CHAPTER R 13

3
Polynomiall and
d Radicall Functionss

13-1.. Polynomiall Functionss and

d Theirr Graphs

A polynomial function is a function of the form f ( x ) an x n  an 1 x n 1  "  a2 x 2  a1 x  a0 ,

in which the coefficients an , an 1 ," , a2 , a1 , a0 are real numbers and n is a nonnegative integer.
The degree of a polynomial function is its greatest exponent of x . The graphs of several polynomial
functions are shown below. The maximum number of zeros, which are the x- intercepts, is equal to
the degree of the function.

Constant Function Linear Function Quadratic Function Cubic Function Quartic Function

y y y y y

x x x x x
O O O O O

f ( x) 2 f ( x) x 1 f ( x) x2  x  2 f ( x) x3  2 x 2  x  2 f ( x) x 4  x3  4 x 2  4 x
No real solution One real solution Two real solutions Three real solutions Four real solutions

A function f is increasing on an interval if the value

y
of f increases as x increases in the interval.
A function f is decreasing on an interval if the value (a, f (a ))
of f decreases as x increases in the interval. y f ( x)
sing

decre

In the graph shown at the right, function f increases

increa

sing
asing

on the intervals (f, a ) and (b, f) , and decreases on the b

increa

x
interval (a, b) . At a point where the graph changes from a
increasing to decreasing, f has a local maximum value,
(b, f (b))
and at a point where the graph changes from decreasing
to increasing, f has a local minimum value.

y
Example 1 Ƒ The complete graph of function f is shown
at the right.
y f ( x)
a. Find the x- intercepts of f ( x) .
b. For what value of x is the value of f ( x) 1
x
at its maximum? O 1
c. Find the interval where f ( x) is strictly decreasing.

Solution Ƒ a. The x- intercepts are 3 , 2 , and 4 .

b. The value of f ( x) is maximum at x 1 .

c. f ( x) is strictly decreasing between 1 and 3 .

214 Chapter 13

Exercises - Polynomial Functions and Their Graphs

1 4

The graph of f ( x) ax3  x 2  18 x  9 intersects If function f has four distinct zeros, which of
the x- axis at (3, 0) . What is the value of a ? the following could represent the complete graph
of f in the xy - plane?
A) 1 A) B)
y y
B) 0
C) 1
D) 2 x x
O O

2 C) D)
y y
In the xy - plane, the graph of function f has
x- intercepts at 7 , 5 , and 5 . Which of the
following could define f ?
x x
O O

A) f ( x) ( x  7)( x 2  25)

B) f ( x) ( x  7)( x 2  25)
5
C) f ( x) ( x  7)( x 2  25)
y
D) f ( x) ( x  7)( x 2  25)
y f ( x)

3 1
x
O 1
y

1
x The complete graph of function f is shown on
O 1
the xy - plane above, for 5 d x d 5 . Which of
the following is/are true?
I. f is strictly decreasing for 5  x  0 .
II. f (3) 1
What is the minimum value of the function graphed III. f is minimum at x 5.
on the xy - plane above, for 5 d x d 5 ?

A) I only
A) 4
B) II only
B) 3
C) 2 C) III only

D) f D) I and II only
Polynomial and Radical Functions 215

13-2. Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem

Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial f ( x) is divided by x  c , the remainder is f (c) .
Since Dividend Divisor u Quotient  Remainder ,
f ( x) ( x  c)q ( x)  f (c) , inwhich q ( x) is the quotient.

Factor Theorem
The polynomial f ( x) has x  c as a factor if and only if f (c) 0.

The following statements are equivalent for a polynomial f ( x) and a real number c :
x c is a solution to the equation f ( x) 0 .
x c is a zero of f ( x) .
x c is a root of f ( x) .
x x  c is a factor of f ( x) .
x f ( x) is divisible by x  c .
x c is an x - intercept of the graph of f ( x) .

Example 1 Ƒ Find the remainder of f ( x) x3  x 2  6 x  7 divided by x  2 .

Solution Ƒ To find the remainder of f ( x) divided by x  2 x  (2) ,

3 2
evaluate f (2) . f (2) (2)  (2)  6(2)  7 1
By the remainder theorem the remainder is 1.

Example 2 Ƒ Find the value of a if x  3 is a factor of f ( x) x3  11x  a .

Solution Ƒ If x  3 is a factor of f ( x) , then f (3) 0

f (3) (3)3  11(3)  a 0 Ÿ 6  a 0 Ÿ a 6

Example 3 Ƒ Find the value of k if f ( x) 3( x 2  3 x  4)  8( x  k ) is divisible by x .

Solution Ƒ If f ( x) is divisible by x , since x x  0 , f (0) 0 by the factor theorem.

2
f (0) 3(0  3(0)  4)  8(0  k ) 12  8k 0
12 3
8k 12 Ÿ k
8 2

Example 4Ƒ Find the x- intercepts of f if f ( x) 2 x 2  x  10 .

Solution Ƒ f ( x) 2 x 2  x  10 (2 x  5)( x  2) Factor.

(2 x  5)( x  2) 0 Let f ( x) 0.
2 x  5 0 or x  2 0 Zero Product Property
5
x  or x 2 Solve.
2
5
The x- intercepts of f are  and 2 .
2
216 Chapter 13

Exercises - Polynomial Functions and Their Graphs

1 4
If 1 and 1 are two real roots of the polynomial
x f ( x)
function f ( x) ax3  bx 2  cx  d and (0,3) is
the y - intercept of graph of f , what is the value 4 10
of b ?
3 0

A) 3 1 4
B) 1 2 20
C) 2
D) 4 The function f is defined by a polynomial.
Some values of x and f ( x) are shown in the
table above. Which of the following must be
a factor of f ( x) ?

2
A) x  4
What is the remainder of polynomial
B) x  3
p ( x) 81x5  121x3  36 divided by x  1 ?
C) x  1
A) 76 D) x  2
B) 36
C) 4
D) 6 5

x3  8 x 2  3 x  24 0

For what real value of x is the equation above

true?
3
If x  2 is a factor of polynomial
p ( x) a ( x3  2 x)  b( x 2  5) , which of the
following must be true?

A) a  b 0
B) 2a  b 0 6

C) 2a  b 0 If x ! 0 , what is the solution to the equation

x4  8x2 9?
D) 4a  b 0
Polynomial and Radical Functions 217

13-3. Radical Expressions

n
The symbol a is called a radical. Each part of a radical is given a name as indicated below.
radical sign
index n
a radicand

Definition of nth root

For any real numbers x or a , and any positive integer n , if x n a , then x is an nth root of a .
If n is even, x r n a . If n is odd, x n
a.

1 1
Definition of a 2 and a 3
1 1
3
For any nonnegative number a , a 2 a . For any real number a , a 3 a.

Product and Quotient Property of Radicals

a a
For any nonnegative number a or b , ab a b and .
b b
3
3 3 a a
For any real number a or b , ab a 3 b and 3
3
if b z 0 .
b b

Example 1 Ƒ Solve.

a. ( x  5) 4 16 b. x3  1 26

Solution Ƒ a. ( x  5) 4 16
4
x5 r 16 Definition of nth root, for when n is even.
x  5 r2 4
16 4 24 2
x 5r 2 Add 5 to each side.
x 7 or x 3 Answer

b. x3  1 26

x3 27 Subtract 1 from each side.

1 1
x 3
27 (27) 3 ((3)3 ) 3 Definition of nth root, for when n is odd.
3 Answer

Example 2 Ƒ Simplify.

a. 50 6 b. 18a 2 b3

Solution Ƒ a. 50 6 25 2 2 3 50 25 2 , 6 2 3
5 ˜ 2 ˜ 3 10 3

b. 18a 2 b3 32 ˜ 2 ˜ a 2 ˜ b 2 ˜ b
32 ˜ 2 ˜ a 2 ˜ b 2 ˜ b ab a b
3˜ 2 ˜ a ˜b ˜ b 3ab 2b 3 2
3, a2 a, b2 b
218 Chapter 13

A method used to eliminate radicals from a denominator is called rationalizing the denominator.
Binomials of the form a  b and a  b are called conjugates. The product of conjugates is always
an integer if a and b are integers. You can use conjugates to rationalize denominators.
Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions
Radical expressions in which the radicands are alike can be added or subtracted in the same way that like
monomials are added or subtracted.
Multiplying Radical Expressions
Multiplying two radical expressions with different radicands is similar to multiplying binomials.

Example 3 Ƒ Simplify.
1
a. b. ( 6  2)( 3  1)
2 3

2 3
c. 50  18  8 d. 6 
3 2

1 1 2 3
Solution Ƒ a. ˜ The conjugate of 2  3 is 2  3 .
2 3 2 3 2 3
2 3
(a  b)(a  b) a 2  b2
2  ( 3) 2
2

2 3
2 3
43

b. ( 6  2)( 3  1)
6 ˜ 3  6 ˜1  2 ˜ 3  2 ˜1 FOIL
2˜ 3˜ 3 6  6  2 6 2˜ 3
3 2 2 2 2

c. 50  18  8
25 ˜ 2  9 ˜ 2  4 ˜ 2
25 2  9 2  4 2 ab a b
5 2 3 2  2 2
4 2 Combine like radicals.

2 3
d. 6 
3 2
2 3 3 2
6 ˜  ˜ Rationalize the denominator.
3 3 2 2
6 6
6  Simplify.
3 2
1 1
6(1   ) Factor.
3 2
7 6
6
Polynomial and Radical Functions 219

Exercises - Radical Expressions

1 4


1 Which of the following is equal to
Which of the following is equal to a 2 ?
8  18  32 ?

A)  a A) 2
1 B) 2 2
B)
a
C) 3 2
1
C) 
a D) 3

1
D)
a2

2 5

1 Which of the following is equal to

Which of the following is equal to ?
3 2 2 (1  3)(2  3) ?

A) 3  2 A) 1  3
B) 3  2 B) 1  3
C) 3  2 2 C) 1  3
D) 3  4 2 D) 1  3

3 6

If ( x  1)3 64 , what is the value of x ? 5

Which of the following is equal to b 3 ?

A) 6
B) 5 A) b ˜ b

C) 4 1
B) b ˜ b 3
D) 3
C) b ˜ 3 b

D) b ˜ 3 b 2
220 Chapter 13

13-4. Solving Radical Equations

An equation which contains a radical with a variable in the radicand is called a radical equation.
To solve such an equation, first isolate the radical on one side of the equation. Then square each side of the
equation to eliminate the radical.

Example 1 Ƒ Solve each equation.

1
a. 5  2x 3 b. 4  x 7
2

Solution Ƒ a. ( 5  2 x ) 2 (3) 2 Square each side.

5  2x 9
2 x 4 Subtract 5 from each side.
x 2 Divide each side by 2 .

1
b. 4  x 7 Original Equation
2
1
x 3 Subtract 3 from each side.
2
1 2
( x) (3) 2 Square each side.
2
1
x 9 Simplify.
2
x 18 Multiply each side by 2.

When you square both sides of a radical equation, the resulting equation may have a solution that is not
a solution of the original equation. Such a solution is called an extraneous solution. Therefore, you must
check all the possible solutions in the original equation and disregard the extraneous solutions.

Example 2 Ƒ Solve x2 x.

Solution Ƒ a. x2 x Original equation

( x  2) 2 ( x) 2 Square each side.

2
x2 x Simplify.
2
0 x x2 Subtract x and 2 from each side.
0 ( x  2)( x  1) Factor.
x  2 0 or x  1 0 Zero Product Property
x 2 or x 1 Solve.
Check the results by substituting 2 and 1 for x in the original equation.
Check: x2 x x2 x
22 2 1  2 1
4 2 1 1
2 2 ¥ True 1 z 1 × False
Since 1 does not satisfy the original equation, 2 is the only solution.
Polynomial and Radical Functions 221

Exercises - Solving Radical Equations

1 4

11  2 x  3 8 5 x  12 3 2

What is the solution set of the equation above? What is the solution set of the equation above?

A) 0 A) 2
B) 3 B) 4
C) 6 C) 6
D) 9 D) 8

2 5
1
3 x  4 7 If a 3 and 2  3x a , what is the value
3
of x ?
What is the solution set of the equation above?

A) 15
B) 12
C) 8
D) 6

3 6

x  18 x2 If k 8  2 and 3
xk 2 , what is the value
2
What is the solution set of the equation above? of x ?

A) ^2`
B) ^7`
C) ^2, 7`
D) ^2, 7`
222 Chapter 13

13-5. Complex Numbers

Definition of i
i 1 and i2 1

For real numbers a and b , the expression a  bi is called a complex number.

Number a is called the real part and number b is called the imaginary part of the complex number a  bi .

To add or subtract complex numbers, combine the real parts and combine the imaginary parts.
(a  bi )  (c  di ) (a  c)  (b  d )i
(a  bi )  (c  di ) (a  c)  (b  d )i

Example 1 Ƒ Simplify.

a. i 35 b. 5 ˜ 10
c. (4  3i )  (5  4i ) d. 2(3  i )  5(1  i )

Solution Ƒ a. i 35 i ˜ i 34 am ˜ an amn
i ˜ (i 2 )17 (a ) m n
a mn
i ˜ (1)17 i2 1
i (1) 17
1

b. 5 ˜ 10
(i ˜ 5)(i 10) 5 5 ˜ 1 i 5 , 10 i 10
2
i 50 Multiply.
(1)( 25 ˜ 2) i2 1 , 50 25 ˜ 2
5 2 Simplify.

c. (4  3i )  (5  4i )
(4  5)  (3i  4i ) Combine the real parts and the imaginary parts.
9i Simplify.

d. 2(3  i )  5(1  i )
6  2i  5  5i Multiply.
11  7i Simplify.

Example 2 Ƒ Solve 3 x 2  75 0.

Solution Ƒ 3 x 2  75 0

3x 2 75 Subtract 75 from each side.

2
x 25 Divide each side by 3.
x r 25 Take the square root of each side.
x r 25 1 Product Property of Radicals
x r5i 1 i
Polynomial and Radical Functions 223

To multiply two complex numbers, use the FOIL method and use the fact that i 2 1 .
2
(a  bi )(c  di ) ac  adi  bci  bdi (ac  bd )  (ad  bc)i
Imaginary numbers of the form a  bi and a  bi are called complex conjugates, and their product is
the real number a 2  b 2 . This fact can be used to simplify the quotient of two imaginary numbers.
Definition of Equal Complex Numbers
Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are equal.
a  bi c  di if and only if a c and b d .

Example 3 Ƒ Simplify.

a. (6  i )(2  3i ) b. ( 3  2)( 3  2)

10 2  3i
c. d.
(1  3i ) 4  3i

Solution Ƒ a. (6  i )(2  3i )
12  18i  2i  3i 2 FOIL
12  16i  3(1) i2 1
15  16i Simplify.

b. ( 3  2)( 3  2)
( 3  i 2)( 3  i 2) 2 i 2
2 2
( 3)  (i 2) (a  b)(a  b) a 2  b2
3  2i 2
5 i2 1

10
c.
(1  3i )
10 (1  3i )
˜ Rationalize the denominator.
(1  3i ) (1  3i )
10(1  3i )
2
(a  b)(a  b) a 2  b2
1  9i
10 (1  3i )
i2 1
10
1  3i Simplify.

2  3i
d.
4  3i
2  3i 4  3i
˜ Rationalize the denominator.
4  3i 4  3i
8  6i  12i  9i 2
FOIL
16  9i 2
1  18i
i2 1
25
224 Chapter 13

Exercises - Complex Numbers

1 4
Which of the following is equal Which of the following is equal
to 1  4  9 ? 1 1
to (5i  3)  (4i  5) ?
2 3
A) i
B) 2i 3 5
A) i
2 2
C) 3i
7 7
D) 4i B) i
6 3
7 19
C) i
6 6
5 17
D) i
2 6 6
Which of the following is equal
to 2 ˜ 8 ?
5
A) 4i
If (4  i ) 2 a  bi , what is the value of a  b ?
B) 4i
C) 4
D) 4

3
Which of the following complex numbers is equal
3i 6
to ?
3i
3i
If the expression is rewritten in the form
1  2i
9 3i
A)  a  bi , in which a and b are real numbers, what
10 5 is the value of a  b ?
9 3i
B) 
10 5
3 3i
C) 
5 5
4 3i
D) 
5 5
Polynomial and Radical Functions 225

Chapter 13 Practice Test

1 3

If the graph of f ( x) 2 x3  bx 2  4 x  4 intersects What is the value of a if x  2 is a factor

1 of f ( x) ( x3  3 x 2 )  4( x  a ) ?
the x- axis at ( , 0), and (2, k ) lies on the graph
2
of f , what is the value of k ? A) 2
B) 1
A) 4
C) 0
B) 2
D) 1
C) 0
D) 2

2 y

(0,3)
y

(3,0)
y f ( x) x
O

1
x
O 1

x2  y 2 9
y ( x  3) 2
x y 3
The function y f ( x) is graphed on the xy - plane
above. If k is a constant such that the equation A system of three equations and their graphs on
f ( x) k has one real solution, which of the the xy - plane are shown above. How many
solutions does the system have?
following could be the value of k ?

A) 1
A) 3
B) 2
B) 1
C) 3
C) 1
D) 4
D) 3
226 Chapter 13

5 8
Which of the following complex numbers is 2x  6 x3
(1  i ) 2
equivalent to ?
1 i What is the solution set of the equation above?

i 1 A) ^3`
A)  
2 2
B) ^1`
i 1
B)   C) ^3, 2`
2 2
C) i  1 D) ^3, 1`
D) i  1

9
What is the remainder when polynomial
6
1
3
p( x) 24 x3  36 x 2  14 is divided by x  ?
Which of the following is equal to a a? 2

2 A) 4
A) a3 B) 6
4
C) 8
B) a3
5
D) 10
C) a3
7
D) a 3
10
The function f is defined by a polynomial. If
x  2 , x  1 , and x  1 are factors of f , which
of the following table could define f ?
7

p( x) 2 x3  4 x 2  10 x A) B)
q( x) x2  2 x  5 x f ( x) x f ( x)
2 4 2 0
The polynomials p ( x) and q ( x) are defined above. 1 0 1 4
Which of the following polynomials is divisible by 1 0 1 0
x 1 ? 0 0
2 2

1
A) f ( x) p( x)  q( x) C) D)
2
x f ( x) x f ( x)
1
B) g ( x)  p ( x)  q ( x) 2 0 2 0
2
1 1 0 1 0
C) h( x)  p ( x)  q ( x) 1 4 1 0
2
1 2 0 2 4
D) k ( x) p( x)  q( x)
2
Answers and Explanations 227

Answer Key 3. A
Section 13-1 y

1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. B
Section 13-2
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. 8 1
x
6. 3 O 1

Section 13-3
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D
6. D
Section 13-4 The minimum value of a graphed function is the
minimum y - value of all the points on the graph.
5
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. For the graph shown, when x 3 , y 2 and
9
when x 5 , y 4 , so the minimum is at (5, 4)
6. 2 and the minimum value is 4 .
Section 13-5 4. B
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. 23 A zero of a function corresponds to an x- intercept
6. 2 of the graph of the function on the xy - plane.
Only the graph in choice B has four x- intercepts.
Chapter 13 Practice Test Therefore, it has the four distinct zeros of function
1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. C f.
6. B 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. D
5. B
y

y f ( x)
Answers and Explanations
1
x
Section 13-1 O 1

1. D

f ( x) ax3  x 2  18 x  9
If point (3, 0) lies on the graph of f , substitute I. f is not strictly decreasing for 5  x  0 ,
0 for f and 3 for x . because on the interval 4  x  2 , f is
0 a (3)3  (3) 2  18(3)  9 . not decreasing.
0 27 a  54 Roman numeral I is not true.
2 a
II. The coordinates (3,1) is on the graph of f ,
2. C therefore, f (3) 1
If the graph of a polynomial function f has an Roman numeral II is true.
x- intercept at a , then ( x  a ) is a factor of f ( x) . III. For the graph shown, when x 0 , y 3 and
Since the graph of function f has x- intercepts when x 5 , y 2 , so f is minimum at
at 7 , 5 , and 5 , ( x  7) , ( x  5) , and ( x  5) x 0.
must each be a factor of f ( x) . Therefore,
Roman numeral III is not true.
f ( x) ( x  7)( x  5)( x  5) ( x  7)( x 2  5) .
228 Chapter 13

Section 13-2 Since x 2  3 0 does not have a real solution,

x  8 0 , or x 8 , is the only solution that
1. A makes the equation true.
If 1 and 1 are two real roots of the polynomial
function, then f (1) 0 and f (1) 0 . Thus 6. 3
3 2
f (1) a (1)  b(1)  c(1)  d 0 and x4  8x2 9
3 2
f (1) a (1)  b(1)  c(1)  d 0 . x4  8x2  9 0 Make one side 0.
Simplify the two equations and add them to each ( x 2  9)( x 2  1) 0 Factor.
other. 2
( x  3)( x  3)( x  1) 0 Factor.
abcd 0
Since x 2  1 0 does not have a real solution,
 abcd 0
the solutions for x are x 3 and x 3 .
2b  2d 0 or b  d 0. Since it is given that x ! 0 , x 3 is the only
Also f (0) 3 , since the graph of the polynomial solution to the equation.
passes through (0,3) .
f (0) a (0)3  b(0) 2  c(0)  d 3 implies d 3. Section 13-3
Substituting d 3 in the equation b  d 0 gives 1. B
b  3 0 , or b 3 .
1
 1 1
a 2
2. C 1
a
5 3
a2
If polynomial p ( x) 81x  121x  36 is
divided by x  1 , the remainder is p (1) . 2. C
5 3
p (1) 81(1)  121(1)  36 4 1
The remainder is 4. 3 2 2
1 3 2 2 Multiply the conjugate of
3. D ˜ of the denominator.
3 2 2 3 2 2
If x  2 is a factor for polynomial p ( x) , then
3 2 2
p (2) 0 . (a  b)(a  b) a 2  b2
(3) 2  (2 2) 2
p( x) a ( x3  2 x)  b( x 2  5)
3 2 2
p (2) a (23  2(2))  b(22  5) Simplify.
98
a (8  4)  b(4  5)
3 2 2
4a  b 0
3. B
4. B
( x  1)3 64
If ( x  a ) is a factor of f ( x) , then f (a ) must
3
be equal to 0. Based on the table, f (3) 0 . x 1 64 Definition of cube root.
1

Therefore, x  3 must be a factor of f ( x) . x  1 4 3

64 (64) 3 4
x 5 Subtract 1 from each side.
5. 8
4. A
x3  8 x 2  3 x  24 0
( x3  8 x 2 )  (3 x  24) 0 Group terms. 8  18  32
x 2 ( x  8)  3( x  8) 0 Factor out the GCF. 4 2  9 2  16 2
2 2 3 2 4 2
( x 2  3)( x  8) 0 Distributive Property
2
2
x  3 0 or x  8 0 Solutions
Answers and Explanations 229

5. D Thus, 7 is the only solution.

(1  3)(2  3) 4. C
2 32 3 3 3 FOIL 5 x  12 3 2
2 3 3 Combine like radicals. ( 5 x  12) 2 (3 2) 2 Square each side.
1  3 Simplify. 5 x  12 18 Simplify.
5 x 30 Add 12 to each side.
6. D x 6 Divide by 5 on each side.

5 2 1
5
b3 b1 ˜ b 3 b ˜ (b 2 ) 3 b ˜ 3 b2 5.
9
1
Section 13-4 2  3x a
3
1. B 1
2  3x 3 a 3
3
11  2 x  3 8 1
( 2  3 x ) 2 ( 3) 2 Square each side.
11  2 x  3  11 8  11 Subtract 11 from each side. 3
 2x  3 3 Simplify. 1
2 2
2  3x Simplify.
( 2 x  3) (3) Square each side. 3
2x  3 9 Simplify. 5
3 x  Subtract 2 from each side.
2x 6 Subtract 3 from each side. 3
x 3 Divide each side by 2. 1 1 5 1
 (3 x)  ( ) Multiply each side by  .
3 3 3 3
2. A
5
x Simplify.
3 x  4 7 9
( 3 x  4) 2 (7) 2 Square each side.
3 x  4 49 Simplify. 6. 2
3 x 45 Subtract 4 from each side. 3
x  k 2
x 15 Divide each side by 3 .
( 3 x  k )3 (2)3 Cube each side.
3. B x  k 8 Simplify.
x  (8  2) 8 k 8 2
x  18 x  2
( x  18) 2 ( x  2) 2 Square each side. x 8 2 8 Simplify.

x  18 x2  4 x  4 Simplify. x 2 0 Add 8 to each side.

x  2 Subtract 2.
0 x 2  5 x  14 Make one side 0.
0 ( x  7)( x  2) Factor. ( x) 2 ( 2) 2 Square each side.
2
0 x  7 or 0 x  2 Zero Product Property x 2 Simplify.
7 x or 2 x
Check each x- value in the original equation.
Section 13-5
7  18 7  2 x 7
1. B
25 5 Simplify.
5 5 True 1  4  9
2  18 2  2 x 2 i i 4 i 9 i 1
i  2i  3i
16 4 Simplify.
2i
4 4 False
230 Chapter 13

2. C Chapter 13 Practice Test

2 ˜ 8 1. C
i 2 ˜i 8 2 i 2, 8 i 8
f ( x) 2 x3  bx 2  4 x  4
i 2 16
1
4 i2 1 f( ) 0 because the graph of f intersects the
2
3. D 1
x- axis at ( , 0) .
2
3i
1 1 3 1 1
3i f ( ) 2( )  b( ) 2  4( )  4 0
2 2 2 2
3i 3i Solving the equation for b gives b 7 .
˜ Rationalize the denominator.
3i 3i
Thus f ( x) 2 x3  7 x 2  4 x  4 .
9  6i  i 2 Also k f (2) , because (2, k ) lies on the graph
FOIL
9  i2 of f .
9  6i  1
i2 1 k f (2) 2(2)3  7(2) 2  4(2)  4
9 1
8  6i Solving the equation for k gives k 0 .
Simplify.
10 2. D
4  3i 4 3i
or  y
5 5 5
y f ( x)
4. C g ( x) 3
1 1
(5i  3)  (4i  5) g ( x) 1 1
2 3 x
O 1
5 3 4i 5 g ( x) 1
i   Distributive Property
2 2 3 3 g ( x) 3
15 9 8i 10
i   6 is the GCD.
6 6 6 6
7 19
i Simplify. g ( x) 3 has 3 points of intersection with
6 6
y f ( x) , so there are 3 real solutions.
5. 23 g ( x) 1 has 3 points of intersection with
y f ( x) , so there are 3 real solutions.
(4  i ) 2 a  bi
g ( x) 1 has 3 points of intersection with
16  8i  i 2 a  bi FOIL y f ( x) , so there are 3 real solutions.
16  8i  1 a  bi i 2 1 g ( x) 3 has 1 point of intersection with
15  8i a  bi Simplify.
y f ( x) , so there is 1 real solution.
15 a and 8 b Definition of Equal Complex
Numbers Choice D is correct
Therefore, a  b 15  8 23 .
3. B
6. 2 If x  2 is a factor of
f ( x) ( x3  3 x 2 )  4( x  a ) , then f (2) 0.
3i 3  i 1  2i 3  6i  i  2i 2
˜ 3 2
f (2) ((2)  3(2) )  4(2  a ) 0
1  2i 1  2i 1  2i 1  4i 2
3  6i  i  2 5  5i (8  12)  8  4a 0
1  i a  bi
1 4 5 4  4a 0
Therefore, a 1 and b 1 , and a  b 1  1 2 . a 1
Answers and Explanations 231

4. A 1
q ( x) is not a factor of x  1 and (2 x  ) is not
y 2
a factor of x  1 . f ( x) is not divisible by x  1 .
(0,3)
1
B) g ( x)  p( x)  q( x)
2
(3,0) 1
x  [2 x ˜ q ( x)]  q ( x) ( x  1)q ( x)
O 2
Since g ( x) is x  1 times q ( x) , g ( x) is divisible
by x  1 .
Choices C and D are incorrect because x  1 is
The solutions to the system of equations are the not a factor of the polynomials h( x) and k ( x) .
points where the circle, parabola, and line all
intersect. That point is (3, 0) and is therefore 8. D
the only solution to the system.
2x  6 x  3
5. C ( 2 x  6) 2 ( x  3) 2 Square each side.
2
2x  6 x  6x  9 Simplify.
(1  i ) 2 2
x  4x  3 0 Make one side 0.
1 i
( x  1)( x  3) 0 Factor.
1  2i  i 2
FOIL the numerator. x  1 0 or x  3 0 Zero Product Property
1 i x 1 or x 3
1  2i  1
i2 1 Check each x- value in the original equation.
1 i
2i 2(1)  6 1  3 x 1
Simplify.
1 i 4 2 Simplify.
2i 1  i 2 2 True
˜ Rationalize the denominator.
1 i 1 i
2(3)  6 3  3 x 3
2i  2i 2
FOIL 0 0 True
1  i2
Thus, 1 and 3 are both solutions to the
2i  2
i2 1 equation.
2
i  1 9. C
6. B Use the remainder theorem.
1 1 1
1
1
1 4 p ( ) 24( )3  36( ) 2  14 8
a 3
a a ˜ a3 a 3 a3 2 2 2
Therefore, the remainder of polynomial
7. B 1
p( x) 24 x3  36 x 2  14 divided by x 
p( x) 3 2
2 x  4 x  10 x 2
is 8.
q( x) x 2  2 x  5
In p ( x) , factoring out the GCF, 2 x, yields
10. D
p( x) 2 x( x 2  2 x  5) 2 x ˜ q ( x) .
If ( x  a ) is a factor of f ( x) , then f (a ) must
Let’s check each answer choice. equal to 0. Thus, if x  2 , x  1 and x  1 are
1 factors of f , we have f (2) f (1) f (1) 0 .
A) f ( x) p ( x)  q ( x)
2
Choice D is correct.
1 1
2 x ˜ q ( x)  q ( x) (2 x  )q( x)
2 2