Environmental Pollution: A Growing Global Crisis

A REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE KALIKA MANAVGYAN SECONDARY

SCHOOL, BUTWAL-10 KALIKANAGAR

FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE

SECONDARY LEVEL EDUCATION, NEB (GRADE XI)

SUBMITTED BY

Aditya Bhandari
Roll no. 5
Grade: XI
Section: E

I
 LETTER OF APPROVAL

February, 2025

The research report submitted by Aditya Bhandari entitled “Environmental Pollution:

A Growing Global Crisis” is carried out by him. I approve this report for the partial
fulfillments of the requirements for National Education Board (NEB), Sanothimi,
Bhaktapur, Nepal.

Sita Poudel,

Kalika Manavgyan Secondary School

Butwal-10, Kalikanagar

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It has been a great opportunity for us to work under the Guidance of Mrs. Sita
Paudel, Department of Biology, Kalika Manavgyan Secondary School,
Rupendahi, Nepal. We express our sincere gratitude for her valuable suggestions,
constructive criticisms and deep sense for the perfection which enabled us to
complete this work.

We are highly obliged to Mrs. Sita Paudel, Dept of Biology for her continuous
cooperation and encouragement. I am equally Thankful to Mr. Laxman Kc, Pradip
Karki, Dhiraj Kunwar Chettri and Dr. Chandra Bahadur Thapa, Department of
Biology, Kalika Manavgyan Secondary School for providing necessary
laboratory facilities
.
We would like to express our heartfelt to all my colleagues who helped us to
complete the present work.

Mr. Ganesh Panthi, Koshlesh Kurmi Chaudhary, Ishan Gyawali, Bibash Khatri

January 28, 2025

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 ABSTRACT

The research titled "Environmental Pollution: A Growing Global Crisis" was

conducted to study different types of pollution, their causes, and their effects on living
organisms and the environment. The study was carried out through field observations,
data collection, and literature review.

The study found that air, water, soil, and noise pollution are the most prevalent
environmental issues affecting biodiversity and human health. Improper waste disposal,
industrial emissions, deforestation, and excessive use of chemical fertilizers contribute
significantly to pollution. The report highlights the urgent need for sustainable solutions,
including waste management, afforestation, and awareness programs, to mitigate
environmental pollution.

IV
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page. no

 Cover Page I
 Letter of Approval II
 Acknowledgements III
 Abstract IV
 Table of Contents V
 Introduction 1
 Objectives 2
 Types of Pollution 3-5
 Cause of Pollution 6
 Effects of Pollution 7-9
 Case Study of Polluted Region 10
 Solutions to Combat Pollution 11
 Role of Governments and Policies 12
 Individual Actions to reduce Pollution 13
 Results 14
 Conclusion 15
 References 16

V
 INTRODUCTION

Environmental pollution is one of the most pressing challenges facing the world today, as it poses
a serious threat to the health of ecosystems, wildlife, and human populations. It occurs when
harmful substances are introduced into the natural environment, disrupting its balance and causing
long-term damage. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, deforestation, and unsustainable human
activities have significantly contributed to the rise in pollution levels. The excessive use of fossil
fuels, improper waste disposal, and deforestation have led to environmental degradation, climate
change, and the loss of biodiversity. Pollution not only affects the air we breathe, the water we
drink, and the soil that sustains life but also has severe consequences on public health and the
overall stability of the planet. Addressing environmental pollution requires collective global
efforts, including stricter environmental regulations, sustainable development practices, and
increased awareness about the importance of preserving natural resources for future generations.

Figure 1: Healthy vs Polluted Environment

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 Objectives

The primary objectives of this report are:

 To define and categorize different types of environmental pollution.

 To analyze the major causes contributing to pollution worldwide.
 To assess the impact of pollution on human health, wildlife, and ecosystems.
 To present real-world case studies that highlight the severity of pollution.
 To explore viable solutions and mitigation strategies for reducing pollution.
 To emphasize the need for global collaboration and policy implementation to
combat environmental pollution.

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 Types of Pollution-Air Pollution

 Content:
Air pollution occurs when harmful gases, chemicals, and particulate matter are
released into the atmosphere. Major sources include vehicle emissions, industrial
processes, and burning fossil fuels.

 Effects: Respiratory diseases, global warming, and acid rain.

Figure 2: Air Pollution due to Industrial Gases

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 Types of Pollution-Soil Pollution

 Content:
Soil pollution occurs when harmful chemicals, pesticides, and waste materials
contaminate the soil. This can result from improper waste disposal, industrial
activities, and excessive use of fertilizers.

 Effects: Reduced soil fertility, contamination of food crops, and harm to

microorganisms.

Figure 3: lack of garbage management(Soil Pollution)

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 Types of Pollution - Noise Pollution

 Content:
Noise pollution is caused by excessive noise from vehicles, industrial activities, and
urban development.

 Effects: Hearing loss, stress, and disruption of wildlife habitats.

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 Causes of Pollution

 Content:

 Industrialization: Factories release toxic chemicals and gases.

 Urbanization: Increased waste production and deforestation.

 Agricultural Activities: Use of pesticides and fertilizers.

 Transportation: Emissions from cars, trucks, and airplanes.

Figure 5: Polluted Area

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 Effects of Pollution on Health

1. Respiratory Issues – Air pollution can cause asthma, bronchitis, and other lung
diseases due to inhalation of harmful particles and gases.
2. Cardiovascular Problems – Exposure to pollutants increases the risk of heart
attacks, high blood pressure, and strokes.
3. Weakened Immune System – Pollution can weaken immunity, making the body
more vulnerable to infections and diseases.
4. Neurological Disorders – Toxic pollutants like heavy metals and chemicals can
affect brain function, leading to cognitive decline and developmental issues.

Figure 6: Unhelathy patients due to Pollution

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 Effects of Pollution on Ecosystems

1. Loss of Biodiversity – Pollution contaminates air, water, and soil, habitat

destruction and endangering plant and animal species.
2. Water Contamination – Industrial waste, plastics, and chemicals pollute water
bodies, harming aquatic life and disrupting food chains.
3. Soil Degradation – Toxic pollutants reduce soil fertility, affecting plant growth
and agricultural productivity.
4. Climate Change – Air pollution, especially greenhouse gases, contributes to
global warming, leading to extreme weather conditions and ecosystem imbalances.

Deforestation

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 Global Impact - Climate Change

1. Global Temperature Rise – Greenhouse gases like CO₂ and methane trap heat
in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
2. Extreme Weather Events – Increased pollution intensifies storms, droughts,
wildfires, and hurricanes, causing widespread destruction.
3. Rising Sea Levels – Melting polar ice due to global warming causes sea levels
to rise, threatening coastal cities and infrastructure.
4. Ocean Acidification – Excess carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, increasing
acidity and damaging industries like fisheries and tourism.

Figure 8: Melting of Glaciers

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 Case Studies of Polluted Regions

 Content:

 Example 1: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

 Example 2: Air pollution in Kathmandu, Nepal

 Example 3: Water pollution in the Bagmati River

Figure 3: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Figure 2: Air pollution in Kathmandu

example 3: Pollution in Bagmati river

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 Solutions to Combat Pollution

1. Use Renewable Energy – Shift to solar, wind, and hydro power to reduce
reliance on fossil fuels and lower air pollution.
2. Promote Sustainable Transportation – Encourage public transport, cycling,
and electric vehicles to cut down emissions.
3. Reduce Waste & Recycle – Minimize plastic use, recycle materials, and
properly dispose of waste to prevent land and water pollution.
4. Enforce Stronger Environmental Laws – Implement strict regulations on
industries, emissions, and deforestation to control pollution at the source.

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 Role of Governments and Policies in Combating Pollution

1. Implementing Strict Environmental Regulations – Governments enforce

laws on industrial emissions, waste management, and deforestation to control
pollution at its source.
2. Promoting Renewable Energy – Policies supporting solar, wind, and hydro
energy help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lower carbon emissions.
3. Investing in Sustainable Infrastructure – Developing public transport, green
buildings, and efficient waste disposal systems reduces pollution and promotes
sustainability.
4. Raising Awareness & Encouraging Public Participation – Governments
launch campaigns and incentives to educate citizens and promote eco-friendly
practices like recycling and conservation.

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 Individual Actions to Reduce Pollution

1. Adopt Sustainable Transportation – Use public transport, carpool, cycle, or

walk to reduce emissions from personal vehicles.
2. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Cut down on single-use plastics, recycle materials,
and repurpose items to minimize waste and landfill overflow.
3. Conserve Energy and Water – Turn off lights when not in use, use energy-
efficient appliances, and reduce water consumption to lessen environmental
strain.
4. Support Eco-Friendly Products – Choose products made from sustainable
materials, reduce chemical use, and support companies that prioritize
environmental responsibility.

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 Results

 Environmental pollution remains a critical global issue, affecting human health

and biodiversity.

 Industrialization, transportation, and urbanization are the primary contributors.

 Severe consequences include respiratory illnesses, habitat destruction, and
global warming.

 Case studies highlight real-world impacts and the urgent need for action.
 Implementing sustainable solutions can significantly reduce pollution levels.
 Collective efforts from governments, industries, and individuals are essential to
mitigate environmental damage.

 Renewable energy adoption has the potential to reduce dependency on fossil

fuels and lower carbon emissions.

 Improved waste management practices, including recycling and sustainable

disposal, can help mitigate pollution levels.

 Strengthening international policies and agreements can ensure a unified global

response to pollution control.

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 Conclusion and Recommendation

Environmental pollution is a global challenge that requires a collective effort from

individuals, governments, and industries. By implementing sustainable practices,
enforcing stricter policies, and promoting awareness, we can significantly reduce
pollution and mitigate its harmful effects on the environment and human health.
Through consistent actions and collaboration, we can create a cleaner, healthier world
for future generations.

Page:15
 References

 World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). Air pollution and its

impact on health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-
topics/air-pollution
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (n.d.). Climate
change and pollution reports. Retrieved from
https://www.ipcc.ch/reports/
 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (n.d.). Global
environmental assessments. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/
 The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health. (2017). The impact
of pollution on global health. The Lancet, 391(10119), 462-512.
Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/commissions/pollution-
and-health
 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.). Pollution prevention
and control. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/
 National Geographic. (n.d.). Environmental pollution and its effects.
Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/

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