SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

University of petroleum
and study’s

LINUX LAB
(2024-2025)
for
SEMESTER 1
Submitted to: Mrs Nimisha Pandey
Submitted By: Kunal Kumar
Sap Id: 590017065
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Index
SR NAME OF PAGE DATE OF
. EXPERIMENT NO SUBMISSION
NO
1 INSTALL 1-11
VIRTUAL
PLAYER AND
LINUX
2 BASIC 12-18 1-09-2023
COMMANDS
ON LINUX

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TASK 1
INSTALL VIRTUAL PLAYER AND
LINUX
What is LINUX/UNIX?
Linux is an open-source, Unix-like operating system kernel that serves as the
core component of various Linux-based operating systems. It was originally
created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and has since become a fundamental part of
modern computing.
Key characteristics of Linux include:
Open Source: Linux is distributed under open-source licenses, which means its
source code is freely available, and anyone can view, modify, and distribute it.
Kernel: The Linux kernel is responsible for managing hardware resources,
providing essential services, and acting as an interface between software and
hardware.
Multi-User and Multi-Tasking: Linux supports multiple users and can run
multiple processes simultaneously, making it suitable for both personal and
server use.
Stability and Performance: Linux is known for its stability and efficiency,
making it a popular choice for servers, supercomputers, and embedded systems.
Security: Linux benefits from a strong security model and is less prone to
malware and viruses than some other operating systems.
Customizability: Users can customize various aspects of the Linux operating
system, from the desktop environment to system components, according to their
preferences.
Wide Range of Applications: Linux powers a broad spectrum of devices and
systems, including servers, desktops, laptops, smartphones, IoT devices, and
more.
Community Collaboration: The development of Linux involves a large
community of developers and contributors from around the world, who work
together to improve and maintain the kernel and associated software.
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4
TYPES OF LINUX
• UBUNTU
• DESBIAN
• CENTOS
• FEDORA
• MANJARO

What is Linux kernel?

 The Linux kernel is the core of the Linux operating system. It is responsible for
managing the computer's hardware resources, such as the CPU, memory, and
disks. It also provides the basic services that other software programs need to run,
such as file systems, networking, and device drivers.
 The Linux kernel is a monolithic kernel, which means that it is all in one piece.
This makes it easier to develop and maintain, but it can also make it more
complex and less efficient.
 The Linux kernel is used by a wide variety of devices, including servers,
desktops, laptops, and embedded systems. It is also the basis for many other
operating systems, such as Android and ChromeOS.

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Advantages and disadvantages of Linux operating system.

Advantages:
 Free and open-source: Linux is free to download and use, and the source code is
available for anyone to inspect and modify. This makes Linux a very secure
operating system, as any security vulnerabilities can be quickly fixed by the
community.
 Stable and reliable: Linux is known for its stability and reliability. It is often used
in mission-critical applications where uptime is essential.
 Secure: Linux is a very secure operating system. The kernel is designed to be
secure, and the community is quick to fix any security vulnerabilities that are
found.
 Customizable: Linux is highly customizable. You can choose the desktop
environment, applications, and settings that you want. This makes Linux a great
choice for power users and developers.
 Portable: Linux can be installed on a wide variety of hardware platforms, from
laptops to servers to embedded devices. This makes Linux a very versatile
operating system.
 Multiuser: Linux can be used by multiple users at the same time, each with their
own set of permissions. This makes Linux a great choice for servers and other
shared environments.
 Multitasking: Linux can run multiple applications at the same time, each with its
own process. This makes Linux a great choice for productivity and gaming.
 Robust file system: Linux uses a robust file system that is designed to be reliable
and efficient. This makes Linux a great choice for storing large amounts of data.
 Extensive software library: Linux has a large and extensive software library,
including many popular applications. This makes Linux a great choice for users
who want a wide variety of software options.
 Active community: Linux has a large and active community of users and
developers. This makes Linux a great choice for users who need help or support.

Disadvantages:
 Learning curve: Linux has a steeper learning curve than some other operating
systems, such as Windows. This is because Linux is more customizable and there
are more options available.
 Software availability: Not all software is available for Linux, especially
commercial software. However, there are many open-source alternatives
available.
 Hardware support: Linux may not be supported by all hardware, especially older
hardware. However, most new hardware is supported by Linux.

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  Technical support: There is no official technical support for Linux. However,
there are many online resources and communities that can help users with
problems.

VirtualBox is a popular virtualization software that allows you to run

multiple operating systems on a single physical machine. You can download
it from the Oracle website and install it on your computer.

Steps to install virtualbox:

1) go to the VirtualBox Website through the https://www.virtualbox.org/ in the system's internet browser.
2) Click on the Windows hosts link. We will see it below the "VirtualBox 7.0.10 platform packages" option.
3) Now, open the VirtualBox EXE file from where we have downloaded this file in the system. After that, the
VirtualBox installation window will open.

4) Click on the Next button in the welcome window.

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 5) Choose the installation folder and click on the Next button. And complete the installation process.
6) Installation is completed.

7.0.10

7) PART 2: Download an
installation .iso for a Linux
distribution like Ubuntu,
Fedora, or any other of your
choice.
i. An .iso file is a disk image of the
Linux distribution you want to
install. It contains all the
necessary files for the operating
system.
ii. You can download the .iso file from the official website of the Linux distribution you prefer. For example, if
you want to use Ubuntu, you can visit the Ubuntu website and download the .iso file for the desired version.

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8) Create a virtual machine by entering name and adding type=Linus and version- Ubuntu(64 bit)
9) Allocate memory size as per your need.

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10) Click on create a virtual hard disk now.

11) create a virtualize disk image.

12) Install the .iso from the virtual VBox or VMware Workstation.

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13) virtual machine launched successfully.

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TASK 2: BASIC COMMANDS ON LINUX
i. Basic Navigation Commands: Teach essential commands for navigating the file system,

(a) mkdir (make directory):

Description- Create new directories.
Syntax- mkdir file_name

(b) ls (list):
Description- Display the contents of a directory.
Syntax- ls

(c) cd (change directory):

Description- Move between directories.
Syntax- cd folder_name

(d) pwd (print working directory):

Description - Show the current directory.
Syntax – pwd

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(e) rmdir (remove directory):
Description - Remove empty directories.
Syntax – rmdir
.

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ii. File Operations: Introduce fundamental file operations using the following commands:
(a) touch:
Description- Create new files.
Syntax- touch file_name.

(b) cp (copy):
Description- Copy files and directories.
Syntax- cp file_name1 file_name2

(c) mv (move):
Description- Move or rename files and directories.
Syntax-
1) renaming- mv file_name new_name
2) moving- mv file_name destination

(d) rm (remove):
Description- Delete files and directories.
Syntax- rm file_name

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iii. File Viewing and Editing: Introduce commands for viewing and editing files, such as:
(a) cat:
Description- Display file contents.
Syntax- cat file_name

(b) less or more:

Description- View files with pagination.
Syntax- less [options] filename

(c) head and tail:

Description- Show the beginning or end of a file.
Syntax-head file_name/tail file_name

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iv. User Management: Discuss commands for user management tasks, including:
(a) whoami:
Description- Display the current user.
Syntax- whoami

(b) passwd:
Description- Change the password for the current user.
Syntax- passwd

v. System Information: Introduce commands for gathering system information, such as:
(a) uname:
Description- Display system information.
Syntax-uname

(b) df (disk free):

Description- Show disk space usage.
Syntax-

(c) top or htop:

Description- Monitor system processes.
Syntax- htop [options] Extensions

(d) history:
Description- View command history.
Syntax- history

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