerebellum

 5. Which part of the brain is labelled X?

6. .
The part of the brain that contains the thermoregulatory centre
is the

A cerebrum

B cerebellum

C hypothalamus

D medulla

7.
8. .

9. .

10.

11. What is the purpose of the blood vessels in the

nerve?

12. What is the difference between a neurone and a nerve?

 13. Suggest why a surgeon might have a cerebellum that is larger than usual?

14. Alcohol is a sedative and reduces the ability of a neurone to transmit an impulse. Why does alcohol affect
a persons balance?

15. The hippocampus is a structure found underneath each cerebral hemisphere. Taxi drivers often
have a more developed hippocampus. Suggest its role in the brain.

Brain and spinal cord problems (Higher)

 How is brain function investigated?
 How are spinal injuries treated?
 How are brain tumours treated?
Write the definition of the following terms.
1. CT Scan 2. PET Scan

3. Quadraplegia 4. Chemotherapy

5. Radiotherapy 6. Blood-brain barrier

7.
8.

9.

10.

11. Describe the relationship between drinking coffee and the reduction in the risk of developing
 Parkinson’s disease.

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12. .

13. Explain how the blood–brain barrier can stop chemotherapy working.

14. How does chemotherapy cause you to lose hair?

 15.

The eye
 How do our eyes allow us to see?
 How do some eye defects change vision?
 How can some eye defects be corrected?
Write the function of the following parts of the eye
1. Retina 2. Cornea

3. Ciliary muscles 4. Rods

5. Cones 6. Optic nerve

7. The pupil is the dark area in the middle of the eye and is where light enters. The size of the pupil is
controlled by muscles in the iris which can constrict or dilate. Describe what happens to the amount of
light entering the eye when the pupil constricts and dilates.

8. Which part of the eye detects coloured light?

(1)

A iris

B lens

C cones

D cornea
9. Continue the rays of light so that they converge on
the retina.

10. Label the different parts of the eye

11. Describe the effect of concentration of caffeine on the reaction times of these volunteers

12. .The effect of age on focusing distance was investigated. Volunteers of different ages had their eyes
tested. Each volunteer was asked to read words from a book. The book was moved closer to their eyes.
When the words became out of focus, the distance was recorded. Calculate the mean distance for the
volunteers aged 50 years. Give your answer to three significant figures.
13. Give one conclusion that can be made fom the data.

14. Describe how light rays are focused to give normal vision.

15. Explain which lens would fix the defect.

16. A student was given the hypothesis 'People with brown eyes are more likely to be short-sighted than
people with blue eyes.' Devise a plan to test this hypothesis.

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17. .Explain how the eye is adapted for colour vision and why it is important that the volunteers were not
colour blind. You must refer to the structure and function of the eye in your answer.

18. How can you correct short sightedness?

19. The lens in older people becomes less flexible. What problems might this cause?

20. How are cataracts often treated?