Core Java

Content
⚫ History of Java
⚫ Features of Java
⚫ Oops Concepts
⚫ Keywords
⚫ Opertaors
⚫ Data Types
⚫ Varaibles
⚫ Array
⚫ Methods
⚫ Inheritance
⚫ Interface
⚫ Abstract Class
Content…
⚫ Method Overloading
⚫ Method Overriding
⚫ Polymorphism in Java
⚫ String Handling
⚫ Package
⚫ Exceptional Handeling
 History of Java
⚫ Java started out as a research project.

⚫ Research began in 1991 as the Green Project at Sun Microsystems, Inc.

⚫ Research efforts birthed a new language, OAK. ( A tree outside of the

window of James Gosling’s office at Sun).

⚫ It was developed as an embedded programming language, which would

enable embedded system application.

⚫ It was not really created as web programming language.

⚫ Java is available as jdk and it is an open source s/w.

 History of Java…
Language was created with 5 main goals:
• It should be object oriented.
• A single representation of a program could be executed on
multiple operating systems. (i.e. write once, run anywhere)
• It should fully support network programming.
• It should execute code from remote sources securely.
• It should be easy to use.

⚫ Oak was renamed Java in 1995.

⚫ Now Sun Microsystems is a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation.

Java Logo
 Java Platforms
There are three main platforms for Java:

⚫ Java SE (Java Platform, Standard Edition) – runs on desktops and

laptops.

⚫ Java ME (Java Platform, Micro Edition) – runs on mobile devices such

as cell phones.

⚫ Java EE (Java Platform, Enterprise Edition) – runs on servers.

 Java Terminology

•Java Development Kit:

It contains one (or more) JRE's along with the various development tools like the
Java source compilers, bundling and deployment tools, debuggers, development
libraries, etc.

•Java Virtual Machine:

An abstract machine architecture specified by the Java Virtual Machine
Specification.

It interprets the byte code into the machine code depending upon the underlying OS
and hardware combination. JVM is platform dependent. (It uses the class libraries,
and other supporting files provided in JRE)
 Java Terminology (contd…)

⚫ Java Runtime Environment:

A runtime environment which implements Java Virtual Machine, and provides
all class libraries and other facilities necessary to execute Java programs. This
is the software on your computer that actually runs Java programs.

JRE = JVM + Java Packages Classes (like util, math, lang, awt, swing etc)
+runtime libraries.
 Java Virtual Machine
⚫ Class loader subsystem: A mechanism for loading types (classes and
interfaces) given fully qualified names.

⚫ The Java virtual machine organizes the memory it needs to execute a

program into several runtime data areas.

⚫ Each Java virtual machine also has an execution engine: a mechanism

responsible for executing the instructions contained in the methods of
loaded classes.
Difference b/w C++ & Java
 Features of Java
⚫ Simple
⚫ Object Oriented
⚫ Compile, Interpreted and High Performance
⚫ Portable
⚫ Reliable
⚫ Secure
⚫ Multithreaded
⚫ Dynamic
⚫ Distributed
⚫ Architecture-Neutral
 Java Features
⚫ Simple
⚫ No pointers
⚫ Automatic garbage collection
⚫ Rich pre-defined class library

⚫ Object Oriented
⚫ Focus on the data (objects) and methods manipulating the data
⚫ All methods are associated with objects
⚫ Potentially better code organization and reuse
 Java Features
⚫ Compile, Interpreted and High Performance
• Java compiler generate byte-codes, not machine code
• The compiled byte-codes are platform-independent
• Java byte codes are translated on the fly to machine readable instructions in
runtime (Java Virtual Machine)
• Easy to translate directly into machine code by using a just-in-time compiler.
⚫ Portable
• Same application runs on all platforms
• The sizes of the primitive data types are always the same
• The libraries define portable interfaces
 Java Features
⚫ Reliable/Robust
• Extensive compile-time and runtime error checking
• No pointers but real arrays. Memory corruptions or unauthorized memory
accesses are impossible
• Automatic garbage collection tracks objects usage over time
⚫ Secure
• Java’s robustness features makes java secure.
• Access restrictions are forced (private, public)
 Java Features
⚫ Multithreaded
• It supports multithreaded programming.
• Need not wait for the application to finish one task before beginning
another one.
⚫ Dynamic
• Libraries can freely add new methods and instance variables without any
effect on their clients
• Interfaces promote flexibility and reusability in code by specifying a set of
methods an object can perform, but leaves open how these methods should
be implemented .
 Java Features
⚫ Distributed
• Java is designed for the distributed environment of the Internet, because
it handles TCP/IP protocols.
• Allows objects on two different computers to execute procedures
remotely by using package called Remote Method Invocation (RMI).

⚫ Architecture-Neutral
• Goal of java designers is “write once; run anywhere, any time,
forever.”
 Object Oriented Programming
Concepts
⚫ Objects
⚫ Classes
⚫ Data abstraction and Encapsulation
⚫ Inheritance
⚫ Polymorphism
⚫ Dynamic Binding
⚫ A class is collection of objects of similar type or it is a template.
Ex: fruit mango;

class object
⚫ Objects :are instances of the type class.

⚫ Encapsulation :The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit (

called class) is known as encapsulation. Data encapsulation is the most
striking features of a class.

⚫ Abstraction: refers to the act of representing essential features without

including the background details or explanations.

⚫ Inheritance: is the process by which objects of one class acquire the

properties of another class. The concept of inheritance provides the
reusability.
⚫ Polymorphism: It allows the single method to perform different actions
based on the parameters.

⚫ Dynamic Binding: When a method is called within a program, it associated

with the program at run time rather than at compile time is called dynamic
binding.
 Benefits of OOP
⚫ Through inheritance, we can eliminate redundant code and extend the use of
existing classes.

⚫ The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs.

⚫ It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects.

⚫ Object oriented system easily upgraded from small to large systems.

⚫ Software complexity can be easily managed.

 Applications of OOP
⚫ Real-time systems

⚫ Object-oriented databases

⚫ Neural networks and parallel programming

⚫ Decision support and office automation systems

⚫ Java is a pure oop or not ?

• By default java is not pure object oriented language.

• Java is called as Hybrid language.

• Pure oop languages are “small talk”, ”ruby”, “Eiffel”.

 Keywords
abstract continue goto package
synchronized

assert default if private this

boolean do implements protected

throw

break double import public

throws

byte else instanceOf return

transient

case extends int short try

catch final interface static

void

char finally long strictfp

 Operators

⚫ Arithmetic Operators
⚫ Bitwise Operators
⚫ Relational Operators
⚫ Boolean Logical Operators
 Arithmetic Operators(1)

Operator Result

+ Addition

– Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

% Modulus
 Arithmetic Operators(2)
Operator Result
++ Increment

+= Addition assignment

–= Subtraction
assignment

*= Multiplication
assignment

/= Division
assignment

%= Modulus
assignment
 Bitwise Operators(1)
• Bitwise operators can be applied to the integer types, long, int, short,
byte and char.
• These operators act upon the individual bits of their operands.

Operator Result

~ Bitwise unary NOT

& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
>> Shift right
>>> Shift right zero fill
<< Shift left
 Bitwise Operators(2)
Operator Result

&= Bitwise AND

assignment

|= Bitwise OR assignment

^= Bitwise exclusive OR
assignment

>>= Shift right assignment

>>>= Shift right zero fill

assignment

<<= Shift left assignment

 Relational Operators
⚫ The Relational operators determine the relationship that one operand has to
the other.
⚫ They determine equality and ordering.

Operator Result
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
 Boolean Logical Operators(1)
⚫ The Boolean logical operators operate only on boolean operands.
⚫ All of the binary logical operators combine two boolean values to form a
resultant boolean value.

Operator Result

& Logical AND

| Logical OR
^ Logical XOR (exclusive OR)
|| Short-circuit OR
&& Short-circuit AND
! Logical unary NOT
Operators in Java
 Data Types
⚫ Data types specify the different sizes and values that can be stored in
the variable. There are two types of data types in Java:

▪ Primitive data types: The primitive data types include boolean, char,
byte, short, int, long, float and double.

▪ Non-primitive data types: The non-primitive data types

include Classes, Interfaces and Arrays.
 Variable
⚫ A variable is a container which holds the value while the Java
program is executed. A variable is assigned with a data type.
⚫ It is a combination of "vary + able" which means its value can be
changed.
⚫ Variable is a name of memory location. There are three types of
variables in java:

1. Local Variable
2. Instance Variable
3. Static Variable
 Local Variable
⚫ A variable declared inside the body of the method is called local
variable. You can use this variable only within that method and the
other methods in the class aren't even aware that the variable exists.

⚫ A local variable cannot be defined with "static" keyword.

 Instance Variable
⚫ A variable declared inside the class but outside the body of the method,
is called an instance variable.

⚫ It is not declared as static.

⚫ It is called an instance variable because its value is instance-specific

and is not shared among instances.
 Static variable

⚫ A variable that is declared as static is called a static variable.

⚫ It cannot be local.

⚫ You can create a single copy of the static variable and share it among
all the instances of the class.

⚫ Memory allocation for static variables happens only once when the
class is loaded in the memory.
 Example
public class A
{
static int m=100;//static variable
void method()
{
int n=90;//local variable
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
int data=50;//instance variable
}
}//end of class
 Array
⚫ An array is a collection of similar type of elements which has
contiguous memory location.

⚫ Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type.

Additionally, The elements of an array are stored in a contiguous
memory location.

⚫ Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at

the 0th index, 2nd element is stored on 1st index and so on.
 Array …
⚫ Advantages
• Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can retrieve or
sort the data efficiently.
• Random access: We can get any data located at an index position.

⚫ Disadvantages
• Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the array. It
doesn't grow its size at runtime. To solve this problem, collection
framework is used in Java which grows automatically.
 Types of Array in Java

⚫ Single Dimensional Array

⚫ Multidimensional Array

⚫ Syntax to Declare an Array in Java :

dataType[] arr; (or)
dataType []arr; (or)
dataType arr[];

⚫ Instantiation of an Array in Java

arrayRefVar=new datatype[size];
 Example of Array
//Java Program to illustrate how to declare, instantiate, initialize
//and traverse the Java array.
class Testarray{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[]=new int[5];//declaration and instantiation
a[0]=10;//initialization
a[1]=20;
a[2]=70;
a[3]=40;
a[4]=50;
//traversing array
for(int i=0; i<a.length; i++)// length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}}
 Example of Array…
class Testarray1{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization
//printing array
for(int i=0; i<a.length; i++)//length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
}
 Methods
⚫ A method is a block of code or collection of statements or a set of code
grouped together to perform a certain task or operation.

⚫ Method is used to achieve the reusability of code. We write a method

once and use it many times. We do not require to write code again and
again.
⚫ It also provides the easy modification and readability of code, just by
adding or removing a chunk of code. The method is executed only
when we call or invoke it.
 Method Declaration
⚫ The method declaration provides information about method attributes,
such as visibility, return-type, name, and arguments.
⚫ It has six components that are known as method header.
⚫ Method Signature: Every method has a method signature. It is a part
of the method declaration. It includes the method
name and parameter list.
 Method Declaration

⚫ Access Specifier: It is the access type of the method. It specifies the

visibility of the method. Java provides four types of access specifier:

• Public: The method is accessible by all classes when we use public

specifier in our application.
• Private: When we use a private access specifier, the method is
accessible only in the classes in which it is defined.
• Protected: When we use protected access specifier, the method is
accessible within the same package or subclasses in a different package.
• Default: When we do not use any access specifier in the method
declaration, Java uses default access specifier by default. It is visible
only from the same package only.
 Method Declaration

⚫ Return Type: Return type is a data type that the method returns. It may
have a primitive data type, object, collection, void, etc. If the method
does not return anything, we use void keyword.
⚫ Method Name: It is a unique name that is used to define the name of a
method. It must be corresponding to the functionality of the method.
Suppose, if we are creating a method for subtraction of two numbers,
the method name must be subtraction(). A method is invoked by its
name.
⚫ Parameter List: It is the list of parameters separated by a comma and
enclosed in the pair of parentheses. It contains the data type and
variable name. If the method has no parameter, left the parentheses
blank.
⚫ Method Body: It is a part of the method declaration. It contains all the
actions to be performed. It is enclosed within the pair of curly braces.
 Types of Method

⚫ There are two types of methods in Java:

• Predefined Method
• User-defined Method

⚫ Predefined Method
• In Java, predefined methods are the method that is already defined in
the Java class libraries.
• It is also known as the standard library method or built-in method.
• We can directly use these methods just by calling them in the program
at any point. Some pre-defined methods are length(), equals(),
compareTo(), sqrt(), etc.
 Types of Method…

⚫ User-defined Method :
• This method written by the user or programmer.
• These methods are modified according to the requirement.

⚫ Static Method:
• A method that has static keyword is known as static method.
• We can also create a static method by using the keyword static before
the method name.
• The main advantage of a static method is that we can call it without
creating an object.
• It can access static data members and also change the value of it. It is
used to create an instance method. It is invoked by using the class
name.
• The best example of a static method is the main() method.
 Types of Method…

⚫ Instance Method :
• The method of the class is known as an instance method.
• It is a non-static method defined in the class.
• Before calling or invoking the instance method, it is necessary to create
an object of its class.

⚫ Abstract Method :
• The method that does not has method body is known as abstract
method.
• It always declares in the abstract class. It means the class itself must
be abstract if it has abstract method.
• To create an abstract method, we use the keyword abstract.
 Class in Java
⚫ A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a template
or blueprint from which objects are created. It is a logical entity. It can't be
physical.
⚫ A class in Java can contain:
• Fields
• Methods
• Constructors
• Blocks
• Nested class and interface

⚫ Syntax to declare a class:

class <class_name>
{
field;
method;
}
 Inheritance
⚫ Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all
the properties and behaviors of a parent object. It is an important part
of OOPs (Object Oriented programming system).

⚫ Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as

a parent-child relationship.

⚫ We can inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields
of the parent class. Moreover, we can add new methods and fields in
your current class also.

⚫ Suppose, there are two classes named Father and Child and we want to
inherit the properties of the Father class in the Child class. We can
achieve this by using the extends keyword.
 Inheritance
⚫ Why use inheritance in java
• For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved).
• For Code Reusability.

⚫ Terms used in Inheritance

⚫ Class: A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a
template or blueprint from which objects are created.

⚫ Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class which inherits the other class. It
is also called a derived class, extended class, or child class.

⚫ Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from where a subclass

inherits the features. It is also called a base class or a parent class.

⚫ Reusability: Reuse the fields and methods of the existing class when you
create a new class.
Programmer salary is:40000.0 Bonus of programmer is:10000

Example of Inheritance
class Employee
{
float salary=40000;
}
class Programmer extends Employee
{
int bonus=10000;
public static void main(String args[])
{
Programmer p=new Programmer();
System.out.println("Programmer salary is:"+p.salary);
System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer is:"+p.bonus
}
}
Output : Programmer salary is: 40000
Bonus of Programmer is:1000
Types of Inheritance
Types of Inheritance
 Interface
⚫ An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and
abstract methods.

⚫ The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can

be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method body. It is
used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java .

⚫ Java Interface also represents the IS-A relationship.

 Interface
⚫ Why use Java interface?

• It is used to achieve abstraction.

• By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple
inheritance.
• It can be used to achieve loose coupling.

⚫ Syntax
interface <interface_name>
{
// declare constant fields
// declare methods that abstract
// by default.
}
 Internal addition by the compiler

The Java compiler adds public and abstract keywords before the interface
method. Moreover, it adds public, static and final keywords before data
members.
 Example
interface printable
{
void print();
}
class A implements printable
{
public void print()
{
System.out.println("Hello");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
A obj = new A();
obj.print();
}
} OUTPUT : Hello
/Interface declaration: by first user
interface Drawable{
void draw();
}
//Implementation: by second user
class Rectangle implements Drawable{
public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
}
class Circle implements Drawable{
public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle");}
}
//Using interface: by third user
class TestInterface1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Drawable d=new Circle();
d.draw();
}} Output:drawing circle
 Multiple Inheritance in Interface
⚫ Multiple inheritance is not supported in the case of class because of
ambiguity.
⚫ It is supported in case of an interface because there is no ambiguity. It is
because its implementation is provided by the implementation class.
 Example
interface Printable
•Printable and Showable interface have
{
same methods but its implementation is
void print(); } provided by class TestTnterface1, so there
interface Showable is no ambiguity.
{ • OUTPUT: Hello
void show(); } Welcome
class TestInterface implements Printable,Showable
{
public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
public static void main(String args[])
{
TestInterface obj = new TestInterface();
obj.print();
obj.show();
} }
 Interface inheritance
⚫ A class implements an interface, but one interface extends another interface.
Ex-
interface Printable{
void print(); }
interface Showable extends Printable{
void show(); }

class TestInterface4 implements Showable{

public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
public static void main(String args[]){
TestInterface4 obj = new TestInterface4();
obj.print();
obj.show(); Output- Hello
}
Welcome
}
Nested Interface in Java

⚫ An interface can have another interface which is known as a nested

interface. Ex-

interface printable
{
void print();
interface MessagePrintable
{
void msg();
}
}
 Java 8 Default Method in Interface
⚫ Since Java 8, we can have method body in interface. But we need to make it default or
static method. Ex-

interface Drawable{
void draw();
default void msg()
{ System.out.println("default method");
}}
class Rectangle implements Drawable
{
public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
}
class TestInterfaceDefault
{
public static void main(String args[]){
Drawable d=new Rectangle();
d.draw();
d.msg();
}} OUTPUT: drawing rectangle
default method
 Java 8 Static Method in Interface
interface Drawable{
void draw();
static int cube(int x)
{return x*x*x;}
}
class Rectangle implements Drawable{
public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
}
class TestInterfaceStatic
{
public static void main(String args[]){
Drawable d=new Rectangle();
d.draw();
System.out.println(Drawable.cube(3)); OUTPUT:drawing rectagle
}} 27
marker or tagged interface

⚫ An interface which has no member is known as a marker or tagged

interface
⚫ Example, Serializable, Cloneable, Remote, etc.
⚫ They are used to provide some essential information to
the JVM so that JVM may perform some useful
operation.

//How Serializable interface is written?

public interface Serializable{
}
Abstract class in Java

⚫ Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and

showing only functionality to the user.

⚫ A class which is declared with the abstract keyword is known as an

abstract class in Java.

⚫ It can have abstract and non-abstract methods (method with the

body).

⚫ Ways to achieve Abstraction:

• Abstract class (0 to 100%)
• Interface (100%)
Points to Remember

⚫ An abstract class must be declared with an abstract keyword.

⚫ It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
⚫ It cannot be instantiated.
⚫ It can have constructors and static methods also.
⚫ It can have final methods which will force the subclass not to change
the body of the method.

⚫ Example of abstract class

abstract class A{}
⚫ Example of abstract method
abstract void printStatus();//no method body and abstract
Example
abstract class Bike
{
abstract void run();
}
class Honda4 extends Bike
{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely");}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Bike obj = new Honda4();
obj.run();
}
}
OUTPUT: running safely
interface A{
void a(); class Test5
void b();
{
public static void main(String args[])
void c();
{
void d(); A a=new M();
} a.a();
abstract class B implements A a.b();
{ a.c();
public void c(){System.out.println("I am c");} a.d();
}}
}
class M extends B
{
OUTPUT: I am a
public void a(){System.out.println("I am a");}
I am b
public void b(){System.out.println("I am b");}
I am c
public void d(){System.out.println("I am d");} I am d
}
Difference between Abstract class and
Interface
Method Overloading in Java

⚫ If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in

parameters, it is known as Method Overloading.

⚫ Advantage of method overloading

• Method overloading increases the readability of the program.

⚫ Different ways to overload the method: There are three ways to

overload the method in java

• Based on the number of parameters

• Based on the data type of the parameter
• Based on the sequence of data types in parameters
 Method Overloading: changing no.
of arguments
⚫ In this example, we are creating static methods so that we don't need to create instance for
calling methods.

class Adder{
static int add(int a,int b)
{return a+b;}
static int add(int a,int b,int c)
{return a+b+c;}
}
class TestOverloading1{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11,11));
}} OUTPUT:22
33
Method Overloading: Based on the
data type of the parameter
class Adder{
static int add(int a, int b){return a+b;}
static double add(double a, double b){return a+b;}
}
class TestOverloading2{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
System.out.println(Adder.add(12.3,12.6));
}}
OUTPUT : 22
24.9
 Method Overloading: Based on the
sequence of data types in
parameters
class DispOvrload {
public void show(char ch, int numb)
{
System.out.println ("The 'show method' is defined for the first time."); }
public void show(int numb, char ch)
{
System.out.println ("The 'show method' is defined for the second time." ); } }
class Main
{ public static void main (String args[] )
{
DispOvrload o1 = new DispOvrload();
o1.show('G', 62);
o1.show(46, 'S');
}}

OUTPUT: The 'show method' is defined for the first time.

The 'show method' is defined for the second time.
Why Method Overloading is not
possible by changing the return type
of method only?
⚫ In java, method overloading is not possible by changing the return
type of the method only because of ambiguity.

class Adder{
static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
static double add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
}
class TestOverloading3{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));//ambiguity
}}
OUTPUT: Compile Time Error: method add(int,int) is already
defined in class Adder
 Can we overload java main()
method?

⚫ Yes, by method overloading. You can have any number of main methods in a
class by method overloading. But JVM calls main() method which receives
string array [] as arguments only.
⚫ EX:
class TestOverloading4
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{System.out.println("main with String[]");}
public static void main(String args)
{System.out.println("main with String");}
public static void main()
{System.out.println("main without args");}
} OUTPUT: main with String[]
Method Overloading and Type
Promotion
⚫ One type is promoted to another implicitly if no matching datatype is found.
⚫ Example of Method Overloading with TypePromotion

class OverloadingCalculation1
{
void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println(a+b);}
void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);}

public static void main(String args[]){

OverloadingCalculation1 obj=new OverloadingCalculation1();
obj.sum(20,20);//now second int literal will be promoted to long
obj.sum(20,20,20);
} }
Output: 40
60
Example of Method Overloading
with Type Promotion if matching
found
⚫ If there are matching type arguments in the method, type promotion is not
performed.
class OverloadingCalculation2
{
void sum(int a,int b)
{System.out.println("int arg method invoked");}
void sum(long a,long b)
{System.out.println("long arg method invoked");}

public static void main(String args[])

{
OverloadingCalculation2 obj=new OverloadingCalculation2();
obj.sum(20,20);//now int arg sum() method gets invoked
}
}
OUTPUT: "int arg method invoked
Example of Method Overloading
with Type Promotion in case of
ambiguity
⚫ If there are no matching type arguments in the method, and each method
promotes similar number of arguments, there will be ambiguity.

class OverloadingCalculation3{
void sum(int a,long b)
{System.out.println("a method invoked");}
void sum(long a,int b)
{System.out.println("b method invoked");}

public static void main(String args[])

{
OverloadingCalculation3 obj=new OverloadingCalculation3();
obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity
}
}
Output:Compile Time
Error
 Advantages & Disadvantages of
Method Overloading
⚫ Advantages of Method Overloading
• It is used to perform a task efficiently with smartness in programming.
• It increases the readability of the program.
• The Method overloading allows methods that perform proximately related
functions to be accessed using a common name with slight variation in
argument number or types.
• They can also be implemented on constructors allowing different ways to
initialize objects of a class.
⚫ Disadvantages of Method Overloading
• It's esoteric. Not very easy for the beginner to opt this programming
technique and go with it.
• It requires more significant effort spent on designing the architecture (i.e.,
the arguments' type and number) to up front, at least if programmers' want to
avoid massive code from rewriting.
Method Overriding in Java

⚫ If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent
class, it is known as method overriding in Java.
⚫ If a subclass provides the specific implementation of the method that
has been declared by one of its parent class, it is known as method
overriding.

⚫ Usage of Java Method Overriding

• Method overriding is used to provide the specific implementation of a

method which is already provided by its superclass.
• Method overriding is used for runtime polymorphism
Rules for Java Method Overriding

⚫ The method must have the same name as

in the parent class
⚫ The method must have the same
parameter as in the parent class.
⚫ There must be an IS-A relationship
(inheritance).
 Example of method overriding
⚫ In this example, we have defined the run method in the subclass as defined in the parent class
but it has some specific implementation.
⚫ The name and parameter of the method are the same, and there is IS-A relationship between the
classes, so there is method overriding.

class Vehicle
{
void run(){System.out.println("Vehicle is running");} //defining a method
}
class Bike2 extends Vehicle //Creating a child class
{
void run(){System.out.println("Bike is running safely"); //defining the same method
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike2 obj = new Bike2(); //creating object
obj.run(); //calling method
}
}
OUTPUT: Bike is running safely
Point to be remember
⚫ Can we override static method?
• No, a static method cannot be overridden.

⚫ Why can we not override static method?

• It is because the static method is bound with class whereas instance
method is bound with an object. Static belongs to the class area, and an
instance belongs to the heap area.

⚫ Can we override java main method?

• No, because the main is a static method.
 Example
⚫ Java Method Overloading • Java Method Overriding
class Animal
{
class OverloadingExample
void eat()
{ {System.out.println("eating...");}
static int add(int a,int b) }
{return a+b;}
class Dog extends Animal{
static int add(int a,int b,int c)
void eat(){System.out.println("eating bread...");}
{return a+b+c;}
} }
Difference between method
overloading and method overriding
in java
Polymorphism in Java

⚫ Polymorphism in Java is a concept by which we can perform a single action

in different ways.
⚫ Polymorphism is derived from 2 Greek words: poly and morphs. The word
"poly" means many and "morphs" means forms. So polymorphism means
many forms.
⚫ There are two types of polymorphism in Java:
1. compile-time polymorphism (Static polymorphism)
2. runtime polymorphism. (Dynamic polymorphism)

• We can perform polymorphism in java by method overloading and

method overriding.
⚫ If you overload a static method in Java, it is the example of
compile time polymorphism.
compile-time polymorphism
⚫ Polymorphism that is resolved during compiler time is known as static
polymorphism.
⚫ Method overloading is an example of compile time polymorphism.
class SimpleCalculator
{ int add(int a, int b)
{ return a+b; }
int add(int a, int b, int c)
{ return a+b+c; } }
public class Demo
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ SimpleCalculator obj = new SimpleCalculator();
System.out.println(obj.add(10, 20));
System.out.println(obj.add(10, 20, 30));
}}
class SimpleCalculator{
int add (int a, int b)
{ return a+b; }
int add (int a, int b, int c)
{ return a+b+c; }
}
public class Demo {
public static void main(String args[])
{
SimpleCalculator obj = new SimpleCalculator();
System.out.println(obj.add(10, 20));
System.out.println (obj.add(10, 20, 30));
}}
OUTPUT: 30
60
Runtime Polymorphism in Java

⚫ Runtime polymorphism or Dynamic Method Dispatch is a process

in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather
than compile-time.
⚫ Method overriding is an example of compile time polymorphism.
⚫ In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference
variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to be called is
based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.
String Handling

⚫ String is a sequence of characters. But in java, string is an object.

⚫ In java, string is basically an immutable object.
⚫ String class is used to create string object.
⚫ String Handling provides a lot of concepts that can be performed on a
string such as concatenating string, comparing string , substring etc.

⚫ Ex: char[] ch={'j','a','v','a','t','p','o','i','n','t'};

String s=new String(ch);

⚫ Ex: String s="javatpoint";

How to create a string object?

⚫ There are two ways to create String object:

• By string literal
• By new keyword
String Literal

⚫ Java String literal is created by using double quotes.

⚫ Ex: String s="welcome";
⚫ String objects are stored in a special memory area known as the
"string constant pool”.
⚫ Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string
constant pool" first.
⚫ If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created
and placed in the pool.
⚫ If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance
is returned.
String Literal

⚫ Example:
String s1="Welcome";
String s2="Welcome";//It doesn't create a new instance
String Literal

⚫ In the given example, only one object will be created.

⚫ Firstly, JVM will not find any string object with the value "Welcome"
in string constant pool that is why it will create a new object.

⚫ After that it will find the string with the value "Welcome" in the pool, it
will not create a new object but will return the reference to the same
instance.

⚫ To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are

created if it exists already in the string constant pool).
 By new keyword

⚫ String s=new String("Welcome");

⚫ In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool) heap
memory.

⚫ The literal "Welcome" will be placed in the string constant pool.

⚫ The variable s will refer to the object in a heap (non-pool).

 Example
public class StringExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1="java";//creating string by Java string literal
char ch[]={'s','t','r','i','n','g','s'};
String s2=new String(ch);//converting char array to string
String s3=new String("example");//creating Java string by new keyword
System.out.println (s1);
System.out.println (s2);
System.out.println (s3);
}}
OUTPUT: java
strings
example
 Immutable String in Java

⚫ In Java, String objects are immutable. Immutable simply means

unmodifiable or unchangeable.

⚫ A String is an unavoidable type of variable while writing any application

program. String references are used to store various attributes like username,
password, etc.

⚫ Once String object is created its data or state can't be changed but a new String
object is created.
 Example
class Testimmutablestring
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s="Sachin";
s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end
System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects

} }

⚫ OUTPUT: Sachin
Example
Ex 2:
class Testimmutablestring1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s="Sachin";
s=s.concat(" Tendulkar");
System.out.println(s);
}
}
OUTPUT: Sachin Tendulkar
String comparison in JAVA

⚫ We can compare String in Java on the basis of content and reference.

⚫ It is used in authentication (by equals() method), sorting (by

compareTo() method), reference matching (by == operator) etc.

⚫ There are three ways to compare String in Java:

• By Using equals() Method
• By Using == Operator
• By compareTo() Method
By Using equals() Method

⚫ equals() method compares the original content of the string. It compares

values of string for equality. String class provides the following two
methods:

• public boolean equals(Object another) compares this string to the

specified object.
• public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String another) compares this
string to another string, ignoring case.
 By Using equals() Method

Teststringcomparison1.java Teststringcomparison2.java
class Teststringcomparison1{ class Teststringcomparison2{
public static void main(String args[]) public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="Sachin";
{
String s2="SACHIN";
String s1="Sachin";
String s2="Sachin"; System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));//false
String s3=new String("Sachin"); System.out.println(s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2));//true
String s4="Saurav"; }
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));//true }
System.out.println(s1.equals(s3));//true
System.out.println(s1.equals(s4));//false OUTPUT: false
true
} }
OUTPUT: true
true
false
 By Using == operator

⚫ The == operator compares references not values.

⚫ EX:
class Teststringcomparison3
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1="Sachin";
String s2="Sachin";
String s3=new String("Sachin");
System.out.println(s1==s2);//true (because both refer to same instance)
System.out.println(s1==s3);//false(because s3 refers to instance created in nonpool)
}
}
By Using compareTo() method

⚫ The String class compareTo() method compares values

lexicographically and returns an integer value that describes if first
string is less than, equal to or greater than second string.

⚫ Suppose s1 and s2 are two String objects. If:

• s1 == s2 : The method returns 0.
• s1 > s2 : The method returns a positive value.
• s1 < s2 : The method returns a negative value.
By Using compareTo() method
class Teststringcomparison4{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1="Sachin";
String s2="Sachin";
String s3="Ratan";
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s2));//0
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s3));//1(because s1>s3)
System.out.println(s3.compareTo(s1));//-1(because s3 < s1 )
}
}
String Concatenation in Java

⚫ In Java, String concatenation forms a new String that is the

combination of multiple strings.

⚫ There are two ways to concatenate strings in Java:

• By + (String concatenation) operator
• By concat() method
By + (String concatenation) operator

⚫ Java String concatenation operator (+) is used to add strings. For

Example:

TestStringConcatenation1.java
class TestStringConcatenation1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s="Sachin"+" Tendulkar";
System.out.println(s);//Sachin Tendulkar
}
}
 Example
class TestStringConcatenation2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s=50+30+"Sachin"+40+40;
System.out.println(s);
}
}

OUTPUT: 80Sachin4040

⚫ After a string literal, all the + will be treated as string concatenation

operator.
By concat() method

Ex 2:
class Testimmutablestring1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s="Sachin";
s=s.concat(" Tendulkar");
System.out.println(s);
}
}
OUTPUT: Sachin Tendulkar
Substring in Java

⚫ A part of String is called substring. In other words, substring is a

subset of another String.
⚫ We can get substring from the given String object by one of the two
methods:

1. public String substring(int startIndex):

2. public String substring(int startIndex, int endIndex):

⚫ startIndex: inclusive
⚫ endIndex: exclusive
 Example
public class TestSubstring{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s="SachinTendulkar";
System.out.println("Original String: " + s);
System.out.println("Substring starting from index 6: " +s.substring(6));
System.out.println("Substring starting from index 0 to 6: "+s.substring(0,6));
}
}

OUTPUT: Tendulkr
Sachin
Length of String
⚫ The java string length() method finds the length of the string. It returns
count of total number of characters.
⚫ EX:
public class LengthExample
{
public static void main(String args [])
{
String s1="Hello World";
System.out.println("string length is:" +s1.length());
}
}
OUTPUT: string length is: 11
Java String Methods

⚫ String charAt()
⚫ String replace()
⚫ String concat()String contains()
⚫ String endsWith()
⚫ String equals()
⚫ equalsIgnoreCase()
⚫ String format()
⚫ String getBytes()
⚫ String getChars()
⚫ String indexOf()
⚫ String intern()
⚫ String isEmpty()
⚫ String join()
⚫ String lastIndexOf()
 Java String toUpperCase() and
toLowerCase() method
public class Stringoperation1
{
public static void main(String arg[])
{
String s="Sachin";
System.out.println(s.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(s.toLowerCase());
System.out.println(s);
}
}
OUTPUT: SACHIN
sachin
Sachin
 Java String trim() method
⚫ The String class trim() method eliminates white spaces before and after the
String. EX:

public class StringTrimExample

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1=" hello string ";
System.out.println(s1);
System.out.println(s1.trim());
}
}

OUTPUT: hello string

hello string
Java String charAt()

⚫ The Java String class charAt() method returns a char value at the
given index number.
⚫ EX:
public class CharAtExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String name="javateam";
char ch=name.charAt(4);//returns the char value at the 4th index
System.out.println(ch);
}}

OUTPUT: t
 Java String replace()
⚫ The Java String class replace() method returns a string replacing all the old
char or CharSequence to new char or CharSequence.
⚫ Ex:
public class ReplaceExample1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1="java is a very good language";
String replaceString=s1.replace('a','e');//replaces all occurrences of 'a' to '
System.out.println(replaceString);
}}

⚫ OUTPUT: jeve is e very good lenguege

Java StringBuffer Class

⚫ Java StringBuffer class is used to create mutable (modifiable) String

objects.
⚫ Important Constructors of StringBuffer Class:
• StringBuffer() : It creates an empty String buffer with the initial
capacity of 16.
• StringBuffer(String str): It creates a String buffer with the specified
string.
• StringBuffer(int capacity): It creates an empty String buffer with the
specified capacity as length.
Java StringBuffer
⚫ This class contains public methods which are Synchronized.
⚫ The public method that can’t be used at the same time or
simultaneously in different threads is known as Synchronized
Methods.
⚫ when using the StringBuffer class, we can ensure the thread safety in
our system.
Important methods of StringBuffer
class
⚫ append(String s):It is used to append the specified string with this
string. The append() method is overloaded like append(char),
append(boolean), append(int), append(float), append(double) etc.
⚫ insert(int offset, String s):It is used to insert the specified string with
this string at the specified position. The insert() method is overloaded
like insert(int, char), insert(int, boolean), insert(int, int), insert(int,
float), insert(int, double) etc.
⚫ replace(int startIndex, int endIndex, String str):It is used to replace
the string from specified startIndex and endIndex.
⚫ delete(int startIndex, int endIndex):It is used to delete the string from
specified startIndex and endIndex.
⚫ reverse():is used to reverse the string.
⚫ capacity():It is used to return the current capacity.
Important methods of StringBuffer
class…
⚫ ensureCapacity(int minimumCapacity):It is used to ensure the
capacity at least equal to the given minimum.
⚫ charAt(int index):It is used to return the character at the specified
position.
⚫ intlength():It is used to return the length of the string i.e. total number
of characters.
⚫ Stringsubstring(int beginIndex):It is used to return the substring from
the specified beginIndex.
⚫ Stringsubstring(int beginIndex, int endIndex):It is used to return the
substring from the specified beginIndex and endIndex.
StringBuffer Class append()
Method
Example
class StringBufferExample{
public static void main(String args[])
{
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer("Hello ");
sb.append("Java");//now original string is changed
System.out.println(sb);
}
}

OUTPUT: Hello Java

Difference between String and
StringBuffer
Java StringBuilder Class

⚫ Java StringBuilder class is used to create mutable (modifiable) String.

The Java StringBuilder class is same as StringBuffer class except that
it is non-synchronized.
⚫ Important Constructors of StringBuilder class

• StringBuilder(): It creates an empty String Builder with the initial

capacity of 16.
• StringBuilder(String str): It creates a String Builder with the specified
string.
• StringBuilder(int length): It creates an empty String Builder with the
specified capacity as length.
Important methods of StringBuilder
class
⚫ public StringBuilder append(String s): It is used to append the
specified string with this string. The append() method is overloaded like
append(char), append(boolean), append(int), append(float),
append(double) etc.
⚫ public StringBuilder insert(int offset, String s):It is used to insert the
specified string with this string at the specified position. The insert()
method is overloaded like insert(int, char), insert(int, boolean),
insert(int, int), insert(int, float), insert(int, double) etc.
⚫ public StringBuilder replace(int startIndex, int endIndex, String
str):It is used to replace the string from specified startIndex and
endIndex.
⚫ public StringBuilder delete(int startIndex, int endIndex):It is used
to delete the string from specified startIndex and endIndex.
Important methods of StringBuilder
class
⚫ public StringBuilder reverse()It is used to reverse the string.public int
capacity(). It is used to return the current capacity.
⚫ public void ensureCapacity(int minimumCapacity): It is used to
ensure the capacity at least equal to the given minimum.
⚫ public char charAt(int index): It is used to return the character at the
specified position.
⚫ public int length(): It is used to return the length of the string i.e. total
number of characters.
⚫ public String substring(int beginIndex): It is used to return the
substring from the specified beginIndex.
Java StringBuilder Examples

⚫ StringBuilder append() method Ex:

class StringBuilderExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
StringBuilder sb=new StringBuilder("Hello ");
sb.append("Java");//now original string is changed
System.out.println(sb);
}
}

OUTPUT: Hello Java

Difference between
String,StringBuffer and
StringBuilder
 Package
⚫ A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and
sub-packages.

⚫ Package in java can be categorized in two form:-

1. Built-in package (java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql etc.)
2. user-defined package.
 Advantage of Java Package
⚫ Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they can
be easily maintained.
⚫ Java package provides access protection.
⚫ Java package removes naming collision.
 Example of Java Package
⚫ The package keyword is used to create a package in java.
⚫ The -d is a switch that tells the compiler where to put the class file i.e. it represents
destination. The . represents the current folder.

//save as Simple.java
package mypack;
public class Simple
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Welcome to package");
}
}

⚫ Compile java package :- javac -d . Simple.java

⚫ Run Java package :- java mypack.Simple
⚫ Output :- Welcome to package
 Package
⚫ There are three ways to access the package from outside the package.

1. import package.*;
2. import package.classname;
3. fully qualified name.
Output:Hello

Using packagename.*

⚫ If you use package.* then all the classes and interfaces of this package will
be accessible but not subpackages.
⚫ The import keyword is used to make the classes and interface of another
package accessible to the current package.

//save by A.java //save by B.java

package pack; package mypack;
public class A import pack.*;
{ class B
public void msg() {
{ public static void main(String args[])
System.out.println("Hello"); {
} A obj = new A();
} obj.msg();
}
}
Output - Hello
 Using packagename.classname

⚫ If you import package.classname then only declared class of this package

will be accessible.

//save by A.java //save by B.java

package pack; package mypack;
public class A import pack.A;
{ class B
public void msg() {
{ public static void main(String args[])
System.out.println("Hello"); {
} A obj = new A();
} obj.msg();
}
}

Output - Hello
 Using fully qualified name
⚫ If you use fully qualified name then only declared class of this package will
be accessible.
⚫ Now there is no need to import.
⚫ But you need to use fully qualified name every time when you are
accessing the class or interface.
//save by B.java
//save by A.java
package mypack;
package pack;
class B
public class A{
{
public void msg()
public static void main(String args[])
{
{
System.out.println("Hello");
pack.A obj = new pack.A();//using fully qualified name
}
obj.msg();
}
}
}

Output - Hello
 Exception Handling
▪ Exception
⚫ Exception is an abnormal condition that arises at run time.
⚫ Event that disrupts the normal flow of the program.
⚫ It is an object which is thrown at runtime.

▪ Exception Handling
⚫ Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such as
ClassNotFoundException, IOException, SQLException,
RemoteException, etc.
⚫ Maintain the normal flow of the application.
⚫ It is an object which is thrown at runtime.
⚫ Exception Handling done with the exception object
 Types of Errors
⚫ Syntax Errors- arise because the rules of the language have not been
followed. They are detected by the compiler.

⚫ Runtime Errors- occur while the program is running, if the

environment detects an operation that is impossible to carry out.

⚫ Logic Errors- occur when a program doesn't perform the way it was
intended to.
 Types of Java Exceptions

⚫ The sun microsystem says there are three types of exceptions

1. Checked Exception- are checked at compile time

2. Unchecked – are not checked at compile –time rather they are
checked at run time .
3. Error
Exception Classes
Exception Handling Terms
⚫ try - The "try" keyword is used to specify a block where we should
place an exception code. The try block must be followed by either catch
or finally.
⚫ Catch - The "catch" block is used to handle the exception. It must be
preceded by try block which means we can't use catch block alone. It
can be followed by finally block later.
⚫ finally - The "finally" block is used to execute the necessary code of
the program. It is executed whether an exception is handled or not.
⚫ throw - The "throw" keyword is used to throw an exception.
⚫ throws - The "throws" keyword is used to declare exceptions. It
specifies that there may occur an exception in the method. It doesn't
throw an exception. It is always used with method signature.
 Example (try, catch)
public class JavaExceptionExample{
public static void main(String args[])
{ try{
//code that may raise exception
int data=100/0;
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{System.out.println(e);}
//rest code of the program
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
Output:-Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero
rest of the code...
 Multi-catch block

⚫ If more than one exception can occur, then we

use multiple catch blocks.

⚫ When an exception is thrown, each catch

statement is inspected in order, and the first one
whose type matches that of the exception is
executed.

⚫ After one catch statement executes,the others

are bypassed
 Example try, catch and finally
class TestFinallyBlock {
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
//below code do not throw any exception
int data=25/5;
System.out.println(data);
}
//catch won't be executed Output: 5
catch(NullPointerException e) Finally block is always executed
{ rest of the code
System.out.println(e);
}
//executed regardless of exception occurred or not
finally {
System.out.println("finally block is always executed");
}
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
 throw keyword
⚫ The Java throw keyword is used to throw an exception explicitly.
⚫ Syntax
throw new exception_class("error message");
eg.:- throw new IOException("sorry device error");

⚫ throw either checked or unchecked exceptions in Java by throw

keyword. It is mainly used to throw a custom exception.
Example1: Throwing Unchecked Exception
public class TestThrow1
{ //function to check if person is eligible to vote or not
public static void validate(int age)
{
if(age<18)
{ //throw Arithmetic exception if not eligible to vote
throw new ArithmeticException("Person is not eligible to vote");
}
else {
System.out.println("Person is eligible to vote!!");
}
}
//main method
public static void main(String args[])
{
//calling the function
validate(13);
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
 throws keyword
⚫ Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception
⚫ It gives an information to the programmer that there may occur an
exception.
⚫ it is better for the programmer to provide the exception handling code
so that the normal flow of the program can be maintained.

⚫ Syntax of Java throws

return_type method_name() throws exception_ class_name
{
//method code
}
Difference between final, finally
and finalize
Thank You