Lab 6

Created @May 8, 2025 3:39 PM

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Table Constraints
Purpose: Enforce rules on columns to maintain data integrity and accuracy.

Types of Constraints:
PRIMARY KEY: Uniqueness + NOT NULL

FOREIGN KEY: Relationship between tables

UNIQUE: Distinct values (allows NULLs)

CHECK: Conditions for acceptable values

DEFAULT: Default values if none provided

NOT NULL: Disallow NULL values

Primary Key Constraint

Guarantees uniqueness and no null values.

Can be a single column or a composite key (multiple columns).

Only one primary key per table.

CREATE TABLE Departments(

DepartmentID int PRIMARY KEY,
DepartmentName varchar(100)
);

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 Foreign Key Constraint
Links two tables together.

Prevents invalid relationships.

Example:

CREATE TABLE Employees(

EmployeeID int PRIMARY KEY,
Age int,
EmployeeName varchar(50),
DepartmentID int,
FOREIGN KEY (DepartmentID) REFERENCES Departments(DepartmentID)
ON DELETE CASCADE
);

Unique Constraint
Ensures all values are different in a column.

Allows NULL values. (but only one null because it is unique ^^)

CREATE TABLE Users(

UserID int PRIMARY KEY,
Email varchar(50) UNIQUE
);

Check Constraint
Defines a condition that must be met.

CREATE TABLE Products(

ProductID int PRIMARY KEY,
ProductName varchar(50),

Lab 6 2
 UnitPrice int CHECK(UnitPrice > 0)
);

Default Constraint
Assigns a default value when none is provided.

Example: OrderDate defaults to GETDATE() , Status defaults to 'Pending' .

CREATE TABLE Orders(

OrderID int PRIMARY KEY,
OrderDate datetime DEFAULT GETDATE(),
Status varchar(50) DEFAULT('Pending')
);

Not Null Constraint

Ensures a column cannot have NULL values.

Example: CategoryName must have a value.

CREATE TABLE Categories(

CategoryID int PRIMARY KEY,
CategoryName varchar(50) NOT NULL
);

Modifying Constraints
Add a new constraint to an existing table.

ALTER TABLE Employees

ADD CONSTRAINT chk_age CHECK (AGE >= 18);

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 Drop an existing constraint from a table.

ALTER TABLE Employees

DROP CONSTRAINT chk_age

T-SQL Blocks Overview

Types:
Anonymous Blocks: Temporary, one-time use.

Stored Procedures: Reusable, complex operations (CRUD, transactions).

Stored Functions: Return a single value or table inside queries.

Handling Variables in T-SQL

Declare and initialize variables in the declaration section.

Assign new values during execution.

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 Pass parameters and use output variables for results.

Syntax:
DECLARE @identifier datatype [= expression];

DECLARE @username varchar(50);

DECLARE @userage int;

Assigning Values to Variables

Using SET:
Good for single-value assignment.

Example:

DECLARE @ProductName NVARCHAR(50);

SET @ProductName = 'Laptop';
PRINT @ProductName;

Using SELECT:
Good for query results or multiple assignments.

here we are selecting values to the variables from the result of the query

Example:

DECLARE @ProductID INT, @ProductName NVARCHAR(100), @Price MO

NEY;
SELECT @ProductID = ProductID, @ProductName = ProductName, @Pric
e = UnitPrice
FROM Products
WHERE ProductID = 1;

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 Commenting Code in T-SQL
Single line: - comment

Multi-line: /* comment */

Example:

/* Compute annual salary */

-- SET @v_sal = @v_sal * 12;

Flow Control in T-SQL

Controlling Execution Flow
IF...ELSE: Conditional logic.

WHILE: Looping control structure.

IF Statement
Syntax:

IF condition
statement;
[ELSE IF condition
statement;]
[ELSE
statement;]

Example:

DECLARE @Price MONEY;

SELECT @Price = UnitPrice FROM Products WHERE ProductID = 1;

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 IF @Price > 50
PRINT 'Expensive';
ELSE IF @Price BETWEEN 20 AND 50
PRINT 'Moderately Priced';
ELSE
PRINT 'Cheap';

WHILE Loop
Syntax:

WHILE condition
BEGIN
statement1;
statement2;
END;

Example:

DECLARE @Counter INT = 1;

WHILE @Counter <= 5
BEGIN
PRINT 'Counter: ' + CAST(@Counter AS VARCHAR);
SET @Counter = @Counter + 1;
END;

T-SQL Program Units

Types:

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 Procedures: Perform actions.

Functions: Return a value.

Stored Procedures
Syntax:

CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name

(
@parameter1 datatype1,
@parameter2 datatype2 OUTPUT
)
AS
[local_variable_declarations; …]
BEGIN
-- actions
END;

Stored Procedures Examples

Without Parameters:
Retrieve all customers:

CREATE PROCEDURE GetAllCustomers

AS
BEGIN
SELECT * FROM Customers;
END;

EXEC GetAllCustomers;

Lab 6 8
 //or use EXECUTE

With Input Parameters:

Retrieve customers by country:

CREATE PROCEDURE GetCustomerByCountry

@Country nvarchar(50) --input parameter
AS
BEGIN
SELECT * from Customers
WHERE Country = @Country;
END;

EXEC GetCustomersByCountry @Country = 'Germany';

With Output Parameter:

Count customers from a specific country.

CREATE PROCEDURE GetCustomerCountByCountry

@Country nvarchar(50), --input
@CustomerCount int OUTPUT --output parameter
AS
BEGIN
SELECT @CustomerCount = Count(*)
FROM Customers
WHERE Country = @Country;
END;

DECLARE @Total int;

EXEC GetCustomerCountByCountry @Country = 'USA', @CustomerCount = @To
PRINT 'Total customers in USA' + CAST(@Total as varchar);

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 With Multiple Parameters:
Retrieve orders within a date range.

CREATE PROCEDURE GetOrdersByDateRange

@StartDate datetime,
@EndDate datetime
AS
BEGIN
Select * FROM Orders
WHERE OrderDate BETWEEN @StartDate AND @EndDate;
END;

EXEC GetOrdersByDateRange @StartDate = '1996-12-01', @StartDate = '2000-1

Modifying and Dropping Stored Procedures

Modify:

ALTER PROCEDURE procedure_name

AS
BEGIN
--actions
END;

Drop:

DROP PROCEDURE procedure_name;

Practice Exercises
Practice 1:

Lab 6 10
 Write a stored procedure to retrieve all orders for a given CustomerID .

CREATE PROCEDURE GetOrdersForCustomer

@CustomerID int
AS
BEGIN
SELECT OrderID, OrderDate, ShipCountry
FROM Orders
WHERE CustomerID = @CustomerID;
END;

Practice 2:

Write a stored procedure to calculate the total sales amount for a given
ProductID .

CREATE PROCEDURE getTotalSalesForProduct

@ProductID int
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @TotalSales Money;
SELECT @TotalSales = SUM(UnitPrice * Quantity)
FROM OrderDetails
WHERE ProductID = @ProductID

SELECT @TotalSales as TotalSales

END;

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