Electromagnetic Induction

ac Generator/Alternator/Dynamo Nd
e   NBAsin t  e 0 sint where e0  NBA
An electrical machine used to convert mechanical dt
energy into electrical energy is known as ac generator/ e e
alternator. i   0 sint i0 sin tR  Resistance of the circuit
R R
(i) Principle : It works on the principle of electromagnetic
induction i.e., when a coil is rotated in uniform dc Generator
magnetic field, an induced emf is produced in it. If the current produced by the generator is direct
(ii) Construction : The main components of ac current, then the generator is called dc generator.
generator are dc generator consists of (i) Armature (coil) (ii)
B C Magnet (iii) Commutator (iv) Brushes
In dc generator commutator is used in place of slip
rings. The commutator rotates along with coil so that in
every cycle when direction of ‘e’ reverses, the commutator
N A D S also reverses or makes contact with the other brush so
B1 that in the external load the current remains in the some
R1
direction giving dc
RL Output (Coil)
R2 Armature B C
B2
(a) Armature : Armature coil (ABCD) consists of
large number of turns of insulated copper wire
wound over a soft iron core. S A D N
Commutator
(b) Strong field magnet : A strong permanent + – Brushes
magnet or an electromagnet whose poles (N and
S) are cylindrical in shape in a field magnet. The
armature coil rotates between the pole pieces of Load
the field magnet. The uniform magnetic field
provided by the field magnet is perpendicular to Transformer
the axis of rotation of the coil. It is a device which raises or lowers the voltage in ac
(c) Slip rings : The two ends of the armature coil circuits through mutual induction.
are connected to two brass slip rings R1 and R2. It consists of two coils wound on the same core. The
These rings rotate along with the armature coil. alternating current passing through the primary creates a
(d) Brushes : Two carbon brushes (B1 and B2), are continuously changing flux through the core. This changing
pressed against the slip rings. The brushes are flux induces an alternating emf in the secondary.
fixed while slip rings rotate along with the Laminated sheets
armature. These brushes are connected to the
load through which the output is obtained.
Load

(iii) Working : When the armature coil ABCD rotates in Source Input Output
the magnetic field provided by the strong field magnet,
it cuts the magnetic lines of force. Thus the magnetic
Iron core
flux linked with the coil changes and hence induced
emf is set up in the coil. The direction of the induced (a) Transformer works on ac only and never on dc.
emf or the current in the coil is determined by the (b) It can increase or decrease either voltage or current
Fleming’s right hand rule. but not both simultaneously.
The current flows out through the brush B1 in one (c) Transformer does not change the frequency of input ac.
direction of half of the revolution and through the (d) There is no electrical connection between the winding
brush B2 in the next half revolution in the reverse but they are linked magnetically.
direction. This process is repeated. Therefore, emf (e) Effective resistance between primary and secondary
produced is of alternating nature. winding is infinite.

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 Physics–XII–Unit-VI

(f) The flux per turn of each coil must be same i.e. (ii) Eddy current loss : Some electrical power is
d d wasted in the form of heat due to eddy currents,
S  P :  S   P induced in core, to minimize this loss transformers
dt dt
(g) If NP = Number of turns in primary, NS = number of core are laminated and silicon is added to the core
turns in secondary, VP = applied (input) voltage to material as it increases the resistivity. The material
primary, VS = Voltage across secondary (load voltage of the core is then called silicon-iron (steel).
or output), eP = induced emf in primary; eS = induced (iii) Hystersis loss : The alternating current flowing
emf in secondary,  = flux linked with primary as through the coils magnetises and demagnetises
the iron core again and again. Therefore, during
well as secondary, iP = current in primary; iS = current
each cycle of magnetisation, some energy is lost
in secondary (or load current)
due to hysteresis. However, the loss of energy
As in an ideal transformer there is no loss of power can be minimised by selecting the material of core,
i.e. Pout = Pin so VSiS - VPiP and VP  eP and VS  which has a narrow hysterisis loop. Therefore
eS. Hence core of transformer is made of soft iron. Now a
eS NS VS i P days it is made of “Permalloy” (Fe-22%, Ni-78%)
    k; [k = Transformation ratio
e P N P VP iS (iv) Magnetic flux leakage : Magnetic flux produced
(or turn ratio)] in the primary winding is not completely linked
with secondary because few magnetic lines of
Step up transformer Step down transformer force complete their path in air only. To minimize
It increases It decreases voltage and this loss secondary winding is kept inside the
voltage and increases current primary winding.
decreases current (v) Humming losses : When alternating current
passes, the core of transformer starts vibrating
P S P S and produces humming. Thus, some part (may
be very small) of the electrical energy is wasted
in the form of humming sounds produced by the
VS > VP VS < VP
vibrating core of the transformer.
NS > NP NS < NP
ES > EP ES < EP (j) Uses of transformer : A transformer is used in
iS < iP iS > iP almost all ac operations e.g.
RS > RP RS < R P (i) In voltage regulators for TV, refrigerator,
tS > tP tS > tP computer, air condititoner etc.
k>1 k<1 (ii) In the induction furnaces.
(h) Efficiency of transformer (  ) : Efficiency is defined (iii) Step down transformer is used for welding
as the ratio of output power and input power purposes.
(iv) In the transmission of ac over long distance.
Pout VSiS
i.e. %  P  100  V i  100 Transmission lines
in P P
For an ideal transformer Pout = Pin so  =100% (But House or
Low High High Low
efficiency of practical transformer lies between 70%– G Load factory
V V V V
90%)
For practical transformer Pin = Pout + Plosses Power Step up Step down
Station transformer transformer
Pout Pout Pin PL 100
so  P 100  P  P 100  P (v) Step down and step up transformers are used in
in  out L  in
electrical power distribution.
(i) Losses in transformer : In transformers some
(vi) Audio frequency transformers are used in
power is always lost due to, heating effect, flux
radiography, television, radio, telephone etc.
leakage eddy currents, hysteresis and humming.
(vii)Radio frequency transformers are used in radio
(i) Cu loss (i2R) : When current flows through the
communication.
transformer windings some power is wasted in the
(viii) Transformers are also used in impedance
form of heat (H = i2Rt). To minimize this loss windings
matching.
are made of thick Cu wires (To reduce resistance)

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 Electromagnetic Induction

Example 22 : 4. A small town with a demand of 800 kw of electric

A power transformer is used to step up an alternating power at 220 V is situated 15 km away from an
emf of 200 V to 4 KV and to transmits 5 KW power. electric plant generating power at 440 V. The
If the primary is of 1000 turns, calculate, assuming resistance of the two wire line carrying power is
the transformer to be ideal. 0.5  per km . The town gets power from the line
through a 4000/220 step down transformer at a
(i) The number of turns in the secondary
substation in the town. The power loss in the line is
(ii) The current rating of the secondary (1) 300 k w (2) 500 k w
Solution : (3) 600 k w (4) 700 k w
5. The transformer core is laminated because
e2 N2 (1) For construction purpose
(i) For an ideal transformer 
e1 N1 (2) To reduce flux leakage
4000 N (3) To reduce eddy current losses
 s  Ns  2 104 turns
200 1000 (4) None of these
(ii) P = (power to be transferred) = e1i1 6. In step down transformer 220/110V the primary is
P 5103 connected to 10 V battery. The out put voltage is
 1 e  200 = 25 A
i  (1) 5 V (2) 10 V
1
(3) 110 V (4) Zero
i 2 N1 103 1
then   4
 7. An AC generator consists of a coil of 50 turns and
i1 N 2 210 20 area 2.5 m2 rotating at an angular speed of 60 rad/s
 1  25 in a uniform magnetic field B = 0.30 T between two
 i 2  i1   20   20 1.25A or fixed pole pieces. The resistance of the circuit
 
Alternatively, e2i 2  5103 W including that of the coil is 500  . The maximum
current drawn from the generator is
5103 (1) 2 A (2) 4 A
 i2  1.25A
4103 (3) 4.5 A (4) 3 A
TEST YOUR SELF - 7 ANSWER
1. A transformer is used to illuminate a bulb of (36 W
1. () 2. (2) 3. (1) 4. (3)
and 12V) with the help of 220 volt mains. If the
5. (3) 6. (4) 7. (3)
efficiency of the transformer is 75 %, then current
in primary coil is
ADDITIONAL POINTS :
(1) 0.3 A (2) 0.42 A
(3) 0.22 A (4) 0.5 A  If a bar magnet moves towards a fixed conducting
2. A transformer has 100 windings in the primary and coil, then due to the flux changes an emf, current and
200 windings in the secondary. The primary is charge induces in the coil. If speed of magnet
connected to a.c. supply of 120 volts at 10 amperes. increases then induced emf and induced current
Check the correct situation for this transformer out increases but induced charge remains same.
of the following: (Assume that transformer is ideal)
(1) The secondary voltage 240 volts and current 10 v1 i1 v2(>v1) i2
amperes
(2) The secondary voltage 240 volts and current 5 amperes S N S N
(3) The secondary voltage 60 volts and current 10
amperes
(4) The secondary voltage 240 volts and current 20 Induced parameter : e1, i1, q1 e2 (>e1),i2(>i1), q2(=q1)
amperes  Can ever electric lines of force be closed curve? Yes,
3. A transformer has an efficiency of 80% and works when produced by a changing magnetic field.
at 100 volt and 4 kw. If the secondary voltage is  No flux cutting  No EMI   
240V. The current in secondary is 
 Vector form of motional emf : e  v  B  l 
(1) 13.3 A (2) 20 A   
(3) 10 A (4) 5 A  In motional emf B , v and l are three vectors. If
any two vector are parallel - No flux cutting.

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