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3 views

pythonqb

Uploaded by

Swadesh Farakate
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Define Function

A function in Python is defined using the 'def' keyword followed by the function name and

parameters.

Example:

def greet(name):

print("Hello", name)

2. Define Module

A module is a file containing Python code. It allows code reuse and modular programming.

Example (mymodule.py):

def add(a, b):

return a + b

3. Define Package

A package is a collection of Python modules organized in directories containing an __init__.py file.

Structure:

mypackage/

__init__.py

module1.py

4. Parameter Passing to Function

Python supports positional, keyword, default, and variable-length arguments.

Example:

def add(a, b=5):

return a + b

5. Self Parameter

In class methods, 'self' refers to the instance of the class.

Example:

class Student:
def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

6. File Handling Functions

- read(): Reads entire file

- readline(): Reads one line

- write(): Writes a string

- writelines(): Writes a list of strings

- seek(): Moves pointer

- tell(): Shows pointer position

7. Functions of Directories

- os.mkdir(): Creates directory

- os.rmdir(): Removes directory

- os.listdir(): Lists items

- os.getcwd(): Gets current directory

- os.chdir(): Changes directory

8. Exception Handling Keywords

- try: Test for errors

- except: Handle errors

- finally: Always runs

- raise: Raise exception manually

Example:

try:

x=1/0

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Error")

finally:
print("Done")

9. Alternate Way to Achieve Method Overloading

Use default or variable-length arguments since Python doesn't support traditional overloading.

Example:

def show(*args):

for i in args:

print(i)

10. Programs

1. Accept string and count upper/lowercase:

s = input("Enter string: ")

upper = sum(1 for c in s if c.isupper())

lower = sum(1 for c in s if c.islower())

print("Upper:", upper, "Lower:", lower)

2. User Defined Module:

# my_module.py

def greet():

print("Hello")

# main.py

import my_module

my_module.greet()

3. Parameterized Constructors:

class Base:

def __init__(self, x):

print("Base:", x)
class Derived(Base):

def __init__(self, x, y):

super().__init__(x)

print("Derived:", y)

4. Read first 11 chars of first line:

with open("sample.txt") as f:

line = f.readline()

print(line[:11])

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