University of Bahrain

College of Engineering

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EENG433: Power Electronics

Assignment No. 2 on DC/DC converters Due Tuesday April 29, 2025

Consider the next circuit which represents a step-down converter and by using Matlab
programming

Is Io L
+
Sw 10 mH

100 V
v s D
+- Vo R
10 ohm
-
a) For a 50 % duty cycle and if the switching frequency is varied between 500 Hz to 5000
Hz in step of 1 Hz:
- draw in one page but in separate figures, the average load voltage versus the switching
frequency, the ripples current in the load current versus the switching frequency and
the average load current versus the switching frequency.

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 - Comment on the obtained graphs curves.

 Average Load Voltage vs. Frequency

The average output voltage remains constant at 50 V across all frequencies because the duty
cycle is fixed at 50%. In a buck converter, the output voltage depends directly on the duty
cycle, not the switching frequency.

 Ripple Current vs. Frequency

The ripple in the inductor current decreases as the switching frequency increases. This is
because higher frequencies shorten the time available for the current to ramp up and down,
resulting in smaller swings in current.

 Average Load Current vs. Frequency

The load current stays constant at 5 A, since the output voltage does not change and the
load resistance is fixed. According to Ohm’s law, with constant voltage and resistance,
current remains unchanged.

b) For a 1 kHz switching frequency and if the duty cycle is varied between 0 to 100 % in step
of 1 % :
- draw in one page but in separate figures, the average load voltage versus the switching
frequency, the ripples current in the load current versus the switching frequency and
the average load current versus the switching frequency.

Prepared by: Dr. Maamar EENG433: Power Electronics Page 1 of 1

Taleb
 - Comment on the obtained graphs curves.

Average Load Voltage vs. Duty Cycle

As the duty cycle increases, the average output voltage increases linearly. This is because
the buck converter output is directly proportional to the duty cycle when input voltage is
constant.

Ripple Current vs. Duty Cycle

The ripple current in the inductor is maximum at 50% duty cycle, and it decreases as the
duty cycle moves toward either 0% or 100%. This is due to the product D(1−D)D(1 -
D)D(1−D) reaching its peak at D = 0.5.

Average Load Current vs. Duty Cycle

The average load current also increases linearly with the duty cycle, since it’s calculated as
output voltage divided by resistance — and the voltage is linearly dependent on duty cycle.

Prepared by: Dr. Maamar EENG433: Power Electronics Page 1 of 1

Taleb
 Code part a)

% Parameters
Vs = 100; % Supply voltage in volts
D = 0.5; % Duty cycle
R = 10; % Load resistance in ohms
L = 10e-3; % Inductance in henries
f = 500:1:5000; % Frequency range
T = 1 ./ f; % Period

% Calculated values
Vo_avg = D * Vs * ones(size(f)); % Constant average output voltage
Delta_I = (Vs * D * (1 - D)) ./ (L .* f); % Correct ripple formula
Io_avg = Vo_avg ./ R; % Constant output current

% Plotting
figure;

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(f, Vo_avg, 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
xlabel('Switching Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Average Output Voltage (V)');
title('Average Load Voltage vs. Switching Frequency');
grid on;

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(f, Delta_I, 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
xlabel('Switching Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Ripple Current (\DeltaI) (A)');
title('Ripple Current vs. Switching Frequency');
grid on;

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(f, Io_avg, 'g', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
xlabel('Switching Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Average Load Current (A)');
title('Average Load Current vs. Switching Frequency');
grid on;

Prepared by: Dr. Maamar EENG433: Power Electronics Page 1 of 1

Taleb
 code part b)

% Constants
Vs = 100; % Input voltage (V)
R = 10; % Load resistance (Ohm)
L = 10e-3; % Inductance (H)
fs = 1e3; % Fixed switching frequency (Hz)

% Duty cycle sweep

D = 0:0.01:1; % Duty cycle from 0 to 1 (0% to 100%)

% Output Calculations
Vo_avg = D * Vs; % Average Output Voltage
Delta_I = (Vs .* D .* (1 - D)) ./ (L * fs); % Ripple Current
Io_avg = Vo_avg ./ R; % Average Load Current

% Plotting
figure;

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(D*100, Vo_avg, 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
xlabel('Duty Cycle (%)');
ylabel('Average Output Voltage (V)');
title('Average Load Voltage vs. Duty Cycle');
grid on;

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(D*100, Delta_I, 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
xlabel('Duty Cycle (%)');
ylabel('Ripple Current (A)');
title('Ripple Current vs. Duty Cycle');
grid on;

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(D*100, Io_avg, 'g', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
xlabel('Duty Cycle (%)');
ylabel('Average Load Current (A)');
title('Average Load Current vs. Duty Cycle');
grid on;

Prepared by: Dr. Maamar EENG433: Power Electronics Page 1 of 1

Taleb