1.

Difference between long and double:

 long and double are used in different contexts.
 long is a data type used for integer values, typically a 32-bit or 64-bit
integer depending on the system.
 double is a data type used for floating-point (decimal) values, providing
more precision than the float data type.
2. On-demand services and normalization:
 On-demand services often involve normalization to ensure data
consistency and integrity.
 Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce
redundancy and improve data integrity.
 On-demand services may use normalization techniques to store and
retrieve data efficiently, avoiding duplication and inconsistencies.
3. Difference between C, Java, and C++:
 C is a procedural programming language.
 Java is an object-oriented programming language with a strong emphasis
on platform independence.
 C++ is an extension of C with additional features, including object-
oriented programming.
4. Antivirus vs. Firewall:
 Antivirus: Software designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious
software (malware) from a computer or network.
 Firewall: A security system that monitors and controls incoming and
outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
5. Nested Loop:
 A loop inside another loop is called a nested loop.
 It allows the execution of a set of statements multiple times within the
body of another loop.
6. Function Overloading:
 Function overloading is the ability to define multiple functions with the
same name but different parameters.
 The compiler determines which function to call based on the number and
types of arguments provided.
7. Malloc vs. Calloc:
 malloc: Allocates a specified number of bytes of memory but does not
initialize the memory content.
 calloc: Allocates a specified number of blocks of memory, each with a
specified number of bytes, and initializes the memory content to zero.
8. Built-in functions in C:
  Standard functions provided by the C programming language, such as
printf, scanf, strlen, etc.
9. Tokenization in C:
 Tokenization is the process of breaking a program into smaller units called
tokens.
 In C, tokens include keywords, identifiers, operators, constants, and special
symbols.
10. Token in C:
 A token is a basic building block of a C program, representing a unit of
meaning (e.g., a keyword, identifier, or operator).
11. Method Overloading vs. Method Overriding:
 Method Overloading: Involves defining multiple methods with the same
name but different parameters within the same class.
 Method Overriding: Involves providing a specific implementation for a
method in a subclass that is already defined in its superclass.
12. Garbage Collection:
 Garbage Collection is a process in which the runtime environment
automatically deallocates memory occupied by objects that are no longer
reachable or in use by the program.
13. Multiple Inheritance in Java:
 Java does not support multiple inheritance through classes, but it supports
it through interfaces.
 A class can implement multiple interfaces, inheriting their method
signatures.
14. Passband Filter:
 A filter that allows signals within a certain frequency range, known as the
passband, to pass through while attenuating signals outside this range.
15. Modulation:
 Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal's properties (e.g.,
amplitude, frequency, or phase) to transmit information.
16. Static vs. Dynamic Memory Allocation:
 Static Memory Allocation: Memory is allocated at compile-time and is
fixed during program execution.
 Dynamic Memory Allocation: Memory is allocated at runtime, allowing
flexibility in managing memory.
17. Purpose of Register:
 Registers are small, fast storage locations in a CPU used to store
intermediate data during program execution, providing faster access than
main memory.
18. Joins and its Types:
 Joins in databases combine records from two or more tables based on a
related column.
 Types include INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN), RIGHT JOIN
(or RIGHT OUTER JOIN), and FULL JOIN (or FULL OUTER JOIN).
19. Structure vs. Array:
 Array: A collection of elements of the same data type stored in contiguous
memory locations.
 Structure: A composite data type that groups different variables under a
single name.
20. Macros:
 Macros in C are preprocessor directives that define a symbol or perform
text replacement before compilation.
21. Algorithm for Pascal Triangle and Palindrome:
 Pascal Triangle: Each number is the sum of the two directly above it in the
triangle.
 Palindrome: A sequence of characters that reads the same forward and
backward.
22. Local vs. Global Variable:
 Local Variable: Declared inside a function and can only be accessed within
that function.
 Global Variable: Declared outside any function and can be accessed
throughout the program.

1. Limitations of CSS:
 Limited layout control compared to table-based layouts.
 Lack of variables for easy value reuse.
 Limited conditional logic.
 Cross-browser compatibility issues.
 Limited support for complex calculations.
2. DOM (Document Object Model):
 DOM is a programming interface for web documents.
 It represents the structure of a document as a tree of objects, allowing
scripts to dynamically modify the content, structure, and style of a
document.
3. Pointers:
 Pointers in programming languages store the memory address of another
variable.
 They enable dynamic memory allocation and manipulation.
4. Null Pointer:
 A pointer that does not point to any memory location.
 Attempting to dereference a null pointer can lead to undefined behavior.
5. Python:
 Python is a high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose programming
language known for its simplicity and readability.
6. Python Casting:
 Casting in Python involves converting one data type to another.
 Examples include int(), float(), and str().
7. List:
 A built-in data structure in Python that stores ordered and mutable
sequences of elements.
8. Tuples:
 Similar to lists but immutable in Python.
 Defined using parentheses.
9. Dictionary vs. Tuple:
 Dictionary: An unordered collection of key-value pairs.
 Tuple: An ordered and immutable collection of elements.
10. Compilers for Python:
 CPython, Jython, IronPython, PyPy, etc.
11. Advantages of Frameworks in Python:
 Rapid development.
 Code reuse.
 Enhanced security.
 Maintenance efficiency.
12. Stack, Queue, and LinkedList:
 Stack: Last In, First Out (LIFO) data structure.
 Queue: First In, First Out (FIFO) data structure.
 LinkedList: A data structure consisting of nodes where each node points to
the next in the sequence.
13. Regular Expression:
 A sequence of characters defining a search pattern.
 Used for pattern matching within strings.
14. HTML and CSS Tags:
 HTML tags define the structure of a webpage (e.g., <div>, <p>).
 CSS tags (selectors) style HTML elements (e.g., #id, .class).
15. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Steps:
 Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing, Deployment,
Maintenance.
16. Authentication and Authorization:
 Authentication: Verifying the identity of a user.
 Authorization: Granting access rights based on the user's identity and
permissions.
17. DBMS vs. RDBMS:
 DBMS (Database Management System): Manages databases but may not
support relationships between tables.
 RDBMS (Relational Database Management System): Manages databases
with support for relationships between tables.
18. ACID Properties:
 Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.
 Guarantees the reliability of transactions in a database system.
19. IoT (Internet of Things):
 A network of interconnected devices that communicate and share data to
perform tasks.
 Example: Smart home devices, wearable technology.
20. Denormalization:
 The process of intentionally introducing redundancy in a database for
performance optimization.
 Used to speed up data retrieval at the cost of increased storage.
21. File Opening in C++:
 File opening in C++ involves using the fstream library and functions like
open().
22. Constructor:
 A special member function in a class used for initializing the object's state.
 Invoked automatically when an object is created.