CHAPTER 8: Animals’ Needs to Survive Animals Obtain their Food from Others

Lesson 8.1 The World of Animals ➢ Animals cannot make their own food. They obtain energy by
eating other organisms. That’s why animals are categorized as
➢ Earth, the only planet that can support life, filled with diverse
heterotrophs, contrasting with green plants that are
creatures as a result of over three billion years of evolution
autotrophs.
➢ The animal kingdom comprises an estimated 9 to 10 million
Animals also have different feeding habits:
species on earth, with at least four million currently named and
identified. Herbivores - plant-eating animals

Animal cells are organized Carnivores - flesh-eating animals

Animal bodies are composed of many cells. Animal cells organized Omnivores - they eat both plants and animals.
into specialize groups called tissues. Tissues form an organ, which
Animals have Adaptations for Escaping Predators
work together to perform a complex job. In most animals, different
organs form organ systems. ➢ Animals that are usually hunted for food exhibit various
adaptations to avoid their predators. Animals have evolved
chemical and physical abilities.

Animals Reproduce through Asexual or Sexual Means

➢ The sex cells carry genetic information that provides unique

characteristics of the offspring. Some animals reproduce
without the involvement of sex cells from both parents through
sexual means. A single animal can divide to form two or more
organism such as bud, that grows out of its body and eventually
breaks off.
Animals Move from Place to Place Students who would like to pursue a career in animal science must

➢ Animal movement is a diverse characteristic, related to earn a bachelor's a degree in zoology to quality for a wide variety

obtaining food, escaping danger, and reproduction. Some of careers.

animals are highly mobile, while others remain largely Tissues Form of Organs and Organ Systems
stationary throughout most of their lives.
➢ Tissues are groups of different cells that perform different
Lesson 8.2 Animals Specialized Structures functions. A group of different tissues united to perform a
common function forms an organ.
Specialized Structures
The human body is made up of eleven organ systems:
➢ Animals have specialized cells and tissues that form organs for
maintaining proper bodily functions. • Integumentary • Respiratory

➢ Tissues is a group of similar cells performing a common • Muscular • Excretory

function. • Skeletal
• Endocrine
• Circulatory
➢ The study of animal and plant tissues is called histology. • Reproductive
• Nervous
➢ Microtome is an instrument used to cut tissues into ultra-thin • Digestive • Immune
sections.
There are four types of tissues found animals: Lesson 8.3 Animals’ Need for Survival

• Epithelial tissues The Need for Extra Protection and Support

➢ Integument is the outer covering animal’s body

• Connective tissues

➢ Include skin, surface glands, etc.

• Muscular tissues
➢ Makes up integumentary system
• Nervous tissues
➢ Skin structure differ among other animals
 ➢ Skin derivatives, such as hair and nail, are uniquely present for ➢ Cardiac muscles Pump the heart and never stop working.
cover and protection among mammals.
Most muscles comes in pairs that work against each other. Such
➢ Some mammals have special hair that respond to touch which muscles called antagonistic pairs.
are called whiskers.
Extensor is the muscle that cause to straighten.
The Need to Provide Body Shape and Support for Internal Organ
Flexor is the muscles cause to bend.
➢ Skeleton firm framework that gives physical support and
The Need to Ingest Food
protection; provides surfaces for muscles.
Nutrition is the food intake and the process of food conversion.
Basic types of skeleton in the animal kingdom:
Animal and human nutrition involves the process:
Hydrostatic skeleton – are supported by liquid in their bodies.
➢ Ingestion is the intake of food.
Exoskeleton – have a hard external covering.
➢ Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
Endoskeleton – are supported by hard framework inside their bodies,
molecules into soluble and diffusible molecules that can be
found in a vertebrates or animals with a spine.
absorb into bod cell.
The Need to Move
Digestion in most animals usually involves two process:
Muscles – allow movement and locomotion.
➢ Physical digestion involves the mechanical breakdown of food
Three main types of muscle in human: by chewing and muscular contraction and relaxations in the
stomach.
➢ Skeletal muscles is a voluntary which means we can control
them by thinking. ➢ Chemical digestion break down molecules into soluble
molecules through the action of enzymes, which could then be
➢ Allow us to do more automatically and without voluntary
absorbed by the body
control.

➢ Smooth muscles Move food along digestive system

Absorption is the process whereby the digest food materials are taken ➢ The coordinated process enacted by the immune system at the
by the cells and are converted to new protoplasm to provide energy. introduction of foreign substance are collectively known as
immune response.
Assimilation – nutrients are absorbed by cell and transported to body
parts. The nned to respire and exchange essential gases

Elimination – is the passing of materials that were not absorb in the Respiration is how the body gets rid of carbon dioxide.
large intestine out of the body.
Breathing is the act of taking in oxygen into the lungs and releasing
The Need to Essential Material carbon dioxide out of the body.

Central gastrovascular – for cnidarian; distributes important Blood vessels help transport oxygen, rich blood from the lungs to the
substance within its body. capillaries of body tissues and vice versa.

Circulatory system – animal with thick multiple cell layer; transport Four types of gas exchange system in animals:
of essential material.
1.) Skin
Open circular system – fluid is pump through open-ended vessels and
a. Integumentary exchange
transported among the cell with no distinction between blood and
interstitial fluid. b. Cutaneous respiration

The Need for a Defense System 2.) Gills

➢ Lymphatic system is the subsystem of circulatory system and 3.) Tracheal systems
immune system.
4.) Lungs
➢ Lymph nodes is a network of lymphatic vessels and tiny been
The need to regulate and maintain internal body progresses
structure.
Two system that help regulate the internal activities (in human
➢ Every time our heart pumps there is a leaked fluid called
body)
lymph.
 a.) Nervous system – sending nerve impulses throughout the body. • Invertebrates – excrete their wastes material through flame
cells excretory.
b.) Endocrine system – produces hormones.
• Earthworms have Segmental nephridia in each of its segment
Hormones – are made in the glands of the endocrine system.
to remove waste products out of its body wall.
Endocrine glands (endo means ‘within’) are ductless glands that
secrete hormones directly into either the bloodstream or the
extracellular fluid.

The need to control and respond to environment changes

• Nervous system

• Motor system

• Prefrontal cortex

• Stimuli

The need to eliminate wastes and other harmful substance

• Homeostasis - is the process of maintenance of the internal

environment in the body.

• Excretion - is the removal of the metabolic waste out of the

body.

• Amoeba - is the single cell organism

• Hydra (cnidarians) excrete by the diffusion of waste product.

• Malpighian tubules - collect wastes from the body of insect.