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Unit 8

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72 Yash Shinde
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22 views20 pages

Unit 8

Uploaded by

72 Yash Shinde
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EMAIL SECURITY

PGP
Electronic Mail Security

Despite the refusal of VADM Poindexter and LtCol North to


appear, the Board's access to other sources of
information filled much of this gap. The FBI provided
documents taken from the files of the National Security
Advisor and relevant NSC staff members, including
messages from the PROF system between VADM
Poindexter and LtCol North. The PROF messages were
conversations by computer, written at the time events
occurred and presumed by the writers to be protected
from disclosure. In this sense, they provide a first-hand,
contemporaneous account of events.
—The Tower Commission Report to President
Reagan on the Iran-Contra Affair, 1987
Email Security Enhancements
➢ confidentiality
⚫ protection from disclosure
➢ authentication
⚫ of sender of message
➢ message integrity
⚫ protection from modification
➢ non-repudiation of origin
⚫ protection from denial by sender
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
➢ widely used de facto secure email
➢ developed by Phil Zimmermann
➢ selected best available crypto algs to use
➢ integrated into a single program
➢ on Unix, PC, Macintosh and other systems
➢ originally free, now also have commercial
versions available
PGP Operation –
Authentication
1. sender creates message
2. make SHA-1160-bit hash of message
3. attached RSA signed hash to message
4. receiver decrypts & recovers hash code
5. receiver verifies received message hash
PGP Operation –
Confidentiality
1. sender forms 128-bit random session key
2. encrypts message with session key
3. attaches session key encrypted with RSA
4. receiver decrypts & recovers session key
5. session key is used to decrypt message
PGP Operation – Confidentiality
& Authentication
➢ can use both services on same message
⚫ create signature & attach to message
⚫ encrypt both message & signature
⚫ attach RSA/ElGamal encrypted session key
PGP Operation –
Compression
➢ bydefault PGP compresses message
after signing but before encrypting
⚫ so can store uncompressed message &
signature for later verification
⚫ & because compression is non deterministic
➢ uses ZIP compression algorithm
PGP Operation – Email
Compatibility
➢ when using PGP will have binary data to send
(encrypted message etc)
➢ however email was designed only for text
➢ hence PGP must encode raw binary data into
printable ASCII characters
➢ uses radix-64 algorithm
⚫ maps 3 bytes to 4 printable chars
⚫ also appends a CRC
➢ PGP also segments messages if too big
PGP Operation – Summary
PGP Session Keys
➢ need a session key for each message
⚫ of varying sizes: 56-bit DES, 128-bit CAST or
IDEA, 168-bit Triple-DES
➢ generated using ANSI X12.17 mode
➢ uses random inputs taken from previous
uses and from keystroke timing of user
PGP Public & Private Keys
➢ since many public/private keys may be in use,
need to identify which is actually used to encrypt
session key in a message
⚫ could send full public-key with every message
⚫ but this is inefficient
➢ rather use a key identifier based on key
⚫ is least significant 64-bits of the key
⚫ will very likely be unique
➢ also use key ID in signatures
PGP Message Format
PGP Key Rings
➢ each PGP user has a pair of keyrings:
⚫ public-key ring contains all the public-keys of
other PGP users known to this user, indexed
by key ID
⚫ private-key ring contains the public/private
key pair(s) for this user, indexed by key ID &
encrypted keyed from a hashed passphrase
➢ security
of private keys thus depends on
the pass-phrase security
PGP Key Rings
PGP Message Generation
PGP Message Reception
PGP Key Management
➢ rather than relying on certificate authorities
➢ in PGP every user is own CA
⚫ can sign keys for users they know directly
➢ forms a “web of trust”
⚫ trust keys have signed
⚫ can trust keys others have signed if have a chain of
signatures to them
➢ key ring includes trust indicators
➢ users can also revoke their keys
PGP Trust Model Example
Summary
➢ have considered:
⚫ secure email
⚫ PGP

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