MA1513 Final Exam

AY2022/2021 Semester II

Exam ID: 19228 # of Questions: 20

Total Exam Points: 90.00
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Question #: 1

Which of the following is/are not possible for a row echelon form?
(Pick all the correct answers)

A. A row echelon form of a 3 x 5 matrix with exactly 4 pivot columns

B. A row echelon form of a 3 x 5 matrix with exactly 4 non-pivot columns
C. A row echelon form of a 5 x 3 matrix with exactly 3 leading entries
D. A row echelon form of a 5 x 3 matrix with exactly 3 non-pivot columns
E. A row echelon form of a 5 x 3 matrix with exactly 1 zero row

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 2

Which of the following must be correct for any 3 x 3 matrices A, B, C which are all non-singular?

A. If AB = I, then AB = BA
B. If AB = C, then B = CA-1
C. (AB)3 = A3B3
D. If A-1 = B, then B-1 = A
E. None of the other options are
correct
Item Weight: 3.0
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Question #: 3

Suppose A is a 5 x 5 non-singular matrix. Which of the following is/are always true?

(Pick all the correct answers)

A. The linear system Ax = 0 has a unique non-trivial solution

 B. The 5 columns of A form a basis for R5
C. det(A) = 5
D. nullity(A) = 0
E. The reduced row echelon form of A is the 5 x 5 identity matrix

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 4

The following matrix is a/an:

(Pick all the correct answers)

A. identity matrix
B. diagonal matrix
C. symmetric matrix
D. triangular matrix
E. None of the other options are correct

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 5

Given A is a 4 x 4 matrix such that det(A) = 1/4. Then det(2(A2)-1) = 256

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 6

Which of the following vectors belong to span{ (1,1,0), (0,0,1) } ?

(Select all the vectors that belong to the span)
 A. (1,1,-1)
B. (5,5,1)
C. (1,2,3)
D. (4,4,0)
E. (0,1,1)

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 7

Which of the following set of vectors in R3 is/are linearly dependent?

(Pick all the correct answers)

A. {(1,-2,0), (-2,1,0)}
B. {(3,-1,3), (-1, 1/3, -1)}
C. {(1,3,5), (5,3,1), (1,1,1)}
D. {(2,0,0), (2,4,0), (2,4,6)}
E. {(15, 1, 3), (20, 2,1), (13, 3, 21), (4416, 5525, 6636)}

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 8

Which of the options can be bases for the column space of the following matrix?

(Pick all the correct answers)

A.

B.
 C.

D.

E.

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 9

The projection of the vector (3,3,3) onto the plane x+y-z=0 is ( 2 , 2 , 4 )

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 10

Let A be a 4 x 4 matrix and u, v, w, x be linearly independent vectors in R4 such that: Au = u, Av = -v, Aw = 2w,
Ax = 2x.
Which of the statements is/are not true?

A. The characteristic polynomial of A is (x-1)(x+1)(x-2)2

B. dim(E2) = 2 where E2 is the eigenspace for eigenvalue 2
 C. w + 2x is an eigenvector of A
D. u –v is an eigenvector of A
E. A is diagonalizable

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 11

Given a 4 x 4 matrix A with 4 distinct non-zero eigenvalues λ1, λ2, λ3 and λ4, with corresponding eigenvectors v1, v2,
v3 and v4. Which of the following is/are correct?

A. A3 has eigenvalues 3λ1, 3λ2, 3λ3 and 3λ4 with corresponding eigenvectors v1, v2 , v3 and v4.
B. A3 has eigenvalues λ13, λ23, λ33 and λ43 with corresponding eigenvectors v1, 2v2 , 3v3 and 4v4
C. A3 has eigenvalues λ13, λ23, λ33 and λ43 but we do not know its eigenvectors
D. There are not enough information to determine the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A3
E. None of the other options are correct

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 12

Suppose T: R3 →R3 is a linear transformation and we are given

where x = -5 , y= 0 , z= 0 .

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 13

Suppose a fundamental set of solutions of a 2 x 2 SDE y’ = Ay is given by

Then the 2 x 2 matrix A is

0 -2
1 2

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 14

Given the SDE

The equilibrium point of this SDE is a saddle point and it is unstable .

Item Weight: 3.0

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Question #: 15

Which of the following is/are generalized eigenvector(s) for v?

A.
 B.

C.

D.

E.

Item Weight: 3.0

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 2

LQ1

A sports apparel company manufactures three types of running shoes (A, B, C), which require
the following amounts (in terms of dollars $) of resources:

Labour Material Miscellaneous

A 40 10 20
B 40 20 30
C 30 20 30

(i) Suppose the company wants to produce 200 units of A, 250 units of B and 300 units of
C. Express the budget needed for labour, material and miscellaneous items as a product
of a 3 × 3 matrix with a 3 × 1 column vector, and write down the three amounts.
(ii) Suppose the budget of the company are: $37,000 on labour, $14,000 on material and
$24,000 on other miscellaneous items. Determine the number of units of each type of
shoes that should be produced if the company wants to use up all its budget in its
production schedule.
(iii) What is the minimum amount (to the nearest dollar) that the company needs to spend
on material in order to use up all its budget in its production schedule, assuming the
budget of the other two resources remain the same as (ii)?

(i) The budget needed are given by:

    
40 40 30 200 27, 000
    
10 20 30 250 = 13, 000
20 30 30 300 20, 500
Labour: $27,000, Material: $13,000, Miscellaneous: $20,500.
(ii) Let a, b, c be the number of each type of shoes:
   −1    
a 40 40 30 37, 000 600
       
 b  = 10 20 30 14, 000 = 100
c 20 30 30 24, 000 300
A: 600 units, B: 100 units, C: 300 units.
(iii) Let x be the amount needed for material. Then:
    ′
0 −3 2 37, 000 a
1     ′
1 6 −5  x  =  b  where a′ , b′ , c′ ≥ 0.
10
−1 −4 4 24, 000 c′
1
10
(−3x + 48000) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ 16000 − − − −(1)
1
10
(37000 + 6x − 120000) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 83000/6 − − − −(2)
1
10
(−37000 − 4x + 96000) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ 59000/4 − − − −(3)
From (2), the minimum amount needed for material is $13,834.
 3

LQ2

To measure the takeoff performance of a race car, the position of the car was measured every
second, from t = 0 to t = 5. The positions y (in meter) from the starting point were: 0, 9, 30,
65, 105 and 160. The relation between y and t is described by a cubic equation y = at+bt2 +ct3
for some values a, b and c.

(i) Set up a linear system in variables a, b and c using the measurements above.
(ii) Find the equation y = at + bt2 + ct3 that best fit the data. Give your answers in decimal
form up to 2 decimal places.
(iii) Use the result of (ii) to estimate the position and velocity of the car when t = 3.5
second. Give your answer to the nearest two decimal places.

(i) The linear system is given by:

9 = a + b + c
30 = 2a + 4b + 8c
65 = 3a + 9b + 27c
105 = 4a + 16b + 64c
160 = 5a + 25b + 125c
   
1 1 1 9
   
2 4 8   30 
   
 
(ii) Let A = 3 9 27  and B =  
 65 .
   
4 16 64  105
5 25 125 160
 
a
 
Solving A A  b  = AT B, we get
T

c
   
a 3.03
  T −1 T  
 b  = (A A) A B =  6.37 
c −0.12
So the cubic equation: y = 3.03t + 6.37t2 − 0.12t3 .
(iii) When t = 3.5,

y = 3.03(3.5) + 6.37(3.5)2 − 0.12(3.5)3 = 83.49m

y ′ = 3.03 + 2 × 6.37(3.5) − 3 × 0.12(3.5)2 = 43.21ms−1

 4

LQ3

Recall that in aerospace industry, the terms yaw, pitch and roll are used to describe rotations
in the xy-plane, xz-plane and yz-plane respectively. These are linear transformations with
standard matrices
     
cos θ sin θ 0 cos θ 0 − sin θ 1 0 0
     
Y = − sin θ cos θ 0 , P =  0 1 0  , R = 0 cos θ − sin θ
0 0 1 sin θ 0 cos θ 0 sin θ cos θ
where θ is the angle of rotation (clockwise).
Suppose an aircraft perform a yaw with 30◦ , followed by a pitch with 30◦ , and then a roll with
30◦ . The resulting transformation T is a rotation in a certain plane Π in the xyz-space.
√
(i) Given that cos 30◦ = 3/2 and sin 30◦ = 1/2, write down the standard matrix of the
transformation T . Give your answers in decimal form up to 4 decimal places.
(ii) Find the axis of rotation of T .
(iii) Find an equation of the plane Π in the form ax + by + cz = 0.

√  √  
3/2 1/2 0 3/2 0 −1/2 1 0 0
 √   √ 
(i) T = Y P R = −1/2 3/2 0  0 1 0  0 3/2 −1/2
√ √
0 0 1 1/2 0 3/2 0 1/2 3/2
 √   
3/4 3/8 −5/8 0.75 0.2165 −0.625
 √ √   
= − 3/4 7/8 − 3/8 = −0.433 0.875 −0.2165
√
1/2 3/4 3/4 0.5 0.433 0.75
(ii) The axis of rotation is along the eigenvector of T corresponding to eigenvalue 1. Using
√
MATLAB, this eigenvector is given by (−1, 3, 1) or any scalar multiples.
(It is acceptable if students give their answers in terms of decimals. For example,
(−1, 1.732, 1) or (−0.4472, 0.7746, 0.4472) .)
√
(iii) The plane Π is perpendicular to (−1, 3, 1). Hence the equation of this plane is
√
−x + 3y + z = 0.
 5

LQ4

A damped mass-spring system is given by the second order ODE:

my ′′ + cy ′ + ky = 0 (∗)

where m is the mass (in kg) of the ball, k is the spring constant (in N/m) and c is the damping
constant. Suppose the ball is 2 kg and the spring constant is 3 N/m.

(i) Find the range of the values of c for the ball to return to the equilibrium state without
oscillating (i.e. over-damping).
(ii) If c = 5, convert (∗) to a 2 × 2 SDE.
(iii) Use MATLAB to find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the underlying matrix of the
SDE in (ii), and write down the general solution of the SDE.
(iv) Sketch the phase portrait of the SDE in (ii), indicating the directions of the trajectories.
(v) Suppose the initial position (t = 0) of the ball is y(0) = 0.3 m and the initial velocity
is y ′ (0) = 1 m/s. Find the solution of the initial value problem for the ODE (∗).

(i) Over-damping: c2 > 4mk = 4 × 2 × 3 = 24.

√
So c > 24 = 4.899.

(ii) The SDE is given by: ( )

0 1
y′ = y
−k/m −c/m
which is ( )
0 1
y′ = y
−3/2 −5/2
( ) ( )
−2/3 −1
(iii) Eigenvalues: −3/2, −1, with corresponding eigenvectors , (or any scalar
1 1
multiples). ( ) ( )
−2 −1
The general solution: y = c1 e−3t/2 + c2 e−t
3 1
(iv) The equilibrium point is a node and is asymptotically stable.
 6

(v) From the initial values, we get:

( ) ( ) ( )
0.3 −2 −1
= c1 + c2
1 3 1
which gives
c1 = 1.3, c2 = −2.9
The particular solution of the IVP:
( ) ( )
−2 −1
y = 1.3e−3t/2 − 2.9e−t
3 1
So the solution of the ODE is:

y = −2.6e−3t/2 + 2.9e−t .