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What is CARTOGRAPHY?

Introduction to
cartography
Chartis Graphein CARTOGRAPHY
MAP WRITE

 Cartography is defined as the ART and SCIENCE of map-making.

 It has evolved with the advancement of technology and the demands of new
generations of mapmakers and map users.

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Tools and Equipment in Mapping

Tools and Equipment in Mapping
• Manual Mapping and Sketching • Computerized Mapping

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Tools and Equipment in Mapping What is a MAP?

• Production and Reproduction • Derived from the Latin word “mappa”

• A graphical representation of all or a portion of the Earth

surface or other celestial body, by means of signs and
symbols or photographic imagery at some given scale or
projection, to which lettering is added for identification.

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Mapping problems

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1:20,000
Representative fraction

One cm equals one kilometer

Verbal scale

Scale bar or graphical scale

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15 Credit: Cary Anderson, Penn State University, Data Source: Natural Earth, Esri (basemap from ArcGIS). 16

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Advantages of maps
• Maps are more objective and more efficient than verbal
descriptions
• A map makes it simpler to visualize and understand spatial
patterns.
• Maps can be useful sources of data and can give a historical
perspective.
• Maps can be used to solve complex problems.

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Limitations of map Classification of maps

• No map is ever completely accurate or complete. 1. Planimetric Map
• No map can show all features present on the surface of the 2. Topographic Maps
actual area. 3. Thematic Maps
• Good maps show the features that are relevant and focuses 4. Computer generated maps
less on other features.
5. Photomaps

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Planimetric Map Topographic Map

• is a representation of the Earth’s surface • Representation of the Earth’s
in the two horizontal dimensions only. surface in three dimensions.
• It shows the same features
• Shows the correct horizonal position of as planimetric maps and
natural and man-made features such as
buildings, roads, bodies of water, and
indicates relief.
vegetation

• Useful in indicating locations, horizontal

distances, and in finding directions

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Thematic Map Computer-Generated Maps

• Deals with a specific theme or subject. • In essence, the objective is to replace
• The data is frequently in the form of draftsmen with computer-controlled
statistical information and can be equipment and produce maps more
plotted in map form rather than graph quickly and of many varied forms.
form
• Used to emphasize single topic such as
population, crop production etc.

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Photomaps Photomaps
• A reproduction of an aerial • Advantage: (1) speed in preparation
photograph or a mosaic on which and production
grid lines, contours, boundaries, • (2) provides the user an actual
placenames, and marginal picture of the terrain surface
information have been added or
overprinted is called a photomap.

• Any picture of the earth’s surface in

photographic form can be
considered as a photomap.
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Elements/parts
of a map
1. Data frame (map frame)
2. Map legend 1
3. Map title 7
4. North Arrow
5. Map scale
Elements of MAP 6. Metadata (or Map citation)
7. Border (neatline)
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8. Inset (or locator) map

9. Grid and Index (or Tick Marks 2 3 8
and Index) 4
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Elements/parts Elements/parts
of a map of a map
Data Frame
1. Data Frame 1. Map Legend
• most important and central focus of • Serves as the decoder for the
the map document. symbology in the data frame
• Also referred as Map Frame • Also known as Map Key.
• Where actual map data is displayed

Legend

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Elements/parts Elements/parts
of a map of a map
3. Map Title 4. North Arrow
• It is the keyword that grabs the • Purpose: is to give map orientation
reader’s attention. • This allows the viewer to determine
the direction of the map as it relates
to due north.

Map Title
North Arrow

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Elements/parts Elements/parts
of a map of a map
5. Map Scale 6. Map Citation
• explains the relationship of the data • constitutes the metadata of the
frame extent to the real world. map.
• Distance and scale can be • This is the area where explanatory
indicated in various ways on a map data about the data sources and
in verbal, numeric, or graphic form. currency, map projection
information and any caveats can be
added.

Map Scale Map Citation

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Elements/parts Elements/parts
of a map of a map
7. Map Border 8. Inset Map
• Also known as neatline • The inset map is a smaller map that
• Purpose: purely for aesthetic Map Border is shown to help provide
reasons geographic context to the map
• A map border can be used to serve reader.
as a visual containment for all the
elements of a map

Inset Map

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Elements/parts
of a map
9. Map Grid/Tick Marks
• A map’s grid is a series of
imaginary horizontal and vertical
lines drawn onto the map.
• These lines may represent actual

Map Colors
latitudes and longitudes or they
may just split the map into smaller Tick Marks
parts.
• Grid lines will be labeled at one end
or each end.

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Colors Used in Maps Map Colors

• Color is a very useful attribute to depict different features on a map. • BROWN: CONTOUR LINES
• To attract attention for items of important significance AND ELEVATION
• Typical uses of color include displaying different political divisions,
different elevations, or different kinds of roads.
Brown may also mark historical sites,
military bases or reservations, national
parks, sand, and deserts.

• GRAY: used sometimes in place of brow

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Map Colors Map Colors

• GREEN: VEGETATION • BLUE: WATER

Green is used as a surface tint or cover Blue is used for water or hydrographic
overlay for wooded areas and other features such as reservoirs, rivers, lakes,
forms of vegetation. It is suited to show canals, ponds, and wetlands.
such features as trees, grass, forests, and
crops.
Blue may also represent major highways
and local borders.

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Map Colors Map Colors

• BLACK: MAN-MADE OR CULTURAL • RED: TRANSPORTATION AND

FEATURES RECREATIONAL AREAS

Black is used to mark trails, roads, Red is used to emphasize important

cultural destinations, cities, bridges, roads and public land subdivision lines
railroad tracks, and buildings, grid lines
and letterings on the map

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Map Colors

• PINK: BUILT UP AREAS

Pink is used as a surface tint to portray

built-up urban areas and the area
coverage of large cities.

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MAP SCALE Map Scale

• It is the ratio of a distance on the • Scale refers to the relationship which the distance between any
map to the corresponding distance two points on the map bears to the corresponding distance on
on the ground
the ground.
𝑀𝐷
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 𝑀𝐷
𝐺𝐷 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝐺𝐷
MD = Map Distance
GD = Ground Distance MD = Map Distance between any two points
GD = corresponding distance on the ground

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Map Scale
•Three ways to portrayed the map scale:
1. Equivalence scale
2. Scale ratio or Representative Fraction
3. Graphic scale

Map scale is or or ,
,

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Scale Ratio or Representative Fraction

Equivalence Scale
• Scales expressed as an equivalence or by words and figures. • Usually referred as RF or SR.

• Such expression as 1 inch = 1 mile, 1 cm = 1 km • Scale of a map expressed as

a ratio, such as 1:2000, or as
• The map distances are best measured in the units on the left of a fraction, as 1/2000
the expression, and by setting up a proportion, the ground
• In this example, we can see
distances in terms of the right-hand side unit of measured is
that 1 unit in the map
determined.
represents 2 000 units in the
ground
• It is most useful in calculating distances.
• So, 1 cm=2,000 cm and
1 m=2,000 m

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Graphic Scale Graphic Scale

• Also called as bar scale

• A graphic or bar scale is a line

subdivided into map distances
corresponding to convenient units of
length on the ground.

• It may be drawn as a single line or

with two closely spaced parallel
lines, with alternating spaces
darkened for effect.

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Classification of Map Scales Problems on Map Scale

• Determine the scale ratio of a sketch wherein one centimeter
represents one hundred meters on the ground

𝑀𝐷 1 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑐𝑚 1
𝑆𝑅 = = = =
𝐺𝐷 100 𝑚 100 𝑐𝑚 10,000
100 𝑚( 1𝑚 )

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Problems on Map Scale Problems on Map Scale

2. If the equivalence scale of a map is 5cm = 10km, what is the 3. The ground distance between two points on a map is 4
scale ratio? kilometers. If the distance between the same two points on a
map is 8 centimeters, determine the scale ratio of the map.

Answer: 1/200,000 Answer: 1/50,000

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Problems on Map Scale

4. A scale is to be constructed to a map with a given fractional
scale of 1:25,000. Determine the map distance (in cm) which
will represent 2 km on the map.

𝑀𝐷
𝑆𝑅 = ; 𝑀𝐷 = 𝐺𝐷(𝑆𝑅)
𝐺𝐷
1
𝑀𝐷 = 2 𝑘𝑚( )
25,000

𝑀𝐷 = 0.00008 𝑘𝑚 𝑜𝑟 8 𝑐𝑚

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