PAPER

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH APROACHES AND DESIGN

Lecturer : Prof. Dr. Idham Kholid, S.Pd, M.Pd

Arranged by Group 1 :
Aliful Azizah (2211040157)
Annisa Permata Sari (2211040018)
Kanaya Thabita Yunan(2211040056)
Mell Yana (2211040074)

RADEN INTAN STATE ISLAMIC

UNIVERSITY TARBIYAH AND
TEACHER FACULTY
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
EDUCATION 2024
1
 FOREWORD

Alhamdulillah, praise and thanks be to Allah Ta'ala. for His abundance of grace
and grace so that the paper entitled, "Quantitative Research Approach and Design" can be
completed properly. We hopes that this paper can increase knowledge and experience for
readers about what violations or errors commonly occur in everyday language. Likewise, for
the abundance of health and opportunities that Allah SWT has given us so that we can compile
this paper through several sources, namely through literature review and through internet
media.
On this occasion, we would like to thank all those who have encouraged us and
motivation in making this paper assignment. To our parents who have contributed a lot for us,
my supervisor, Prof.Dr. Idham Kholid, S.Pd, M.Pd. We hope that the information and material
contained in this paper can be useful for readers. There is nothing perfect in the world, but
Allah SWT. God is the Most Perfect, therefore we ask for constructive criticism and
suggestions for the improvement of my next paper.
If there are errors in writing, or there is a discrepancy in the material we raise in this
paper, we apologize. The drafting welcomes the widest possible criticism and suggestions
from readers in order to make better paper work on the next occasion.

Bandar Lampung, 29 September 2024

Writer

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 LIST OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD............................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER 1.............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1
A. Background Of The Paper...........................................................................................1
B. Purpose of the Paper.....................................................................................................1
C. Problem Formulation....................................................................................................1
CHAPTER II............................................................................................................................2
DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................2
A. Definition of Quantitative Research Approach...............................................................2
B. Aspects the Quantitative Reasearch Approach..........................................................4
C. Quantitative Approach Design and Steps...................................................................6
CHAPTER III.........................................................................................................................11
CLOSING...............................................................................................................................11
A. Conclusion....................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................12

iii
 CHAPTER I

A. Background of the paper

Quantitative research design is a crucial step in ensuring the validity and
reliability of research findings. Good design will minimize bias, increase measurement
accuracy, and allow more precise interpretation of results. The choice of appropriate
research design will depend largely on the research question, the variables studied, and
the resources available.
Quantitative research is an approach that is widely used in various fields of
science, ranging from social science, education, to health. This method aims to test
hypotheses, explain phenomena, and measure certain variables using numerical data. In
this context, quantitative research is very important because it can provide a clear and
objective picture of a problem, as well as allow generalization of findings to a wider
population. In recent years, the development of information and communication
technology has brought significant changes in the way data is collected and analyzed.
More sophisticated statistical analysis tools and better data accessibility allow researchers
to conduct more in-depth and complex analyses. However, despite the many advantages
offered by quantitative methods, there are also challenges that need to be faced, such as
issues of data validity and reliability, as well as the influence of external factors that can
affect research results.
Therefore, this research aims to explore the use and effectiveness of quantitative
methods in addressing a range of contemporary issues, as well as identify the advantages
and disadvantages of these approaches. It is hoped that the results of this study can
contribute to the development of future research methods and improve understanding of
how quantitative data can be optimally utilized in various contexts. Translated with
DeepL.com (free version)

B. Purpose of the paper

1. Knowing about quantitative research approach.
2. Knowing about quantitative Research Design and Steps.

C. Problem formulation
1. What is Quantitative research Approach?
2. What kind of Quantitative Research Design and Steps?

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Quantitative research approaches

Quantitative research is a systematic method that uses numerical data to test
hypotheses and generalize findings to a larger population. This method focuses on
objective measurement and statistical analysis to identify patterns, relationships, and
differences in the phenomena being studied.Quantitative research is a systematic
investigation that primarily focuses on quantifying relationships, behaviors, phenomena,
or outcomes. By employing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques,
quantitative research seeks to establish patterns, test theories, and make predictions. This
paper will explore various approaches to quantitative research and detail the designs
commonly used in these studies.1
Quantitative research basically emphasizes objective and measurement statistical,
mathematical or numerical analysis of data collected through polls and surveys.
Quantitative research prioritizes collecting numerical data and attempt to generalize it to
several groups of people to explain a specific phenomenon. In the previous section it was
explained about making questionnaires, how to collect quantitative data, how carry out
the control process over the data and finally how to process the data (Babbie, 2010).
Definition of quantitative research according to severe experts2:
1. Creswell (in Alsa, 2012: 13) says that quantitative research is research that works
with numbers, whose data are in the form of numbers (scores or values, ranks or
frequencies). Quantitative research carries out its research in a systematic,
controlled, empirical and critical manner regarding the hypothesis of assumed
relationships between natural phenomena.
2. According to Creswell in Sugiyono (2015: 58) are: A quantitative study,
consistent with the quantitative paradigm, is an inquiry into a social or human
problem, based on testing a theory composed of variables, measured with
numbers, and analyzed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether
the predictive generalizations of the theory hold true. Where the quantitative
approach corresponds to the quantitative paradigm (method), which is an
investigation of problems that occur in humans or society based on testing a
theory composed of several variables measured by numbers and analyzed by
statistical means, in addition to determining whether the theory used to predict it
is true or not. The quantitative approach is written in the third person. The non-
person-specific view removes the authors from the picture and helps create a
sense of objectivity and distance between the researcher and the researched.

1
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage
Publications
2
LISTYANISA, A. (2019). ANALISIS DAMPAK PENDAPATAN PT. POS INDONESIA (Persero) JAKARTA
UTARA SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH ADANYA KIRIMAN LAZADA (Doctoral dissertation, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu
Ekonomi Indonesia (STEI) Jakarta).

2
 Quantitative research is more likely to focus on various kinds of issues from the
shape of the model, size, and sample population to be used.
3. In line with that Neuman still in Sugiyono (2015: 59) explains as follows:
Quantitative researchers are more concerned about issues of design, measurement,
and sampling because their deductive approach emphasized detailed planning
prior to data collection and analysis ... Quantitative researchers emphasize
precisely measuring variables and testing hypotheses that are linked to general
causal explanations. So quantitative research is more about method, measurement,
and sample issues because the deductive approach emphasizes detailed planning
prior to data collection and analysis, quantitative approaches emphasize the
measurement of several variables and precise hypothesis testing linked to general
causal explanations.
4. Sugiyono (2014: 54), quantitative research, is research by obtaining data in the
form of numbers or graded qualitative data, while comparative research is a study
that compares. Here the variable is still the same as the independent variable but
for more than one sample, or at different times. comparative is a study that
compares. Here the variable is still the same as the independent variable but for
more than one sample, or at different times.
Quantitative research requires a discourse on the concept of science according to a
quantitative view. Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh define science as a research method that
provides opportunities for researchers to test phenomena of interest. Furthermore, Ary, et
al. explained two assumptions that underlie the way of scientists. First, a fundamental
assumption made by scientists is that the events under investigation are according to a
certain law of regularity. According to this assumption, there are no events in this world
that occur capriciously. In the quantitative view, all natural phenomena have factors that
precede them (antecenfactors).
This assumption refers to universal determinism. This is very different from the
qualitative view that in this world many events are anomalous, incompatible or non-
commutative with previous events/knowledge, and therefore there needs to be a new
paradigm other than normal science. The second assumption is that truth is obtained only
through direct observation. Scientists, according to this assumption, do not depend on
authority as a source of truth, but depend on empirical evidence. There are several basic
assumptions that apply to science, as follows:
a. That all phenomena in the universe are bound by rules or laws (orderly) and are in
order (regulary).
b. That humans have the ability to follow all the rules of order of all phenomena in the
universe. Every phenomenon (substance, condition, and process) does not occur by
chance, but there is a cause and there are consequences for other phenomena. That
scientific knowledge is only able to describe something that actually occurs in the
universe, if that knowledge is empirical.3

3
Romlah, S. (2021). Penelitian Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif (Pendekatan Penelitian Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif).
Pancawahana: Jurnal Studi Islam, 16(1), 1-13.

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 Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Characteristics of quantitative research. Anderson and Biddle stated that there are
main characteristics possessed by behavioral research (with a quantitative approach).
a. Quantitative research includes experimental research, which is a study that gives
different treatments to different groups and non-experimental research, which is
research that does not carry out manipulation and control in the sense that subjects
are observed as they are then the relationship between variables is tested without
making any changes.
b. Quantitative research illustrates objectivity, which is a methodological aspect in
science that allows a researcher to test his ideas “outside” the subject under study.
c. In this research, statistical analysis is used, such as averages, frequencies,
correlations, different tests and so on. d. In quantitative research, the problems,
relationships, and methodology are simple and clear.

Philosophical Assumptions in Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is based on philosophical assumptions that influence how

researchers approach research. These assumptions include:4

a. Objective Reality: This assumption states that reality is something objective and
can be measured independently of the observer.
b. Determinism: This assumption states that all events have identifiable causes.
c. Theory Verification: This assumption states that the goal of research is to test and
verify existing theories.

B. Aspects of the Quantitative approach

1. Methodological Approach Aspects In the quantitative approach, the types of
approach fields are experiments, hard data, empirical, positivistic, real facts in
society and statistics, experiments, surveys, structured interviews, and so on.
2. Conceptualization Aspects In the quantitative approach, the key conceptual types
are variables, validity, reliability, significance, hypothesis, replication, and so on.
3. Aspects of Pioneers In the quantitative approach, positivistic figures such as
Emile Durkhein, L. Guttman, Fred Kerlinger, Donald Cambell, and Peter Rossi.
Most of them are experts who believe in exact science with strong quantum
formulas.
4. Aspects of Theoretical Orientation In the quantitative approach, the basis of the
theory is functional structure, positivism, behaviorism, empirical logic and
theoretical systems. They prioritize systematic, clear and definite theories. In the
qualitative approach, the theoretical basis is symbolic interactionism,
ethnomethodology, phenomenology, culture, and so on.

4
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage
Publications.

4
5. Aspects of the Type of Science This field is rather blended and changes in
nuances (range), meaning that it is difficult to specify (corridor, box) the science
an sich. However, there is a tendency for sciences to have an ambivalent approach
at the same time. Quantitative tendencies are found in engineering, science and
nature, economics, psychology, sociology, computer science, and so on.
6. Objective or Target Aspects In the quantitative approach, the direction and focus
of a study is through theoretical tests, building or compiling facts and data,
statistical descriptions, clarity of relationships and predictions. This means that
each step prioritizes axioms, formulas, and problems to solve and overcome
problems directly.
7. Aspects of Correlation with Respondents In the quantitative approach, it is
necessary to measure short term or long term, distance from the researched, assess
as a full researcher of the researched, dominance of the researcher, and so on.
They confront the researcher person and the researched object with various
actions, rules and norms.
8. Aspects of Instruments and Equipment In the quantitative approach, equipment
such as questionnaires, inventories, computers, indices, measurements from
formulas, and so on. Obviously they apply the application of formula techniques
and certainty.
9. Approach to Population In the quantitative approach, rechecking is used in the
form of control, validity, reification, obtrusiveness, and so on. They use clear
controls with repetition of the process leading to the truth of the research
objectives.
10. Design Aspects In the quantitative approach, they want a structured, organized,
sequential design, a systematic chart. “Design is a detailed plan of operation”.
11. Field Data Collection In the quantitative approach, data collection is done through
quantitative coding, calculation, measurement, and statistics. All of them are
applied to a common benchmark and measured against that benchmark, to declare
the evidence accepted or rejected.
12. Sampling Aspects In the quantitative approach, the number of samples must be
clearly selected, in a randomized, structured manner, which is the experimental
group and which is the control group. The sample must represent the population
(representative).
13. Aspects of Data Analysis The quantitative approach uses deduction-based data
analysis inference, conclusions from a collection of data, finally calculated
through statistical calculations. Quantitative data analysis establishes limits that
are accepted or rejected by existing theories.
14. Data Validity The quantitative approach uses controls in the form of statistical
tools, measurements, and results that are relevant to the applicable formula.

5
 15. Report Writing Aspects The quantitative approach writes reports according to a
fixed formal chart, fixed content, complete and is the result of reports and test
results with calculations from empirical research fields.5

C. Quantitative research design and Steps

Research design is basically a procedure, which is a planned and systematic way

guided by certain scientific methods or rules. A planned and systematic way guided by
certain scientific methods or rules in approaching research problems. in approaching
research problems. A good research is always preceded by a strong research design.

The explanations below will outline in more detail the steps of developing a
research design. More specifically, the research design we developed is aimed at
conducting quantitative research on a sensitive topic. In contrast with qualitative research
that usually focuses on single case studies, quantitative research usually tries to explain
large phenomena with the aim of creating new insights. usually tries to explain large-
sized phenomena with the aim of creating generalizations.6
Quantitative research design refers to the framework used to collect and analyze
numerical data. This design determines how researchers will collect data, control
variables, and analyze the results. Some commonly used quantitative research designs
include:

 Experimental Design: This design involves manipulating an independent

variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable. Experimental design
allows researchers to test causal relationships between variables.
 Survey Design: This design involves collecting data from a sample population
through questionnaires, interviews, or observations. Survey design allows
researchers to measure opinions, attitudes, and behaviors of the population.
 Correlational Design: This design aims to identify relationships between two or
more variables. Correlational design does not test causal relationships, but it
indicates the strength of the relationship between variables.
 Descriptive Design: This design aims to describe the characteristics of a
population or a particular phenomenon. Descriptive design does not test
hypotheses, but it provides an overview of the topic being studied

Steps of quantitative research

Below we break down the quantitative research design into a more detailed
explanation more detailed explanation. There are six key dimensions of research design
which include7

5
Musianto, L. S. (2002). Perbedaan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dalam metode penelitian.
Jurnal Manajemen dan kewirausahaan, 4(2), 123-136.
6
Brady, H. E., & Collier, D. (Eds.). (2010). Rethinking social inquiry: Diverse tools, shared standards. Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers.
7
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage
Publications

6
 1. Identification of the problem and research questions
Selection of problems usually always coincides with determining the
research topic. Topics are general and can cover anything. Meanwhile, the
problem is a bit The issues you want to examine further are more focused and
specific in nature. Election The topic does not in itself present a research problem.
And clarity Problems are basically what differentiates research with journalistic
reporting. This is because every problem usually contains assumptions and
perhaps certain theoretical propositions. Therefore every researcher needs allocate
special time to determine interesting research problems.
On the other hand, research questions are a further step after the problem
has been formulated. Research questions have a very central position in a study.
This is due to the function of the research question itself as a 'path guide'
researcher. Mistakes in asking research questions can have fatal consequences, ie
misunderstanding of the phenomenon to be explaine Because its function is to
explain phenomena, the basic elements in The research question is the existence
of a dependent variable, namely a value or conditions whose existence depends on
one or more other variables.
Dependent This variable will later become the researcher's 'proof goal'
through written arguments derived from theory and data. In formulating research
questions, in addition to suggesting that the questions Research has weight related
to issues that are considered important by people academics. King et al (1994)
suggest that every researcher places their questions in the context of existing
literature. This is to be sure our academic contribution to the literature we choose,
while also ensuring that research has a solid academic footing. The research
question Unguided literature studies will usually be ignored by the academic
community because considered not a serious study.8
2. Theories and hypotheses
If research questions are guiding the way, then theories and hypotheses are
the lighting lamp. Theories give us perspective, while hypotheses helps us sort out
which information is essential and which is necessary ignored. Understanding
theory will be very helpful for researchers faced with piles of data and
information. Without the guidance of theories and hypotheses, researchers can get
stuck in prolonged descriptions.
In choosing a theory, choose a theory that can be falsified or proven wrong
(King et al, 1994). Theories that cannot be falsified violate the basic nature of
science which is dialectical. Practical advice from scientists regarding how to
falsify done is by asking questions like this: “Case or findings like what can prove
my theory wrong?” “Just what I need to prove my theory wrong?” If we can't find
an answer on this question, the theory we choose cannot be falsified.

8
Brady, H. E., & Collier, D. (Eds.). (2010). Rethinking social inquiry: Diverse tools, shared standards. Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers.

7
 Apart from that, quite often there are cases where a theory just doesn't
work suitable to be applied to the selected context. With the data we collect, for
example, we find that a fairly well-established theory turns out to be less relevant
with research cases. In cases like this, minor revisions of a theory permitted as
long as we can prove it through empirical research data (King et al, 1994).9
3. Operationalization of concepts and explanation of relationships between
variables.
Operationalization of concepts is related to specific definitions of the main
ideas of research. Concepts must be explained precisely and in a limited manner
so that readers understand limitations of a research. Included in this limitation are
various things what the researcher wants to explain, what is not included in the
scope research, and how and what definitions of concepts are used. In research
with sensitive topics, giving definitions, or even selecting definitions from a
variety contested concepts can really help researchers get focus on the object
research as well as helping sort out relevant data.
Take for example what is the definition of democracy. Scientists such as
Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Przeworsksi understands democracy in a
'minimalist' way, namely a mechanism election of leaders through competitive
elections. By this definition, if any leaders in a country are elected through non-
competitive elections, for example because If a party wins an election through
fraud, then that is not included in the category the two authors above. But there
are also scientists who define democracy as public and participatory deliberation
processes, or those that connect understanding democracy with economic
development outcomes. These three definitions have respective literature
references. And it's all up to us, what and why we adopt a particular definition and
what is the justification. Clarity about The definition of this concept will make
readers understand the researcher's explanation
better.
On the other hand, the relationship between variables indicates the process
of linkage, association, correlation, even causality between two or more variables.
In the quantitative research tradition, Usually the relationship between these
variables can be explained more clearly. This matter due to the quantitative
research tendencies that usually explain his research into a model of the
relationship between specific variables. Apart from that, the nature of the research
is quantitative also always quantify any social phenomenon; how the value
changes variable X will influence variations in the value of Y. This research can
also explain the average effect of several independent variables on the dependent
variable, so researchers can decipher more precisely which variables have the
most effect strong against Y. Lastly, quantitative research is also relatively easier
to carry out hypothesis testing (hypothesis testing). In this way a hypothesis can
9
Choi, J. W. (2011). Measuring the performance of an anticorruption agency: The case of the KPK in Indonesia.
International Review of Public Administration, 16(3), 45-63.

8
 be derived to in several variables to test whether the hypothesis is accepted or
rejected.10
4. Data collection and data collection
Regarding research interests, it is very important for researchers to report
how the data was collected. Researchers must explain transparently data
collection process. For example, if you are conducting an interview, what must be
explained the background of the informants and how many there are. If you do a
survey, you must explained who the respondents were, how the sample was
drawn, how many there were respondents, and what is the margin of error? If you
do clipping news, it must be stated what the source of the newspaper is, the
periodization, and what the technique is Issue classification (if any) is carried out.
By reporting in a transparent manner data collection, readers can provide an
assessment of the validity of the data we provide have. Apart from that, readers
can also find out the shortcomings of the research when researchers are hampered
by poor data quality. In this way researchers opens up the possibility of providing
input to improve research forward.
The next step in data collection is how to use the data. In qualitative
research this relationship between data collection and use sometimes it is
reciprocal. But in quantitative research it is usually this relationship rather
sequential where the researcher collects data first, conducts it cleaning, then
determine how the data will be used. Use Data in this case must be guided by
theory and research hypotheses. With this way we make connections between data
and theory; whether the data confirms it or not reject the theory/hypothesis. A
practical way to do this is to ask; “What type of data do I expect to prove that
theory/hypothesis am I right/wrong?” From here researchers will be guided in
determining the type and quantity necessary observations.11
5. Descriptive and causal analysis
The analysis section includes the final step of the research. Analysis will
not be able to start before researchers have a big picture of how the problem is
related, research questions, theories and hypotheses, relationships between
variables, and data. In Quantitative research, analysis that is deductive in nature is
more common than Qualitative research is more inductive in nature. This is due to
research trends Quantitative research designs are more often developed aims to
test a particular hypothesis. While the general trend towards Qualitative research
is to refute or confirm a theory through findings, or the uniqueness of the case
raised. In this paper we distinguish two types of analysis: descriptive analysis and
analysis causal. Descriptive analysis means the researcher tries to explain
particular things observation to get a general picture of the universe of a
phenomenon. Matter most commonly, for example, in public opinion surveys.

10
Fowler Jr, F. J. (2013). Survey research methods. Sage publications.King, G., Keohane, R. O., & Verba, S. (1994).
Designing social inquiry: Scientific
11
helen, K., & Mahoney, J. (2015). Comparative-historical analysis in contemporary political science. Advances in
comparative-historical analysis, 3-36.

9
 From the particular picture researchers get through surveys, researchers then try to
understand perceptions population in a country. In qualitative research, the
attempt to explain the universals of these particular things can also be found.
Researchers often carry out classifications observations to facilitate analysis. For
example, by dividing observations into several typologies based on age, ideology,
work background, education, and so on.
Descriptive analysis is also used when researchers want to describe the
extent a concept applies or does not apply in the case under review. A concept that
written with supporting arguments will help researchers make clarifications. Or
conversely, researchers can also start a description of a particular condition which
is then connected to a theoretical proposition so that researchers can provide a
perspective in looking at a phenomenon. On the other hand, causal analysis is
often also called inferential analysis, namely how the researcher explains the
cause-and-effect relationship of the phenomenon under study. Connection
Causation must not be simply assumed, but must be proven through scientific
procedures whose validity can be tested through data, assumptions and theories. If
the procedure Inferential analysis has been carried out, the researcher can
confidently state a 'causal claim' of the phenomena he studied.
6. Explanation of the implications of the research.
The final step of research design is to write down what the implications of
our research are. The implications of research can mean many things; better
understanding of references literature, improvements and strengthening of
literature, suggestions and future research agenda after evidence is found, and can
also explain practical policy implications. Research implications are written at the
end and usually begin with restating the research problem and its main findings.
From there, you can see it what is the conclusion of this research.12

CHAPTER III

12
helen, K., & Mahoney, J. (2015). Comparative-historical analysis in contemporary political science. Advances in
comparative-historical analysis, 3-36.

10
 CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Quantitative research is an effective approach in collecting and analyzing data to
understand social and scientific phenomena. Through the systematic use of statistical
methods, quantitative research can identify significant patterns, relationships, and trends
between the variables under study. The results show that the data obtained are reliable
and provide concrete information for decision-making. In addition, the study also
highlights the importance of good research design, selection of a representative sample,
and the validity and reliability of the instruments used. Despite its advantages,
quantitative research also has limitations, such as the lack of depth in understanding the
context. Overall, quantitative research is a powerful tool in the world of research, and its
results can make a significant contribution to the development of science and practical
policy.

REFERENCES

11
Brady, H. E., & Collier, D. (Eds.). (2010). Rethinking social inquiry: Diverse tools,
shared standards. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Choi, J. W. (2011). Measuring the performance of an anticorruption agency: The case of
the KPK in Indonesia. International Review of Public Administration, 16(3), 45-63.
Fowler Jr, F. J. (2013). Survey research methods. Sage publications.
King, G., Keohane, R. O., & Verba, S. (1994). Designing social inquiry: Scientific
inference in qualitative research.
Princeton university press. Thelen, K., & Mahoney, J. (2015). Comparative-historical
analysis in contemporary political science. Advances in comparative-historical analysis,
3-36.

12