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Dbms

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10 views5 pages

Dbms

Uploaded by

IICL Computer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Page 1: Introduction to Database Management System

(DBMS)
1.1 What is a DBMS?

A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that enables users to create, manage,
and interact with databases. It provides an organized way to store, retrieve, and manipulate data
efficiently and securely.

1.2 Objectives of a DBMS

 Data independence and abstraction


 Efficient data access
 Data integrity and security
 Concurrent access with transaction support
 Backup and recovery

1.3 Components of DBMS

 Hardware: Physical devices.


 Software: The DBMS software itself.
 Data: The actual data stored.
 Users: Database administrators, developers, end users.

1.4 Real-Life Applications

 Banking systems
 E-commerce websites
 Hospital management
 Library management
 Social media platforms
Page 2: Types of Databases and DBMS Models
2.1 Types of Databases

 Relational Databases: Data is stored in tables (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL).


 NoSQL Databases: For unstructured or semi-structured data (e.g., MongoDB,
Cassandra).
 In-memory Databases: Data stored in RAM (e.g., Redis).
 Distributed Databases: Data spread across different locations.

2.2 Data Models in DBMS

 Hierarchical Model: Data in tree-like structure.


 Network Model: Complex relationships using graphs.
 Relational Model: Tables with rows and columns.
 Object-oriented Model: Data as objects.

2.3 Comparison Between DBMS and RDBMS

Feature DBMS RDBMS

Data Format Files Tables (Rows & Columns)

Normalization Not supported Supported

Relationships No Yes

Multi-user support Limited Full


Page 3: Architecture and Key Functions of DBMS
3.1 DBMS Architecture

Three-Level Architecture:

1. Internal Level (Physical): How data is stored.


2. Conceptual Level (Logical): Structure of the database.
3. External Level (View): User interactions with data.

3.2 Functions of DBMS

 Data Definition: Create and define database schema.


 Data Manipulation: Query, insert, update, delete.
 Data Security: Control access with user roles and permissions.
 Transaction Management: Ensure consistency with ACID properties.
 Concurrency Control: Manage simultaneous access.
 Backup and Recovery: Protect data against loss.

3.3 ACID Properties

 Atomicity: All-or-nothing operations.


 Consistency: Valid state before and after transaction.
 Isolation: Concurrent transactions do not interfere.
 Durability: Changes persist after a transaction.
Page 4: SQL and Query Languages
4.1 Structured Query Language (SQL)

SQL is the standard language used to interact with relational databases.

4.2 Categories of SQL Commands

 DDL (Data Definition Language):


o CREATE, ALTER, DROP
 DML (Data Manipulation Language):
o INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
 DQL (Data Query Language):
o SELECT
 DCL (Data Control Language):
o GRANT, REVOKE
 TCL (Transaction Control Language):
o COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT

4.3 Example Queries


-- Create Table
CREATE TABLE students (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100),
age INT
);

-- Insert Data
INSERT INTO students VALUES (1, 'John', 22);

-- Retrieve Data
SELECT * FROM students WHERE age > 20;

4.4 NoSQL Query Example (MongoDB)


db.students.find({ age: { $gt: 20 } });

Page 5: Advantages, Challenges & Future of DBMS


5.1 Advantages of DBMS

 Reduced Data Redundancy


 Improved Data Sharing
 Centralized Data Management
 Backup and Recovery Support
 Improved Security
 Scalability and Flexibility

5.2 Challenges in DBMS

 High setup and maintenance cost


 Complex to manage for large systems
 Performance bottlenecks under heavy loads
 Need for skilled database administrators

5.3 Future Trends in DBMS

 Cloud-Based Databases: e.g., Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL


 AI Integration: Predictive indexing and self-tuning databases
 Graph Databases: e.g., Neo4j, for relationship-heavy data
 Blockchain for Data Integrity: Decentralized and tamper-proof storage
 Edge Databases: For IoT and real-time processing

5.4 Conclusion

A Database Management System is a cornerstone of modern computing. Whether managing a


hospital's records or handling transactions on an e-commerce site, DBMS ensures data is handled
efficiently, securely, and reliably. With continuous advancements, DBMS will remain a vital
technology in the ever-evolving digital landscape.

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