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Contour Integrals 2

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20 views14 pages

Contour Integrals 2

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f20240441
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics

II
Function of
Complex
Variables

Dr.
Tarkeshwar
Mathematics II
Singh
Function of Complex Variables
Integration,
Contour
integration,
Anti-
derivatives
Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh
Cauchy -
Goursat Department of Mathematics,
theorem BITS-Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus
Mathematics
II
Function of In this this section we will state an important theorem.
Complex
Variables

Dr.
First let us recall that an anti-derivative of a function f (z) is
Tarkeshwar
Singh a function F (z) such that F 0 (z) = f (z).
Integration,
Contour
Examples: An anti-derivative of f (z) = z n , n ∈ N is
n+1
integration,
Anti- F (z) = zn+1 on C.
derivatives

Cauchy -
Goursat
F (z) = e z is an anti-derivative of f (z) = e z on C.
theorem

Any branch of log z is an anti-derivative of 1/z on the domain of


the branch.
Mathematics
II
Function of Theorem
Complex
Variables Let f (z) be a continuous function of a domain D then the following are
Dr.
Tarkeshwar
equivalent:
Singh
1 f (z) has an anti-derivative F (z) on D.
Integration,
Contour
2 The integral of f (z) along any contour lying entirely on D depends only
R Rz
integration,
Anti-
on the end points, that is C f (z)dz = z12 f (z)dz = F (z1 ) − F (z2 ). Here
derivatives
C is a curve from z1 to z2 .
Cauchy -
Goursat 3 The integral of f (z) around any closed loop lying entirely in D is zero.
theorem
Mathematics R
II
Function of
Example : Find the integral C z n dz where n ∈ N. and C is any
Complex
Variables path between z1 and z2
Dr.
Tarkeshwar
Singh Solution : Note that the function z n has an antiderivative
1
Integration, namely F (z) = n+1 z n+1 so the integral depends only on the end
Contour
integration,
Anti-
points and the integral is:
derivatives

Cauchy - 1
Goursat F (z2 ) − F (z1 ) = (z2n+1 − z1n+1 ).
theorem
n+1
Cauchy - Goursat theorem

Mathematics
II
Function of In this section we will talk about a fundamental theorem of
Complex
Variables complex analysis. It is named after the two mathematicians who
Dr.
Tarkeshwar
Singh
stated and proved it. It is called Cauchy-Goursat’s theorem.
Integration,
Contour
Cauchy - Goursat theorem
integration,
Anti-
derivatives If a function f is analytic
R at all points interior to and on a simple
Cauchy -
Goursat
closed contour C , then C f (z)dz = 0.
theorem

A proof of the theorem is little lengthy we will ask the reader to


read from the textbook and seek help from the instructor.
Mathematics
II
Function of
A domain D is called simply connected if every simple closed
Complex
Variables contour encloses only points of D. Intuitively it means that there
Dr.
Tarkeshwar are no holes in the domain.
Singh

1 The whole complex plane is a simply connected domain.


Integration,
Contour
integration, 2 {z : |z| < 2} is a simply connected domain.
Anti-
derivatives
3 {z : 0 < |z| < 2} is not a simply connected domain, since a
Cauchy -
Goursat
theorem loop like |z| = 1 will also enclose the origin which is not in
the domain.
4 {z : 1 < |z| < 3} is not a simply connected domain.
Mathematics
II
Function of
A general version of the Cauchy-Goursat theorem is:
Complex
Variables
Theorem
Dr.
Tarkeshwar
Singh If D is a simply connected domain and f is an analytic function
Integration,
Contour
on D, and C be any closed contour lying in D, then
integration, Z
Anti-
derivatives

Cauchy -
f (z)dz = 0
Goursat C
theorem
Mathematics
II
Function of
Complex
Note that the difference between the original Cauchy-Goursat
Variables
and this one is that the contour now need not be simple, so it
Dr.
Tarkeshwar
Singh
can cross itself many times and still the integral will be zero.
Integration,
Contour
Corollary:
integration,
Anti-
derivatives If a function is analytic on a simply connected domain then it
Cauchy -
Goursat must possess an anti-derivative on that domain.
theorem

A domain which is not simply connected is called multiply


connected. In the theorem below we state an application of CG.
Mathematics
II
Function of Theorem
Complex
Variables (1) Suppose that C is a simple closed contour described in the
Dr.
Tarkeshwar
counterclockwise direction, (2) and Ck (k = 1, 2, . . . , n) be simple closed
Singh contours in the interior of C , which are oriented in the clockwise direction and
Integration, are disjoint and whose interiors have no points in common. If a function f is
Contour
integration, analytic on all of these contours and throughout the multiply connected
Anti-
derivatives domain consisting of the points inside C and exterior to each Ck , then
Cauchy -
Goursat
Z X n Z
theorem
f (z)dz + f (z)dz = 0.
C k=1 Ck
Mathematics
II
Function of
A corollary of the above theorem is the following which is called
Complex
Variables the principle of deformation of paths
Dr.
Tarkeshwar
Singh Corollary
Integration,
Contour Let C1 , C2 be anticlockwise oriented simple closed contours,
integration,
Anti-
derivatives
where C1 is in the interior of C2 . If a function f is analytic in the
Cauchy -
Goursat
closed region consisting of these contours and all points between
theorem
them, then Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz
C2 C1
Mathematics R
II
Function of
Example : Apply CG to show that C f (z)dz = 0 where C is
Complex
z2
Variables the circle |z| = 1 oriented in any direction and (a) f (z) = z−3 ,
Dr.
Tarkeshwar
Singh
(b) f (z) = Log(z + 2).
Integration,
Contour
Solution: (a) See that f (z) has only one singularity at z = 3
integration,
Anti- which is outside of the contour, so it is analytic
R on the contour
derivatives

Cauchy -
and in the interior of it. So by CG we have C f (z)dz = 0.
Goursat
theorem
Mathematics
II Solution: (b) The domain of the principal branch f (z) = Log(z + 2) is
Function of
Complex |z + 2| > 0, −π < arg (z + 2) < π i.e D = C \ (−∞, −2]. So the disk |z| ≤ 1 is
Variables
totally contained in the domain D of the branch so f (z) is analytic on the disk
Dr. R
Tarkeshwar |z| ≤ 1 thus C f (z)dz = 0.
Singh

Integration,
Contour
integration,
Anti-
derivatives

Cauchy -
Goursat
theorem
Mathematics
II
Function of
Example: Let C1 be the anticlockwise oriented boundary of the
Complex
Variables square with corners at ±1 ± i. AndR let C2 be anticlockwise
R
Dr.
Tarkeshwar oriented circle |z| = 4. Show why C1 f (z)dz = C2 f (z)dz for
Singh
(a) f (z) = 3z 21+1 , z+2
(b) f (z) = sin(z/2) .
Integration,
Contour
integration,
Anti- Solution: (a) The only point where the function is not analytic
√
derivatives

Cauchy -
is at z = ± √i 3 , and the absolute value of the points is 1/ 3
Goursat
theorem which is in the interior of the square.
So the function is analytic in the region between C1 and C2 . So
by the principle of deformation of paths we have the result.
Mathematics
II
Function of
Solution: (b) The points where the function is not analytic are
Complex
Variables the points where sin(z/2) = 0 and those points are z = 2nπ
Dr.
Tarkeshwar where n ∈ Z.
Singh

Integration,
Contour So none of these points are in the region enclosed by the two
integration,
Anti-
derivatives
contours. So by the principle of deformation of paths we have
Cauchy -
Goursat
the result.
theorem

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