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CNC Machining&interpolation

This pdf shows how CNC machines work.

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Hans james
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20 views26 pages

CNC Machining&interpolation

This pdf shows how CNC machines work.

Uploaded by

Hans james
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER AIDED

MANUFACTURING
CNC TECHNOLOGY
(CNC Machines and Interpolation)
Outline
• CNC machining centers
• Axes configurations
✓CNC milling
✓CNC turning
• Interpolation
• Examples
NUMERICAL CONTROL (NC)
• NC is the operation of a machine tool by a series of
coded instructions consisting of numbers, letters of the
alphabets, and symbols which the machine control unit
(MCU) can understand
• These instructions are converted into electrical pulses
of current which the machine’s motors and controls
follow to carry out machining operations on a
workpiece
• These numbers , letters and symbols are coded
instructions which refer to specific distances, positions,
functions or motions which the machine tool can
understand as it machines the workpiece
NC TECHNOLOGY: INTRODUCTION
• NC, CNC machines are now widely used in small to
large scale industries
• CAM or CIM: NC technology the integral part
• Evolution of NC
• Machines -> Automated machines
❖Based on cam-follower mechanism
❖ Best for mass production
EVOLUTION OF NC TECHNOLOGY
• Mid of the 20th century, in second world war: US air
force was in need to have light weight and accurate
aircrafts

• Programmable machines : NC technology


• NC technology : John parson, USA, 1947
✓ Jig boring machine with a computer
✓ Input : punched card
C + NC technology
• Graphical user interface
• Easy “on-machine or on-line” programming
• Automatic tool changing
• Automatic pallet changing
• Network communications
• Can run unattended
CNC technology -> Advantages
• Set-up time reduction
• Lead time reduction
• Accuracy and repeatability
• Complex contour
• Consistent time (processing)
• Productivity
CNC machines : Applications
✓Milling / machining operations
✓Lathe / turning
✓Drilling machines
✓Wire-cut EDM
✓Flame cutting
✓Laser cutting
✓Grinding etc.

• For more applications of CNC visit the link;


https://www.reverseengineering.in/2024/04/types-
of-cnc-machines-reverse.html
Example
NC machine system
Data processing Unit
• Data input devices
such as RS-232-C
port
MCU (machine control unit) Machine tool
• Data reading
circuits
• Decoding circuits
• An editor and GUI

Control Loops Unit


• Interpolator
• Position control
CLU (control-loops unit) loop(s)
DPU (Data processing unit) • Velocity control
loop
• Acceleration,
deceleration
• Auxiliary function
controls
NC motion control
NC program

Execution system

Interpolator and
servo control Translator
mechanism

Control logic Relay

Linear motion Power Solenoid

Coolant Pneumatic

Tool change
CLASSIFICATION OF NUMERICAL
CONTROL
Continuous path
(contouring)
Motion control
PTP (point to
point)

Open loop
Control loops
Closed loop
NC

Hydraulic

Pneumatic Power drives

Electric

Incremental
Positioning systems
Absolute
Motion control : Point to Point
and Continuous path
• Point to Point
✓Path not defined by the programmer
✓Motions parallel to axes are accurately controlled
✓Drilling operations

• Continuous (contouring) control system


✓Machine controls two or more axes simultaneously
✓More complex than PTP NC system
Control loops
Power drives
• Electric drives
✓DC or AC servo motor : small size, ease of control and
low cost
• Hydraulic drives
✓Large power/size ratio
✓Difficult maintenance, increased noise and bulky off-the-
machine power supply
• Pneumatic drives
✓Rarely used in position control
✓Used to drive auxiliary devices such as ATC etc.
Position systems
• Modern CNC controllers allows the user to choose
the positioning systems
Specifications of an NC machine
tool
• Accuracy
• Repeatability
• Spindle and axis motor horse power
• Number of controlled axes
• Dimensions of the workpiece
• Features of the machine and the controller
CNC machine tool
• Consists of a machine control unit (MCU) and
the machine tool itself
• MCU, a computer is the brain of a CNC machine
tool
• Reads the part programs and controls the
machine tools operations
• Decodes the part program to provide commands
and instructions
Direct Numerical Control (DNC)
system
• Consists of a central computer to which a group of
CNC machine tools are connected via a
communication network
• The communication is usually carried out using a
central computer
Axes of CNC machine tool
• Each axis of motion is equipped with a driving
device to replace the hand wheel of the
conventional machine tool
• An axis where relative motion between cutting tool
and workpiece occurs
• The primary axes of motion are referred to as the X,
Y, and Z axes
• Conventionally machine tools are designated by the
number of axes of motion they can provide to
control the tool position and orientation
Configuration of 2-axis machine
tool
• The machine can simultaneously
control the tool along two axes
• The tool will be parallel and
independently controlled along
third axis
• Machine tool guided the cutting
tool along a 2-D contour with
only independent movement
specified along the third axis
• The Z-axis control plane is parallel
to the XY plane
Configuration of 3-axis and
multiple axis machine tool
• The tool is controlled along the three axes (X, Y, and
Z) simultaneously, but the tool orientation doesn’t
change with the tool motion
Multiple axes machine tool
• If the tool axis orientation varies with the tool
motion in 3-dimension space, 3-axis machine
gets converted into multi-axis orientation
machine
Interpolation
• DDA algorithm -> Digital Differential Analyzer
algorithm
Summary
• Details of CNC machining centers
• Axes configurations
✓CNC milling
✓CNC turning
• Interpolation algorithm
• Examples

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