OPTICS

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
‹‹state the laws of refraction.
‹‹list the properties of light.
‹‹explain the scattering of light and its various kinds.
‹‹understand the images formed by concave and convex lens.
‹‹analyze the ray diagram of concave and convex lens.
‹‹understand the working of human eye and optical instruments
‹‹solve numerical problems

chapter, we shall discuss about the scattering

INTRODUCTION
of light, images formed by convex and concave
Light is a form of energy which travels in lenses, human eye and optical instruments
the form of waves. The path of light is called such as telescopes and microscopes.
ray of light and group of these rays are called
as beam of light. Any object which gives out 2.1 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
light are termed as source of light. Some of the
sources emit their own light and they are called Let us recall the properties of light and the
as luminous objects. All the stars, including important aspects on refraction of light.
the Sun, are examples for luminous objects.
1. Light is a form of energy.
We all know that we are able to see objects with
2. Light always travels along a straight line.
the help of our eyes. But, we cannot see any
object in a dark room. Can you explain why? 3. Light does not need any medium for its
If your answer is ‘we need light to see objects’, propagation. It can even travel through
the next question is ‘if you make the light from vacuum.
a torch to fall on your eyes, will you be able to 4. The speed of light in vacuum or air is,
see the objects?’ Definitely, ‘NO’. We can see c = 3 × 108 ms–1.
the objects only when the light is made to fall 5. Since, light is in the form of waves, it is
on the objects and the light reflected from the characterized by a wavelength (λ) and
objects is viewed by our eyes. You would have a frequency (ν), which are related by the
studied about the reflection and refraction of following equation: c = ν λ (c - velocity of
light elaborately in your previous classes. In this light).
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 6. Different coloured light has different ‹‹When light travels from a rarer medium
wavelength and frequency. into a denser medium, the refracted ray
7. Among the visible light, violet light has the is bent towards the normal drawn to the
lowest wavelength and red light has the interface.
highest wavelength.
8. When light is incident on the interface
2.3 R
 EFRACTION OF A
between two media, it is partly reflected
COMPOSITE LIGHT-
and partly refracted.
DISPERSION OF LIGHT

2.2 REFRACTION OF LIGHT

We know that Sun is the fundamental
When a ray of light travels from one and natural source of light. If a source of light
transparent medium into another obliquely, produces a light of single colour, it is known as
the path of the light undergoes deviation. This a monochromatic source. On the other hand,
deviation of ray of light is called refraction. a composite source of light produces a white
Refraction takes place due to the difference light which contains light of different colours.
in the velocity of light in different media. The Sun light is a composite light which consists
velocity of light is more in a rarer medium and of light of various colours or wavelengths.
less in a denser medium. Refraction of light Another example for a composite source is a
obeys two laws of refraction. mercury vapour lamp. What do you observe
when a white light is refracted through a glass
2.2.1 First law of refraction: prism?
The incident ray, the refracted ray of light
and the normal to the refracting surface all lie When a beam of white light or composite
in the same plane. light is refracted through any transparent
media such as glass or water, it is split into
2.2.2 Second law of refraction: its component colours. This phenomenon is
The ratio of the sine of the angle of called as ‘dispersion of light’.
incidence and sine of the angle of refraction The band of colours is termed as spectrum.
is equal to the ratio of refractive indices of the This spectrum consists of following colours:
two media. This law is also known as Snell’s law. Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange,
sin i and Red. These colours are represented by
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . (2.1)
sin r the acronym “VIBGYOR”. Why do we get
‹‹Refractive index gives us an idea of how fast the spectrum when white light is refracted
or how slow light travels in a medium. The by a transparent medium? This is because,
ratio of speed of light in vacuum (c) to the different coloured lights are bent through
speed of light in a medium (v) is defined as different angles. That is the angle of refraction
refractive index ‘µ’ of that medium. is different for different colours.
c Angle of refraction is the smallest for
µ=
v red and the highest for violet. From Snell’s
‹‹The speed of light in a medium is low if the law, we know that the angle of refraction is
refractive index of the medium is high and determined in terms of the refractive index
vice versa. of the medium. Hence, the refractive index of
‹‹When light travels from a denser medium the medium is different for different coloured
into a rarer medium, the refracted ray is lights. This indicates that the refractive index
bent away from the normal drawn to the of a medium is dependent on the wavelength
interface. of the light.

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 Rayleigh scattering
2.4 SCATTERING OF LIGHT
The scattering of sunlight by the atoms
When sunlight enters the Earth’s
or molecules of the gases in the earth’s
atmosphere, the atoms and molecules of
atmosphere is known as Rayleigh scattering.
different gases present in the atmosphere
refract the light in all possible directions.
This is called as ‘Scattering of light’. In this Rayleigh’s scattering law
phenomenon, the beam of light is redirected in Rayleigh’s scattering law states that, “The
all directions when it interacts with a particle
amount of scattering of light is inversely
of medium. The interacting particle of the
proportional to the fourth power of its
medium is called as ‘scatterer’.
wavelength”.
  1  
Amount of scattering ‘S’ ∝ 4
λ
According to this law, the shorter
wavelength colours are scattered much more
than the longer wavelength colours.
When sunlight passes through the
atmosphere, the blue colour (shorter
wavelength) is scattered to a greater extent
Figure 2.1 Scattering of light than the red colour (longer wavelength). This
scattering causes the sky to appear in blue
2.4.1 Types of scattering colour.
When a beam of light, interacts with At sunrise and sunset, the light rays from
a constituent particle of the medium, it the Sun have to travel a larger distance in the
undergoes many kinds of scattering. Based atmosphere than at noon. Hence, most of the
on initial and final energy of the light beam, blue lights are scattered away and only the
scattering can be classified as, red light which gets least scattered reaches
1) Elastic scattering 2) Inelastic scattering us. Therefore, the colour of the Sun is red at
sunrise and sunset.
1) Elastic scattering
If the energy of the incident beam of light Mie scattering
and the scattered beam of light are same, then Mie scattering takes place when the
it is called as ‘elastic scattering’. diameter of the scatterer is similar to or larger
than the wavelength of the incident light. It
2) Inelastic scattering
is also an elastic scattering. The amount of
If the energy of the incident beam of scattering is independent of wave length.
light and the scattered beam of light are not Mie scattering is caused by pollen, dust,
same, then it is called as ‘inelastic scattering’. smoke, water droplets, and other particles in
The nature and size of the scatterer results in the lower portion of the atmosphere.
different types of scattering. They are
Mie scattering is responsible for the
• Rayleigh scattering white appearance of the clouds. When white
• Mie scattering light falls on the water drop, all the colours
• Tyndall scattering are equally scattered which together form the
• Raman scattering white light.

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 Tyndall Scattering Lens is basically classified into two types.
When a beam of sunlight, enters into a They are: (i) Convex Lens (ii) Concave Lens
dusty room through a window, then its path (i) Convex or bi-convex lens: It is a lens
becomes visible to us. This is because, the tiny bounded by two spherical surfaces such
dust particles present in the air of the room that it is thicker at the centre than at the
scatter the beam of light. This is an example of edges. A beam of light passing through it,
Tyndall Scattering is converged to a point. So, a convex lens is
The scattering of light rays by the
also called as converging lens.
colloidal particles in the colloidal solution is
called Tyndall Scattering or Tyndall Effect. (ii) Concave or bi-concave Lens: It is a lens
bounded by two spherical surfaces such
Do you Know that it is thinner at the centre than at the
edges. A parallel beam of light passing
Colloid is a microscopically small substance
that is equally dispersed throughout another through it, is diverged or spread out. So, a
material. Example: Milk, Ice cream, muddy concave lens is also called as diverging lens.
water, smoke
2.5.1 Other types of Lenses
Raman scattering
Plano-convex lens: If one of the faces of a
When a parallel beam of monochromatic bi-convex lens is plane, it is known as a plano-
(single coloured ) light passes through a gas or
convex lens.
liquid or transparent solid, a part of light rays
are scattered. Plano-concave lens: If one of the faces
The scattered light contains some additional of a bi-concave lens is plane, it is known as a
frequencies (or wavelengths) other than that plano-concave lens.
of incident frequency (or wavelength). This is All these lenses are shown in Figure 2.2
known as Raman scattering or Raman Effect. given below:
Raman Scattering is defined as “The
interaction of light ray with the particles of pure
liquids or transparent solids, which leads to a
change in wavelength or frequency.”
The spectral lines having frequency
equal to the incident ray frequency is called
‘Rayleigh line’ and the spectral lines which are
having frequencies other than the incident ray
frequency are called ‘Raman lines’. The lines
having frequencies lower than the incident
frequency is called stokes lines and the lines
having frequencies higher than the incident
frequency are called Antistokes lines.
You will study more about Raman Effect
in higher classes.

2.5 LENSES

A lens is an optically transparent medium

bounded by two spherical refracting surfaces
or one plane and one spherical surface. Figure 2.2 Types of lenses

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 2.6 I
 MAGES FORMED DUE TO 2.7  R EFRACTION THROUGH A
REFRACTION THROUGH CONVEX LENS
A CONVEX AND CONCAVE
LENS Let us discuss the
formation of images by a
When an object is placed in front of a convex lens when the object
lens, the light rays from the object fall on the is placed at various positions.
lens. The position, size and nature of the image
formed can be understood only if we know Object at infinity
certain basic rules. When an object is placed at infinity, a real
Rule-1: When a ray of light strikes the image is formed at the principal focus. The size
convex or concave lens obliquely at its optical of the image is much smaller than that of the
centre, it continues to follow its path without object (Figure 2.6).
any deviation (Figure 2.3).
M

O
C F1 F2 C

Figure 2.3 Rays passing through the

N
optical centre
Figure 2.6 Object at infinity
Rule-2: When rays parallel to the principal axis
strikes a convex or concave lens, the refracted Object placed beyond C (>2F)
rays are converged to (convex lens) or appear
When an object is placed behind the
to diverge from (concave lens) the principal
center of curvature(beyond C), a real and
focus (Figure 2.4). inverted image is formed between the center of
curvature and the principal focus. The size of
the image is the smaller than that of the object
(Figure 2.7).
M
A
Figure 2.4 Rays passing parallel to the optic
axis B´
B C F1 O F2 C
Rule-3: When a ray passing through (convex
A´
lens) or directed towards (concave lens) the N
principal focus strikes a convex or concave f

lens, the refracted ray will be parallel to the

Figure 2.7 Object placed beyond C (>2F)
principal axis (Figure 2.5).
Object placed at C
When an object is placed at the center of
curvature, a real and inverted image is formed
at the other center of curvature. The size of
Figure 2.5 Rays passing through or directed the image is the same as that of the object
towards the principal focus (Figure 2.8).

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 M  bject placed between the
O
A principal focus F and optical
centre O
B C When an object is placed in between
C F1 O F2 B´ principal focus and optical centre, a virtual
image is formed. The size of the image is larger
A´ than that of the object (Figure 2.11).
N
Figure.2.8 Object placed at C A

Q
A

Object placed between F and C

B F1 B
When an object is placed in between C
O F2 C
f
the center of curvature and principal focus, a
real and inverted image is formed behind the
center of curvature. The size of the image is Figure 2.11 Object placed between the
bigger than that of the object (Figure 2.9). principal focus F and optical centre O

M 2.8 A
 PPLICATIONS OF
A
CONVEX LENSES
F2 C B´
1. Convex lenses are used as camera lenses
C B F1 O
2. They are used as magnifying lenses
3. They are used in making microscope,
N telescope and slide projectors
A´ 4. They are used to correct the defect of vision
called hypermetropia
Figure 2.9 Object placed between F and C
2.9  R EFRACTION THROUGH A
 bject placed at the principal
O CONCAVE LENS
focus F
Let us discuss the formation of images by
When an object is placed at the focus, a concave lens when the object is placed at two
a real image is formed at infinity. The size
possible positions.
of the image is much larger than that of the
object (Figure 2.10). Object at Infinity

M When an object is placed at infinity, a

A virtual image is formed at the focus. The size of
the image is much smaller than that of the object
B O F2 C (Figure 2.12).
C F1

N C F1 O

Figure 2.10 Object placed at the principal

focus F Figure 2.12 Concave lens-Object at infinity

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 Object anywhere on the principal
2.11 LENS FORMULA
axis at a finite distance
When an object is placed at a finite distance Like spherical mirrors, we have lens
from the lens, a virtual image is formed between formula for spherical lenses. The lens
optical center and focus of the concave lens. formula gives the relationship among
The size of the image is smaller than that of the distance of the object (u), distance of the
object (Figure 2.13). image (v) and the focal length (f ) of the
lens. It is expressed as
M 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A = − 2.2
f v u
A1
It is applicable to both convex and
C B F1 B1 O
concave lenses. We need to give an at most
care while solving numerical problems
N related to lenses in taking proper signs of
different quantities.
Figure 2.13 Concave lens-Object at a finite
distance 2.12 SIGN CONVENTION
But, as the distance between the object Cartesian sign conventions are used for
and the lens is decreased, the distance measuring the various distances in the ray
between the image and the lens also keeps diagrams of spherical lenses. According to
decreasing. Further, the size of the image cartesian sign convention,
formed increases as the distance between the 1. The object is always placed on the left side
object and the lens is decreased. This is shown of the lens.
in (figure 2.14). 2. All the distances are measured from the
optical centre of the lens.
3. The distances measured in the same
1 2 3 4 5
5
direction as that of incident light are taken
34
12
as positive.
C F1 F2 C
4. The distances measured against the direction
of incident light are taken as negative.
5. The distances measured upward and
Figure 2.14 Concave lens-Variation in perpendicular to the principal axis is taken
position and size of image with object distance as positive.
6. The distances measured downward and
perpendicular to the principal axis is taken
2.10  APPLICATIONS OF as negative.
CONCAVE LENSES

1. Concave lenses are used as eye lens of 2.13  

M AGNIFICATION OF A
‘Galilean Telescope’ LENS

2. They are used in wide angle spy hole in Like spherical mirrors, we have
doors. magnification for spherical lenses. Spherical
3. They are used to correct the defect of vision lenses produce magnification and it is defined
called ‘myopia’ as the ratio of the height of the image to the

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 height of an object. Magnification is denoted where µ is the refractive index of the
by the letter ‘m’. If height of the object is h and material of the lens; R1 and R2 are the radii of
height of the image is h´, the magnification curvature of the two faces of the lens; f is the
produced by lens is, focal length of the lens.
height of the image h'
m= = …… (2.3)
height of the object h 2.15 POWER OF A LENS
Also it is related to the distance of the object When a ray of light falls on a lens, the
(u) and the distance of the image (v) as follows: ability to converge or diverge these light rays
depends on the focal length of the lens. This
Distance of the image v
m= = …… (2.4) ability of a lens to converge (convex lens) or
Distance of the object u
diverge (concave lens) is called as its power.
If the magnification is greater than 1, then Hence, the power of a lens can be defined as the
we get an enlarged image. On the other hand, degree of convergence or divergence of light
if the magnification is less than 1, then we get a rays. Power of a lens is numerically defined as
diminished image. the reciprocal of its focal length.
1
P = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2.6)
f
2.14  
L ENS MAKER’S
The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre. It
FORMULA
is represented by the symbol D. If focal length
All lenses are made up of transparent is expressed in ‘m’, then the power of lens is
materials. Any optically transparent material expressed in ‘D’. Thus 1D is the power of a lens,
will have a refractive index. The lens formula whose focal length is 1metre. 1D = 1m-1.
relates the focal length of a lens with the distance
By convention, the power of a convex lens
of object and image. For a maker of any lens,
is taken as positive whereas the power of a
knowledge of radii of curvature of the lens is
required. This clearly indicates the need for an concave lens is taken, as negative.
equation relating the radii of curvature of the
lens, the refractive index of the given material of More to Know
the lens and the required focal length of the lens.
The lens maker’s formula is one such equation. The lens formula and lens maker’s formula
It is given as are applicable to only thin lenses. In the case
of thick lenses, these formulae with little
1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . modifications are used.
= (µ − 1) − (2.5)
f R1 R2

Table 2.1 Differences between a Convex Lens and a Concave Lens

S. No Convex Lens Concave Lens

1 A convex lens is thicker in the middle than A concave lens is thinner in the middle than
at edges. at edges.
2 It is a converging lens. It is a diverging lens.
3 It produces mostly real images. It produces virtual images.
4 It is used to treat hypermeteropia. It is used to treat myopia.

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 Working of the eye
2.16 HUMAN EYE
The transparent layer cornea bends the
The human eyes are most valuable and
light rays through pupil located at the centre
sensitive organs responsible for vision. They are
part of the Iris. The adjusted light passes
the gateway to the wonderful world.
through the eye lens. Eye lens is convex in
Structure of the eye nature. So, the light rays from the objects
are converged and a real and inverted image
The eye ball is approximately spherical
in shape with a diameter of about 2.3 cm. It is formed on retina. Then, retina passes the
consists of a tough membrane called sclera, received real and inverted image to the brain
which protects the internal parts of the eye. through optical nerves. Finally, the brain
senses it as erect image.
Important parts of human eye are
Cornea: This is the thin and transparent layer Power of Accommodation
on the front surface of the eyeball as shown in The ability of the eye lens to focus nearby
figure 2.15. It is the main refracting surface.
as well as the distant objects is called power of
When light enters through the cornea, it
accommodation of the eye. This is achieved by
refracts or bends the light on to the lens.
changing the focal length of the eye lens with
Iris: It is the coloured part of the eye. It may be the help of ciliary muscles.
blue, brown or green in colour. Every person
Eye lens is made of a flexible, jelly-like
has a unique colour, pattern and texture. Iris
material. By relaxing and contracting the ciliary
controls amount of light entering into the
muscle, the curvature and hence the focal
pupil like camera aperture.
length of the eye lens can be altered. When we
Pupil: It is the centre part of the Iris. It is the
see distant objects, the ciliary muscle relaxes
pathway for the light to retina.
and makes the eye lens thinner. This increases
Retina: This is the back surface of the eye. It is the focal length of the eye lens. Hence, the
the most sensitive part of human eye, on which distant object can be clearly seen. On the other
real and inverted image of objects is formed. hand, when we look at a closer object, the
Eye Lens – It is the important part of human focal length of the eye lens is decreased by the
eye. It is convex in nature. contraction of ciliary muscle. Thus, the image
Ciliary muscles – Eye lens is fixed between of the closer object is clearly formed on the
the ciliary muscles. It helps to change the focal retina.
length of the eye lens according to the position
Persistence of vision
of the object.
If the time interval between two
consecutive light pulses is less than 1 second,
Ciliary body Sclera
16
Retina human eye cannot distinguish them separately.
Lens
It is called persistence of vision.
Cornea
Optic disc
The far point and near point of
Iris
the human eye
Pupil The minimum distance required to see the
objects distinctly without strain is called least
Optic nerve distance of distinct vision. It is called as near
Figure 2.15 Human eye point of eye. It is 25 cm for normal human eye.
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 The maximum distance up to which the to a distance y, then, the focal length of the
eye can see objects clearly is called as far point required concave lens is,
of the eye. It is infinity for normal eye. xy . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f= (2.7)
x−y

2.17 DEFECTS IN EYE Hypermeteropia

A normal human eye can clearly see all Hypermeteropia, also known as long
the objects placed between 25cm and infinity. sightedness, occurs due to the shortening of
But, for some people, the eye loses its power eye ball. With this defect, distant objects can
of accommodation. This could happen due to be seen clearly but nearby objects cannot be
many reasons including ageing. Hence, their seen clearly. The focal length of eye lens is
increased or the distance between eye lens
vision becomes defective. Let us discuss some
and retina decreases. Hence, the near point
of the common defects of human eye.
will not be at 25cm for such eyes and the
near point has moved farther. Due to this, the
Myopia image of nearby objects are formed behind
Myopia, also known as short sightedness, the retina (Figure 2.17-a). This defect can be
occurs due to the lengthening of eye ball. With corrected using a convex lens (Figure 2.17-b).
The focal length of the convex lens to be used
this defect, nearby objects can be seen clearly
but distant objects cannot be seen clearly. The is computed as follows:
focal length of eye lens is reduced or the distance
between eye lens and retina increases. Hence,
the far point will not be infinity for such eyes
and the far point has come closer. Due to this,
the image of distant objects are formed before
the retina (Figure 2.16-a). This defect can be
corrected using a concave lens (Figure 2.16-b).
The focal length of the concave lens to be used Figure 2.17 (a) Vision with hypermeteropia
is computed as follows: (b) Corrected vision using a convex lens

Let a person with hypermeteropia eye can

see object beyond a distance d. Suppose that he
wants to see all objects closer than this distance
up to a distance D. Then, the focal length of the
required convex lens is
(a) Myopia (b) Myopia corrected eye
   dD   ���������������������������
f= (2.8)
Figure 2.16 (a) Vision with myopia d−D
b) Corrected vision using a concave lens
Presbyopia
Let a person with myopia eye can see up Due to ageing, ciliary muscles become
to a distance x. Suppose that he wants to see weak and the eye-lens become rigid (inflexible)
all objects farther than this distance, i.e., up to andso the eye loses its power of accommodation.
infinity. Then the focal length of the required Because of this, an aged person cannot see
concave lens is f = –x. If the person can see the nearby objects clearly. So, it is also called as
up to a distance x and if he wishes to see up ‘old age hypermetropia’.
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 Some persons may have both the defects the lens. As per this position the convex lens
of vision - myopia as well as hypermetropia. produces an erect, virtual and enlarged image
This can be corrected by ‘bifocal lenses’. In (A'B'). The image formed is in the same side of
which, upper part consists of concave lens (to the object and the distance equal to the least
correct myopia) used for distant vision and the distance of distinct vision (D) (For normal
lower part consists of convex lens (to correct human eye D = 25 cm).
hypermetropia) used for reading purposes.
Uses of Simple microscope
Astigmatism
Simple microscopes are used
In this defect, eye cannot see parallel and a) by watch repairers and jewellers.
horizontal lines clearly. It may be inherited or
b) to read small letters clearly.
acquired. It is due to the imperfect structure of
eye lens because of the development of cataract c) to observe parts of flower, insects etc.
on the lens, ulceration of cornea, injury to the d) to observe finger prints in the field of
refracting surfaces, etc. Astigmatism can be forensic science.
corrected by using cylindrical lenses.
Compound microscope
Compound microscope is also used to
2.18 MICROSCOPE
see the tiny objects. It has better magnification
This is an optical instrument, which helps power than simple microscope.
us to see tiny (very small) objects. It is classified Magnification power of microscopes
as can be increased by decreasing the focal
1. Simple microscope length of the lens used. Due to constructional
2. Compound microscope limitations, the focal length of the lens cannot
be decreased beyond certain limit. This
Simple Microscope problem can be solved by using two separate
biconvex lenses.
Simple microscope has a convex lens of
short focal length. It is held near the eye to get Construction
enlarged image of small objects.
A compound microscope consists of two
Let an object (AB) is placed at a point
convex lenses. The lens with the shorter focal
within the principal focus (u < f) of the convex
length is placed near the object, and is called
lens and the observer’s eye is placed just behind
as ‘objective lens’ or ‘objective piece’. The lens
with larger focal length and larger aperture
B placed near the observer’s eye is called as ‘eye
B
lens’ or ‘eye piece’. Both the lenses are fixed in
a narrow tube with adjustable provision.
A F A
O
Working
The object (AB) is placed at a distance
Figure 2.18 Image formation in simple slightly greater than the focal length of
microscope objective lens (u > fo). A real, inverted and
magnified image (A'B') is formed at the other
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 1611 which was fundamentally similar to the
astronomical telescope.

Types of Telescope
According to optical property, it is
classified into two groups:
i) refracting telescope ii) reflecting telescope
In refracting telescope lenses are used.
Galilean telescope, Keplerian telescope,
Figure 2.19 Image formation in compound Achromatic refractors, are some refracting
microscope telescopes.
side of the objective lens. This image behaves In reflecting telescope parabolic mirrors
as the object for the eye lens. The position of are used Gregorian, Newtonian, Cassegrain
the eye lens is adjusted in such a way, that the telescope are some Reflecting telescopes
image (A'B') falls within the principal focus of According to the things which are
the eye piece. This eye piece forms a virtual, observed, Astronomical Telescope and
enlarged and erect image (A" B") on the same Terrestrial Telescopes are the two major types
side of the object of telescope.
Compound microscope has 50 to 200 Astronomical Telescope
times more magnification power than simple
An astronomical telescope is used to view
microscope
heavenly bodies like stars, planets galaxies and
Travelling Microscope satellites.
A travelling microscope is one of the best
Terrestrial Telescopes
instrument for measuring very small length
with high degree of accuracy at the order of The image in an astronomical telescope
0.01mm. It works based on the principle of is inverted. So, it is not suitable for viewing
objects on the surface of the Earth. Therefore,
vernier. Its least count is 0.01 mm.
a terrestrial telescope is used. It provides an
erect image. The major difference between
2.19 TELESCOPE astronomical and terrestrial telescope is
erecting the final image with respect to the
Have you seen the recent lunar eclipse?
object.
With our naked eye we can’t visualize the
phenomena distinctly. Then, how can we see
Advantages of Telescopes
the distant object in clearer manner? It is
possible with telescope. • Elaborate view of the Galaxies, Planets, stars
Telescope is an optical instrument to see and other heavenly bodies is possible.
the distant objects. The first telescope was • Camera can be attached for taking
invented by Johann Lippershey in 1608. Galileo photograph for the celestial objects.
made a telescope to observe distant stars. He • Telescope can be viewed even with the low
got the idea, from a spectacle maker who one intensity of light.
day observed that the distant weather cock
appeared magnified through his lens system Disadvantages
fitted in his shop. Galileo observed the satellites
• Frequent maintenances needed.
of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn through
his telescope. Kepler invented Telescope in • It is not easily portable one.

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 Points to Remember Problem-2
A beam of light passing through a diverging
™™Light is a form of energy which travels lens of focal length 0.3m appear to be focused
along a straight line at a distance 0.2m behind the lens. Find the
™™The deviation in the path of light ray is position of the object.
called refraction. Solution:
™™The ratio of speed of light in vacuum to
f = −0.3 m, v = −0.2 m
the speed of light in a medium is defined
as refractive index ‘µ’ of that medium. 1 1 1
= −
™™Lens formula f v u
1 1 1
1 1 1 = −
= – u v f
f ν u
1 1 1 −10
h' ν = − =
™™Magnification (m) = = u −0.2 −0.3 6
h u
−6
1 u= = −0.6 m
™™Power of lens. P = 10
f
™™The ability of the eye lens to focus nearby Problem-3
as well as the distant objects is called A person with myopia can see objects placed at
power of accommodation of the eye. a distance of 4m. If he wants to see objects at a
™™A microscope is an optical instrument distance of 20m, what should be the focal length
which helps us to see the objects which are and power of the concave lens he must wear?
very small in dimension.
Solution:
™™Telescope is an optical instrument used to
Given that x = 4m and y = 20m.
see the distant objects clearly.
Focal length of the correction lens is
   xy  
SOLVED PROBLEMS f= (Refer eqn.2.7)
x−y
Problem 1 4 × 20 80
f= = = −5 m
Light rays travel from vacuum into a 4 − 20 −16
glass whose refractive index is 1.5. If the angle Power of the correction lens
of incidence is 30°, calculate the angle of 1 1
= = − = −0.2 D
refraction inside the glass. f 5
Problem-4
Solution:
For a person with hypermeteropia, the
accorting to Snell’s law,
near point has moved to 1.5m. Calculate the
sin i 2 focal length of the correction lens in order to
sin r make his eyes normal.
µ1 sin i = µ2 sin r
Solution:
Here µ1 = 1.0, µ2 = 1.5, i = 30°
Given that, d = 1.5m; D = 25cm = 0.25m (For
(1.0) sin 30° = 1.5 sin r a normal eye).
1×— 1 = 1.5 sin r
2 From equation (2.8), the focal length of the
sin r = — 1 = 1 = (0.333)
2×1.5 — 3 correction lens is
r = sin (0.333)
–1
d × D 1.5 × 0.25 0.375
f= = = = 0.3 m
r = 19.45° d − D 1.5 − 0.25 1.25
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 TEXTBOOK EVALUATION

I. Choose the correct answer 9. Which of the following lens would you prefer
to use while reading small letters found in a
1. The refractive index of four substances A, B,
dictionary?
C and D are 1.31, 1.43, 1.33, 2.4 respectively.
The speed of light is maximum in a) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
b) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm
a) A  b) B  c) C  d) D
c) A convex lens of focal length 10 cm
2. Where should an object be placed so that
d) A concave lens of focal length 10 cm
a real and inverted image of same size is
obtained by a convex lens 10. If VB, VG, VR be the velocity of blue, green
and red light respectively in a glass prism,
a) f b) 2f
then which of the following statement gives
c) infinity d) between f and 2f
the correct relation?
3. A small bulb is placed at the principal focus
a) VB = VG = VR b) VB > VG >VR
of a convex lens. When the bulb is switched
c) VB < VG < VR d) VB < VG > VR
on, the lens will produce
a) a convergent beam of light II. Fill in the blanks:
b) a divergent beam of light
1. The path of the light is called as
c) a parallel beam of light
d) a coloured beam of light 2. 
The refractive index of a transparent
medium is always greater than
4. Magnification of a convex lens is
a) Positive     b) negative 3. If the energy of incident beam and the
c) either positive or negative   d) zero scattered beam are same, then the scattering
of light is called as scattering.
5. A convex lens forms a real, diminished point
sized image at focus. Then the position of the 4. According to Rayleigh’s scattering law, the
object is at amount of scattering of light is inversely
proportional to the fourth power of its
a) focus b) infinity
c) at 2f       d) between f and 2f
5. Amount of light entering into the eye is
6. Power of a lens is –4D, then its focal length is
controlled by
a) 4m b) –40m
c) –0.25 m d) –2.5 m
III. True or False. If false correct it.
7. In a myopic eye, the image of the object is 1. V
 elocity of light is greater in denser medium
formed than in rarer medium
a) behind the retina   b) on the retina 2. Th
 e power of lens depends on the focal
c) in front of the retina   d) on the blind spot length of the lens
8. The eye defect ‘presbyopia’ can be corrected 3. Increase in the converging power of eye
by lens cause ‘hypermetropia’
a) convex lens b) concave lens 4. The convex lens always gives small virtual
c) convex mirror d) Bi focal lenses image.
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 IV. Match the following: 9. Why does the sky appear in blue colour?
Column - I Column - II 10. Why are traffic signals red in colour?
1 Retina a Path way of light VII. Give the answer in detail
2 Pupil b Far point comes 1. List any five properties of light
closer
2. Explain the rules for obtaining images
3 Ciliary muscles c near point moves
away formed by a convex lens with the help of ray
diagram.
4 Myopia d Screen of the eye
5 Hypermetropia f Power of accom- 3. Differentiate the eye defects: Myopia and
modation Hypermetropia
4. Explain the construction and working of a
V. Assertion and reasoning type ‘Compound Microscope’.
Mark the correct choice as
a) If both assertion and reason are true and VIII. Numerical Problems:
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. 1. An object is placed at a distance 20cm from
b) If both assertion and reason are true but a convex lens of focal length 10cm. Find the
reason is not the correct explanation of image distance and nature of the image.
assertion. 2. An object of height 3cm is placed at 10cm
c) Assertion is true but reason is false. from a concave lens of focal length 15cm.
d) Assertion is false but reason is true. Find the size of the image.
1. Assertion: If the refractive index of the IX. Higher order thinking (HOT) questions:
medium is high (denser medium) the velocity
of the light in that medium will be small 1. While doing an experiment for the
determination of focal length of a convex
Reason: Refractive index of the medium is
lens, Raja Suddenly dropped the lens. It got
inversely proportional to the velocity of the
broken into two halves along the axis. If he
light
continues his experiment with the same lens,
2. Assertion: Myopia is due to the increase in (a) can he get the image? (b) Is there any
the converging power of eye lens. change in the focal length?
Reason: Myopia can be corrected with the 2. The eyes of the nocturnal birds like owl are
help of concave lens. having a large cornea and a large pupil. How
VI. Answer Briefly does it help them?

1. What is refractive index?

REFERENCE BOOKS
2. State Snell’s law.
3. Draw a ray diagram to show the image 1. Fundamentals of optics by D.R. Khanna and
formed by a convex lens when the object is H.R. Gulati, R. Chand & Co.
placed between F and 2F. 2. Principles of Physics – Halliday, Resnick &
4. Define dispersion of light Walker, Wiley Publications, New Delhi.
5. State Rayleigh’s law of scattering
6. Differentiate convex lens and concave lens. I NT ER NET R ES O U RCES
7. What is power of accommodation of eye?
1. www.physicsabout.com
8. What are the causes of ‘Myopia’? 2. www.khanacademy.org
10th Standard Science 30

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 Concept Map
Light

Refraction Dispersion Scattering of light Optical Instruments

Law of
refraction
Human eye Microscope Telescope

Structure Defects

Simple Compound
Rayleigh Mie Tyndall Raman
Scattering Scattering Scattering Scattering
Terrestrial Astronomical

Myopia Hypermeteropia Presbyopia

ICT CORNER Formation of different

types of images by a
convex lens
In this activity you will be able to understand the images formed by convex lenses.

Steps
• Open the browser and type ‘phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/geometric-optics’ in the address
bar.
• Take the pencil and raise it so that the eraser is sitting on the principal axis. Click on the “principal
rays” button.
• Place the object at different positions (infinity, beyond 2F, at 2F, between F and 2F, at F, between F and
optic centre) from a convex lens and observe different types of images. Explain the result.
• Will the rays ever form an image? Click on “virtual image” to check your answer.

Step1 Step2 Step3 Step4

Cells alive
URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/geometric-optics

*Pictures are indicative only

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