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4 views3 pages

Database_Systems_Detailed_Notes

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keshavharpal2001
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Fundamentals of Database Systems - Detailed Notes (Based on 7th Edition by Elmasri & Navathe)

Chapter 1: Introduction to Databases

- A database is a collection of related data, and a DBMS is software that manages databases.

- Advantages: data redundancy control, data sharing, integrity, security, and abstraction.

- Types of users: database administrators, application programmers, end users.

- Applications: banking, airlines, universities, social media, etc.

Chapter 2: Database System Concepts and Architecture

- Three-schema architecture: internal (physical storage), conceptual (logical structure), and external

(user views).

- Data independence: ability to change schema at one level without affecting the other.

- DBMS functions: query processing, concurrency control, recovery, and storage management.

Chapter 3: The Entity-Relationship (ER) Model

- ER model describes data in terms of entities, attributes, and relationships.

- Keys: used to uniquely identify entities.

- Cardinality: one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many relationships.

- ER diagrams help design the database schema visually.

Chapter 4: Enhanced ER Modeling

- Specialization: top-down approach to design (e.g., employee to manager, engineer).

- Generalization: bottom-up approach (e.g., car and truck generalize to vehicle).

- Categories: a subclass with multiple superclasses (union type).

Chapter 5: The Relational Data Model


- Basic concepts: relations (tables), tuples (rows), attributes (columns).

- Schema, instance, domain, degree.

- Integrity constraints: entity integrity, referential integrity, domain constraints.

Chapter 6: Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus

- Relational Algebra: procedural language (select, project, join, union, etc.).

- Relational Calculus: non-procedural language using logical predicates.

- Tuple Relational Calculus (TRC) and Domain Relational Calculus (DRC).

Chapter 7: SQL

- Structured Query Language: standard for querying and modifying relational data.

- DDL: CREATE, ALTER, DROP.

- DML: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

- Constraints: PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, NOT NULL.

- Joins, subqueries, views, and set operations.

Chapter 8: Relational Database Design

- Functional Dependency: a relationship that exists when one attribute uniquely determines another.

- Normal Forms: 1NF (atomic values), 2NF (no partial dependency), 3NF (no transitive

dependency), BCNF (every determinant is a candidate key).

- Decomposition: dividing a relation to eliminate anomalies.

Chapter 13-14: Storage and Indexing

- Storage structures: heap, sequential, hashed files.

- Indexing: single-level and multi-level indexes.

- B+ Trees: balanced tree structure used for indexing.


- Hashing: direct access method using hash functions.

Chapters 20-22: Transactions and Concurrency Control

- Transactions: sequence of operations that form a single logical unit of work.

- ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.

- Concurrency control: locking mechanisms (2PL), deadlock detection and prevention.

- Recovery: log-based recovery, checkpoints, shadow paging.

Advanced Topics (overview)

- Distributed Databases: data distributed across multiple locations.

- Big Data & NoSQL: schema-less databases like document stores and key-value stores.

- XML & Web Databases: storing and querying XML documents.

- Data Warehousing & Data Mining: analytical processing and discovering patterns in data.

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