Business Mathematics

and Applications
Lecture 1 – BBA30th Batch, BBA(Hons) P- I, 1st Semester
By Hassan Ali – Faculty of Business Administration, UoS
 Chapter 1

Basic Algebraic
Concepts
Basic Algebraic Concept
Learning Objectives
 Introduction to Algebra
 Fundamental Operations in Algebra
• Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division
 Algebraic Expression
 Linear Equation in One Variable
 Simplifying Linear Equation in One Variable
Basic Algebraic Concept
Introduction to Algebra
What is Algebra…?.
 Algebra is a branch of mathematics where we use letters and
symbols to represent numbers and find unknown values..
 Algebra helps us solve problems in a logical
way and is used in many areas like science,
engineering, and everyday problem-solving.
 E.g., If you buy x pens at Rs. 10 each, the total
cost is = 10x (Here, x is unknown; Algebra helps
us calculate it when values are given.)
Basic Algebraic Concept
Introduction to Algebra
Basic terms of Algebra
Terms Definitions Examples
A symbol (usually a letter)
Variable representing a number.
x, y, a

Constant A fixed number. 3, 5, -7

A number multiplied by a In 5x, 5 is the

Coefficient
variable. coefficient
Basic Algebraic Concept
Introduction to Algebra
Basic terms of Algebra
Terms Definitions Examples
A combination of variables,
Expression constants, and operations.
2x + 3

A statement that two

Equation expressions are equal.
2x + 3 = 9

A single number or variable, or

Term both.
3, -x, 4y
Basic Algebraic Concept
Introduction to Algebra
What is a Term in algebra and what are its types?
 Terms: Individual parts of an expression, which can be
constants, variables, or both.
 Example: In 3x+5, the terms are 3x and 5.
Basic Algebraic Concept
Introduction to Algebra
What is a Term in algebra and what are its types?
 Like Terms: Terms that have the same
variable raised to the same power.
• Example: 2x and 5x are like terms
because they both have the variable x.
 Unlike Terms: Terms that do not have the
same variable or same power or both.
• Example: 2x and 𝑥^2 are unlike terms
because their powers are different.
Basic Algebraic Concept
Introduction to Algebra
Monomial, Binomial and Polynomials
 Monomial: An algebraic expression with one term — a constant,
variable, or their product. E.g., 7x and 5 are monomials.
 Binomial: An algebraic expression
with exactly two terms.
E.g., x+3x and 2y−4.
 Polynomial: An expression with two or
more terms, each containing a variable
raised to a whole number power.
Basic Algebraic Concept
Introduction to Algebra
Powers
 Powers (Exponents): A way to show that a number is
multiplied by itself a certain number of times.
 Example 1: Symbol Meaning Example
𝒙^𝟐 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒙×𝒙 𝒙𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 x to the power of one" or "x" 𝟑𝟏 = 𝟑
 Example 2: 𝒙𝟐 "x squared" or "x to the power of two"
𝟑𝟐 = 𝟗
𝒂^𝟑 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒂×𝒂×𝒂
𝟑 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟕
𝒙 "x cubed" or "x to the power of three"

𝒙𝟒 "x to the power of four" 𝟑𝟒 = 𝟖𝟏

Basic Algebraic Concept
Introduction to Algebra
Roots or Radicals
 Radicals (Roots): Symbols that represent the root of a
number.
 Example: √𝑥​ means the square root of x.
 Square root: √9​ means the square root of 9,
which is 3 (since 3×3=9).
 Cube Root: Example: ∛8​​ means the cube root of
8, which is 2 (since 2×2×2=8)
 There is a difference in answers for ∛27 and 3√27
Basic Algebraic Concept
Fundamental Operations in Algebra
Addition +
 In algebra, combine or sum terms that have the same variable and
exponent.
 Example1: 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 7𝑥
 Example2: 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 = 7𝑥 2
 Example3: 5𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 = 6𝑥 3
 Add: 5𝑎3 + 10𝑎3 = ?
 Can we add 6𝑎3 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 10𝑎2 ?
Basic Algebraic Concept
Fundamental Operations in Algebra
Subtraction –
 In algebra, Subtract terms that have the same variable and
exponent..
 Example1: 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 2𝑥
Solve these:
 Example2: 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 = −2𝑥
 Subtract: 6𝑎3 − 2𝑎3 = ?
 Example3: 6𝑏 2 − 4𝑏 2 = 2𝑏 2
 Can we subtract
 Example4: 4𝑏 2 − 4𝑏 2 =0 6a3 from 10a2 ?
 Example5: 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 3 = −2𝑥 3
Basic Algebraic Concept
Fundamental Operations in Algebra
Multiplication ×
 Multiply coefficients and add the exponents of like variables.
Multiply is denoted by × or dot(.)
 Example1: 4𝑥 . 2𝑥 = 8𝑥 2 Solve these:

 Example2: 8𝑧 2 ×4𝑧 2 = 32𝑧 4  Multiply: 6𝑎3 ×2𝑎3 = ?

 Example3: 6𝑏 2 × 4𝑏 = 24𝑏 3  Multiply: 6𝑐 3 ×9𝑑3 ×10𝑒 = ?

 Example4: 4𝑏 2 ×(−4𝑏 2 ) = −16𝑏 4  Multiply 5𝑎3 ×−2𝑎3 = ?

 Example5: 5𝑥 ×6𝑦 = 30𝑥 𝑦

3 3 3 3  Multiply 5𝑎3 ×6𝑎−3 = ?
Basic Algebraic Concept
Fundamental Operations in Algebra
Division ÷
 Divide coefficients and subtract the exponents of like variables. It
is denoted by / or ÷.
6𝑥 4
 Example1: = 2𝑥 4−2 = 2𝑥 2
3𝑥 2
6𝑏 4
 Example2: 6𝑏 4 ÷2𝑏 =: = 3𝑏 4−1 = 2𝑏 3
2𝑏
7𝑏 4 7 4−2 7 2
 Example3: 7𝑏 4 ÷5𝑏 2 =: = 𝑏 = 𝑏
5𝑏 2 5 5
Basic Algebraic Concept
Algebraic Expression
What is Algebraic Expression
 Algebraic expression is the expression having constants and
variable.
 It can have multiple variable and multiple power of the variable.

 What is equation?
An equation is a condition on
a variable.
Basic Algebraic Concept
Algebraic Expression
What is Algebraic Expression
 An algebraic equation is an equality involving variables.
 It says that the value of the expression on one side of the
equality sign is equal to the value of the expression on the
other side.
 Examples:
o 7x-9=16
o 1.5 =y / 1.6
Basic Algebraic Concept
Linear Equation in One Variable
What is Linear Equation in One Variable
 An algebraic equation restricted with two conditions:
a. Algebraic equation in one variable
b. Variable will have power 1 only
 E.g: 5x=25 and 2x−3=92x
 Linear Equation is an equation which is in the form of ax+b=0,
or ax = b etc.
where a and b ~ real number and x is variable of power one.
Basic Algebraic Concept
Linear Equation in One Variable
Simplifying Linear Equation in One Variable
 How to solve Linear equation in one Variable, such as: 2x−3 = 5
• Transpose the numbers to the side where all
number are present by knowing the sign of the
number when we transpose it to other side.
• Now you will have an equation that have variable
on one side and number on other side.
• Add/subtract on both the side to get single term.
• Now divide or multiply on both the side to get the
value of the variable.
Basic Algebraic Concept
Linear Equation in One Variable
Solving Linear Equations in One Variable
 Example1 : 2x−3=5
Solution:
• Transposing 3 to other side
• 2x=5+3
• or,2x=8
• Dividing both the sides by 2
• x=4
Basic Algebraic Concept
Linear Equation in One Variable
Solving Linear Equations in One Variable
 Example2 : 3x−11=22
Solution:
• Transposing 11 to other side
• 3x=22+11
• or, 3x=33
• Dividing both the sides by 3
• x=11
Basic Algebraic Concept
Linear Equation in One Variable
Solving Linear Equations in One Variable
𝟏
 Example3 : (𝒙 + 𝟑) = −𝟗
𝟑
Solution:
(𝒙+𝟑)
 = −𝟗
𝟑
 x+3 = - 27
 x = - 27 – 3
 x = - 30
Basic Algebraic Concept
Linear Equation in One Variable
Solving Linear Equations in One Variable
 Example 4 : 5m−3=5(m−3)+2m
Solution:
 5m−3=5m−15+2m
 5m−3−5m+15−2m = 0
 5m−5m−2m+15−3 = 0
 0-2m+12=0  -2m=-12
 m=12/2
 m =6
Basic Algebraic Concept
Linear Equation in One Variable
Solving Linear Equations in One Variable
𝟑 𝟏
Example 5 : + =0 Solution:
𝟐𝒔 −𝟏 𝒔+𝟏
 Move one term to the other side
 Cross multiply
 3(s+1)=−1(2s−1)
 3s+3=−2s+1
 5s+3=1
 5s=−2
 s=-2/5
Basic Algebraic Concept
Linear Equation in One Variable
Solving Linear Equations in One Variable
Example 6 : 𝟐 − (𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏) = 𝟒(𝒕 + 𝟐)
Solution:
 Distribute the minus sign:
 2−2t−1=4(t+2)
 (1−2t)=4(t+2)
 1−2t=4t+8
 1−2t−4t−8=0
 −6t−7=0
 t=−7/6
Basic Algebraic Concept
Linear Equation in One Variable
Solving Linear Equation in One Variable
𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝒙
Example 7 : + − =𝟏 Solution:
𝟒 𝟐 𝟔
 Find the LCM
𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝒙
 12( + − ) = 𝟏𝟐(𝟏)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟔
 3x+18x−2x=12
 19x=12
 x=19/12
Basic Algebraic Concept
Linear Equation in One Variable
Solve the following questions for practice:
1. 3x-4 = 12
2. 5x-9 = 8
3. 3x/4 – 7/4 = 5x + 12
4. (x-2)/(x+1) = ½
5. (5x +3)/4 - (2x -4)/3=5
Basic Algebraic Concept

End of Lecture 1