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Dunder Functions

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1 views2 pages

Dunder Functions

Uploaded by

rishitguleria2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dunder Functions in Python

Dunder functions (also called magic methods) are special methods in Python that start and end with
double underscores (__).
They enable customization of object behavior, operator overloading, and more.

Some common dunder functions:

1. Object Initialization & Representation


- __init__(self, ...) : Constructor method for initializing an instance.
- __str__(self) : Returns a user-friendly string representation.
- __repr__(self) : Returns an unambiguous string representation.

2. Operator Overloading
- __add__(self, other) : Defines + (addition).
- __sub__(self, other) : Defines - (subtraction).
- __mul__(self, other) : Defines * (multiplication).
- __truediv__(self, other) : Defines / (division).

3. Comparison Operators
- __eq__(self, other) : Defines == (equality).
- __lt__(self, other) : Defines < (less than).

4. Container & Iteration Behavior


- __len__(self) : Defines len(obj).
- __getitem__(self, key) : Defines indexing (obj[key]).

5. Callable Objects
- __call__(self, *args) : Makes an object callable like a function (obj()).

6. Context Managers
- __enter__(self) : Setup for a 'with' statement.
- __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback) : Cleanup for 'with'.

Python Code Example

class DunderExample:
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value

def __str__(self):
return f"DunderExample({self.value})"

def __add__(self, other):


return DunderExample(self.value + other.value)

a = DunderExample(10)
b = DunderExample(20)
print(a + b) # Uses __add__

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