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Cell, Cell organization and their functions with Assignment (Module- I)

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13 views

Cell, Cell organization and their functions with Assignment (Module- I)

Uploaded by

zaytxn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cell organization and their functions

Cell

Dr. Chanchal Kumar Mishra


M. Ph., Ph. D. (Pharmacology)
Assistant Professor
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra Ranchi
(Jharkhand)
[email protected]
Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of


performing life functions.
or
A cell is the structural and functional unit of
Life.
Discovery of Cells
Robert Hooke (mid-1635- 1703s)
– Observed sliver of cork
– Saw “row of empty boxes”
– Coined the term Cell
Cell theory
(1839) Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“all living things are made of cells”

(50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow


“all cells come from cells”
Principles of Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells
through cell division.
Cell Size
Examples of Cells

Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
Two types of Cell

• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic

• First cell type on


earth
• Organelles &
Nucleus not bound
by membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms, Bacteria
Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles bounded by membranes
• Most living organisms; Fungi, protists, Plant &
animal cells
Plant Animal
“Typical” Animal Cell
“Typical” Plant Cell
Cell Parts:
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell.
• Double layer of
Phospholipids and
proteins.
Cell Wall
• Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells
Cell Wall Differences
• Plants – mostly cellulose
• Fungi – contain chitin
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus
Chromosomes

• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Most cells have 2 or
more
• Directs synthesis of
RNA
• Contains RNA to build
proteins
• Forms Ribosome
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials with in
cell
• Network of
interconnected
memberanes
• Smooth type: Lacks
Ribosome
• Rough type (pictured):
Ribosome embedded in
surface
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes attached to surface
– Manufacture protiens
– Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• No attached ribosomes
• Has enzymes that help build molecules
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
Ribosomes

• Each cell contains


thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating throughout
the cell
Mitochondria
• Produces energy (ATP)
through chemical reactions
– breaking down fats &
Glucose
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats and
carbohydrates.
• Have their own DNA
Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant‘
• Involved in synthesis
of plant cell wall
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
Lysosome
• Contain digestive
enzymes
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Aid undigested material
to cell membrane for cell
renewal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water, food
& Waste
• Help more in
maintaining plants
than animals shape
Chloroplast

• Usually found in plant


cells
• Derived from
photosynthetic
bacteria
• Contains green
chlorophyll Where
photosynthesis takes
place.
REFERENCES

1. Chaurasia: “Huaman Anatomy – Regional & Applied.” Part


I, II, III, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.
2. C.C. Chatterjee: “Human Physiology,” Vols. I & II, Medical
Allied Agency, Calcutta.
3. Guyton & Hall: “Textbook of Medical Physiology,” WB
Saunders Company.
4. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/pooshr1998-
1852180-cell-structure-functions/
5. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/aSGuest111896-
1166822-cell-structure-and-functions/
6. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/DawnCummings-
1906470-chp-cells/
7. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/shaziahussain-
1411457-cell-organelles/
ASSIGNMENTS
1. Define Cell.
2. Draw and label the complete structure of Plant and Animal cell.
3. Who discovered the Cell?
4. Explain in brief about the Cell theory or Principal of Cell
theory.
5. Write the five differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
cells.
6. How to differentiate the Plant and Animal cells?
7. Write the role of cell membrane and nucleus.
8. Write the important functions of: Nucleolus, cytoplasm,
Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosome.
9. Name and write the functions of inside cell organelles.
10. Write the comparative studies of:
a) Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
b) Plant cells vs Animal cells
Thank you

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