Problem Statement - 1
(Blinking LEDs in combination with some delay)
Code:
// Variable and pins declared and initialized
int led_red = 8; // the red LED is connected to Pin 8 of the Arduino
int led_yellow = 9; // the yellow LED is connected to Pin 9 of the Arduino
int led_green = 10; // the green LED is connected to Pin 10 of the Arduino
void setup()
// This loop repeats only once
{
// set up all the LEDs as OUTPUT
pinMode(led_red, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led_yellow, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led_green, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);// begin communication
}
void loop()
// This loop repeats continuously
{
// turn the green LED on and the other LEDs off
digitalWrite(led_red, LOW);
digitalWrite(led_yellow, LOW);
digitalWrite(led_green, HIGH);
Serial.println("Green light is ON");
delay(2000); // wait 2 seconds
// turn the yellow LED on and the other LEDs off
digitalWrite(led_red, LOW);
digitalWrite(led_yellow, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led_green, LOW);
Serial.println("Yellow light is ON");
delay(1000); // wait 1 second
// turn the red LED on and the other LEDs off
digitalWrite(led_red, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led_yellow, LOW);
digitalWrite(led_green, LOW);
Serial.println("Red light is ON");
delay(3000); // wait 3 seconds
}
Link- Problem_Statements_1
Problem Statement - 2
(Measure the distance of an object/wall using the ultrasonic sensor)
Code:
// Pin
const int trigPin = 4; // Trigger pin of ultrasonic sensor
const int echoPin = 5; // Echo pin of ultrasonic sensor
// Variables to store the duration and distance
long duration;
int distance;
void setup() {
// Start serial communication for monitoring
Serial.begin(9600);
// Set the pin modes
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Set the trigger pin as output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Set the echo pin as input
}
void loop() {
// Clear the trigger pin
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Send a pulse to the trigger pin
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10); // Pulse duration
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
// Read the pulse duration from the echo pin
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
// Calculate the distance in centimeters
distance = duration * 0.0344 / 2;
// Print the distance to the Serial Monitor
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" cm");
delay(500);
}
Link- Problem_statements_2
Problem Statement - 3
(Control the DC motor using the Ultrasonic sensor data (using Digital PIN))
Note: For real-time, we have to use an H-bridge motor driver L298N to control the motor.
Code:
// pin numbers
const int triggerPin = 2; // Trigger pin for ultrasonic sensor
const int echoPin = 4; // Echo pin for ultrasonic sensor
const int motorPin = 12; // Pin to control the DC motor
void setup()
{
// pin modes
pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT); // Set motor control pin as output
pinMode(triggerPin, OUTPUT); // Set trigger pin as output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Set echo pin as input
// Start serial communication
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
long duration; // Duration of the pulse from the sensor
long distance; // Calculated distance in cm
// Trigger the ultrasonic sensor
digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(triggerPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);
// Read the pulse duration from the echo pin
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
// Convert duration to distance in centimeters
distance = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);
// If the object is more then 40 cm, turn motor ON
if (distance >= 40)
{
digitalWrite(motorPin, HIGH); // Turn on the motor
}
else
{
digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW); // Turn off the motor
}
// Print the distance
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" cm");
delay(500); // Delay
}
// Function to convert microseconds to centimeters
long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds)
{
return microseconds / 29 / 2;
}
Link- Problem_Statements_3
Problem Statement - 4
(Control the DC motor using the Ultrasonic sensor data (using PWM PIN))
Code:
// pin numbers
const int triggerPin = 2; // Trigger pin for ultrasonic sensor
const int echoPin = 4; // Echo pin for ultrasonic sensor
const int motorPin = 9; // PWM pin to control the DC motor speed
void setup()
{
pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(triggerPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
long duration;
long distance;
// Trigger the ultrasonic sensor
digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(triggerPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);
// Read echo duration
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);
// Map distance (40–100 cm) to PWM value (0–255)
int motorSpeed = 0;
if (distance >= 30) {
motorSpeed = map(distance, 30, 100, 100, 255); // Increase speed with distance
motorSpeed = constrain(motorSpeed, 0, 255); // Ensure within 0–255
} else {
motorSpeed = 0; // Too close, stop motor
}
analogWrite(motorPin, motorSpeed); // Control motor speed via PWM
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(" cm | Motor Speed: ");
Serial.println(motorSpeed);
delay(500);
}
long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds)
{
return microseconds / 29 / 2;
}
Link- Problem_statements_4
