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 An exception is an abnormal condition that arises in a

code sequence at run time

 A Java exception is an object that describes an

exceptional condition that has occurred in a piece of code

 An exception can be caught to handle it or pass it on

 Exceptions can be generated by the Java run-time system,

or they can be manually generated by your code

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 Performing action in response to exception
 Examples
 Exit program (abort)
 Deal with exception and continue
Print error message
Request new data
Retry action

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  Java Exception class hierarchy
ClassNotFoundException

CloneNotSupportedException
Exception
IOException
ArithmeticException
AWTException
NullPointerException
RuntimeException
Object Throwable IndexOutOfBoundsException
…
NoSuchElementException
LinkageError
…
VirtualMachoneError
Error
AWTError
Checked
…
Unchecked

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 Java exception handling is managed by via five
keywords: try, catch, throw, throws, and
finally
 Program statements to monitor are contained
within a try block
 If an exception occurs within the try block, it is
thrown
 Code within catch block catch the exception
and handle it
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 Output:
Division by zero.
After catch statement.
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 The scope of a catch clause is restricted to those statements
specified by the immediately preceding try statement.

 A catch statement cannot catch an exception thrown by

another try statement.

 The statements that are protected by the try must be

surrounded by curly braces.

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 If more than one occur, then we have to use
multiple catch clauses
 When an exception is thrown, each catch
statement is inspected in order, and the first
one whose type matches the exception is
executed
 After one catch statement executes, the others
are bypassed

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 Exception subclass must come before any of their
super classes

 For example, ArithmeticException is a subclass of

Exception

 Moreover, unreachable code in Java generates error

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  It is possible for your program to throw
an exception explicitly
throw ThrowableInstance
 Here, ThrowableInstance must be an object
of type Throwable or a subclass Throwable
 There are two ways to obtain a Throwable
objects:
 Using a parameter into a catch clause
 Creating one object with the new operator

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 Output:
Caught inside demoproc.
Recaught: java.lang.NullPointerException: demo

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 If a method doesn’t handle a checked exception, it should be
declared with throws keyword
 type method-name parameter-list) throws exception-list
{
// body of method
}
 It is not applicable for Error or RuntimeException, or any of
their subclasses

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 Output:
Inside throwOne.
Caught java.lang.IllegalAccessException: demo

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 finally creates a block of code that will be executed
after a try/catch block has completed and before the
code following the try/catch block.
 finally block will be executed whether or not an
exception is thrown.
 Any time a method is about to return to the caller
from inside a try/catch block, via an uncaught
exception or an explicit return statement, the finally
clause is also executed just before the method
returns.
 Each try clause requires at least one catch or finally
clause.

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inside procA
procA's finally
Exception caught
inside procB
procB's finally
inside procC
procC's finally

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  A new exception object is
class exc0{
constructed and then thrown.
public static void main(String args[])
{
 This exception is caught by the
int d=0;
default handler provided by the
int a=42/d;
java runtime system.
}
}
 The default handler displays a
string describing the exception,
prints the stack trace from the
Output: point at which the exception
occurred and terminates the
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
program.
at exc0.main(exc0.java:4)

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 Throwable overrides the toString() method (defined by
Object) so that it returns a string containing a description
of the exception.
 Example:
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println(“Exception: “+e);
}
 Output:
Exception: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero

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  Define a subclass of the Exception class.
 The new subclass inherits all the methods of Exception and can
override them.

class MyException extends Exception{

private int a;
MyException(int i) { a = i;}
public String toString (){ return “MyException[“ + a+”]”;}
}

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 class test{
static void compute (int a) throws Myexception{
if(a>10) throw new MyException(a);
System.out.println(“Normal Exit”);
}
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
compute(1);
compute(20);
}catch(MyException e){ System.out.println(“Caught “ +e);
}
}

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 class InvalidRadiusException extends Exception {
private double r;
public InvalidRadiusException(double radius){
r = radius;
}
public void printError(){
System.out.println("Radius [" + r + "] is not valid");
}
}

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class Circle {
double x, y, r;

public Circle (double centreX, double centreY, double radius ) throws

InvalidRadiusException {
if (radius <= 0 ) {
throw new InvalidRadiusException(radius);
}
else {
x = centreX ; y = centreY; r = radius;
}
}
}

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class CircleTest {
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
Circle c1 = new Circle(10, 10, -1);
System.out.println("Circle created");
}
catch(InvalidRadiusException e)
{
e.printError();
}
}
}

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